MYH11

Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Henry A. Hoff

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Species	Human	Mouse
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Myosin-11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYH11 gene.

Function

Gene ID: 4629 MYH11 myosin heavy chain 11, "The protein encoded by this gene is a smooth muscle myosin belonging to the myosin heavy chain family. The gene product is a subunit of a hexameric protein that consists of two heavy chain subunits and two pairs of non-identical light chain subunits. It functions as a major contractile protein, converting chemical energy into mechanical energy through the hydrolysis of ATP. The gene encoding a human ortholog of rat NUDE1 is transcribed from the reverse strand of this gene, and its 3' end overlaps with that of the latter. The pericentric inversion of chromosome 16 [inv(16)(p13q22)] produces a chimeric transcript that encodes a protein consisting of the first 165 residues from the N terminus of core-binding factor beta in a fusion with the C-terminal portion of the smooth muscle myosin heavy chain. This chromosomal rearrangement is associated with acute myeloid leukemia of the M4Eo subtype. Alternative splicing generates isoforms that are differentially expressed, with ratios changing during muscle cell maturation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified."

Transcriptions

CArG boxes are present in the promoters of smooth muscle cell (SMC) genes.

"CArG box [CC(A/T)₆GG] DNA [consensus] sequences present within the promoters of SMC genes play a pivotal role in controlling their transcription".

"Serum response factor (SRF) controls SMC gene transcription via binding to CArG box DNA sequences found within genes that exhibit SMC-restricted expression."

"SMC genes examined in this study display SMC-specific histone modifications at the 5′-CArG boxes."

"The SRF-CArG association is required for transcriptional activation of SMC genes [...] the SMC genes examined in this study display SMC-specific histone modifications at the 5′-CArG boxes. [...] enrichment of H4 and H3 acetylation [...] were relatively low from positions –2,800 to –1,600 in the 5′ region. However, at position –1,600 to –1,200, there was a sharp rise in these modifications, which was increased even further at +400 in the coding region. We observed similar patterns for H3K4dMe and H3 Lys79 di-methylation [...]. SRF, TFIID, and RNA polymerase II displayed enrichments that were consistent with the positions of the CArG boxes, TATA box, and coding region, respectively".

The CArG boxes occur between -400 and -200 nts, between the Enhancer boxes and the TCE element.

The consensus sequence of CC(A/T)₆GG is confirmed.

"MADS-box proteins bind to a consensus sequence, the CArG box, that has the core motif CC(A/T)₆GG (15)."

"Of the [Flowering Locus C] FLC binding sites, 69% contained at least one CArG-box motif with the core consensus sequence CCAAAAAT(G/A)G and an AAA extension at the 3′ end [...]."

Three "other MADS-box flowering-time regulators, SOC1, SVP, and AGAMOUS-LIKE 24 (AGL24), bind to two different CArG-box motifs at 502 bp (CTAAATATGG) and 287 bp (CAATAATTGG) upstream of the translation start in the SEP3 gene (24), consistent with different specificities for the different MADS-box proteins." These together with the core motif CC(A/T)₆GG (15) suggest a more general CArG-box motif of (C(C/A/T)(A/T)₆(A/G)G).

"Exposure of human HL-525 cells to x-rays was associated with increases in EGRI mRNA levels. Nuclear run-on assays showed that this effect is related at least in part to activation of EGRI gene transcription. Sequences responsive to ionizing radiation-induced signals were determined by deletion analysis of the EGRI promoter. The results demonstrate that x-ray inducibility of the EGRI gene is conferred by a region containing six serum response or CC(A+T-rich)₆GG (CArG) motifs. Further analysis confirmed that the region encompassing the three distal or upstream CArG elements is functional in the x-ray response. Moreover, this region conferred x-ray inducibility to a minimal thymidine kinase gene promoter. Taken together, these results indicate that ionizing radiation induces EGRI transcription through CArG elements."

"Positively acting, rate-limiting regulatory factors that influence tissue-specific expression of the human cardiac α-actin gene in a mouse muscle cell line are shown by in vivo competition and gel mobility-shift assays to bind to upstream regions of its promoter but to neither vector DNA nor a β-globin promoter. Although the two binding regions are distinctly separated, each corresponds to a cis region required for muscle-specific transcriptional stimulation, and each contains a core CC(A+T-rich)₆GG sequence (designated CArG box), which is found in the promoter regions of several muscle-associated genes. Each site has an apparently different binding affinity for trans-acting factors, which may explain the different transcriptional stimulation activities of the two cis regions. [The] two CArG box regions are responsible for muscle-specific transcriptional activity of the cardiac α-actin gene through a mechanism that involves their binding of a positive trans-acting factor in muscle cells."

"SRF binds to an A/T-rich sequence (CCWWWWWWGG) that has been designated as the CArG box.^10–12 CArG boxes were originally identified in transcriptional regulatory elements controlling expression of a set of growth- or serum-responsive genes including c-fos and egr-1.^13,14 Subsequently, CArG boxes were identified in transcriptional regulatory elements controlling expression of a subset of genes encoding myogenic contractile and cytoskeletal proteins including α-cardiac actin, smooth muscle (SM)-α-actin, α-skeletal actin, and SM22α.^15–19"

"Functionally important CArG boxes have been identified in transcriptional regulatory elements controlling expression of sets of myogenic contractile and cytoskeletal proteins (reviewed elsewhere^8,25). Of note, in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, functionally important CArG boxes have been identified in transcriptional regulatory element controlling a relatively limited subset of myofibrillar proteins.²⁶"

"In the nucleus, MRTFs physically associate with SRF, facilitating the binding of SRF to single or dual CArG boxes, activating transcription of genes encoding cytoskeletal and myogenic proteins [...].^{39,40,53,55,56}"

"The binding of SRF to SMC CArG boxes is associated with specific alterations in chromatin structure including the methylation and acetylation of histones.^76,79"

"Both PDGF-BB and KLF-4 inhibit SRF binding to CArG boxes downregulating transcription of SMC contractile genes.⁹²"

Variants

NP_002465.1 myosin-11 isoform SM1A: "This variant (SM1A) lacks two segments in the coding region, compared to variant SM2B. The encoded isoform (SM1A) is shorter and varies in the carboxyl terminus, compared to isoform SM2B." Conserved Domains (8) summary

1. cd14921 (Location:99 → 771): MYSc_Myh11; class II myosin heavy chain 11, motor domain,
2. pfam01576 (Location:848 → 1928): Myosin_tail_1; Myosin tail,
3. pfam02736 (Location:33 → 71): Myosin_N; Myosin N-terminal SH3-like domain.

NP_074035.1 myosin-11 isoform SM2A: "This variant (SM2A) lacks an in-frame segment of the coding region, compared to variant SM2B. It encodes a shorter isoform (SM2A), that is missing an internal segment compared to isoform SM2B." Conserved Domains (8) summary

1. cd14921 (Location:99 → 771): MYSc_class_II; class II myosins, motor domain,
2. pfam00063 (Location:87 → 771): Myosin_head; Myosin head (motor domain),
3. pfam01576 (Location:848 → 1928): Myosin_tail_1; Myosin tail,
4. pfam02736 (Location:34 → 71): Myosin_N; Myosin N-terminal SH3-like domain,
5. pfam09798 (Location:1819 → 1935): LCD1; DNA damage checkpoint protein,
6. pfam16046 (Location:990 → 1082): FAM76; FAM76 protein,
7. cl23717 (Location:1066 → 1124): "crotonase-like Superfamily: Crotonase/Enoyl-Coenzyme A (CoA) hydratase superfamily. This superfamily contains a diverse set of enzymes including enoyl-CoA hydratase, napthoate synthase, methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase, 3-hydoxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase, and dienoyl-CoA isomerase. Many of these play important roles in fatty acid metabolism. In addition to a conserved structural core and the formation of trimers (or dimers of trimers), a common feature in this superfamily is the stabilization of an enolate anion intermediate derived from an acyl-CoA substrate. This is accomplished by two conserved backbone NH groups in active sites that form an oxyanion hole."
8. cl24005 (Location:1780 → 1867): DUF2570; Protein of unknown function (DUF2570).

NP_001035202.1 myosin-11 isoform SM2B: "This variant (SM2B) represents the longer transcript. It encodes the isoform SM2B." Conserved Domains (8) summary

1. cd01377 (Location:99 → 778): MYSc_class_II; class II myosins, motor domain,
2. pfam00063 (Location:87 → 778): Myosin_head; Myosin head (motor domain),
3. pfam01576 (Location:855 → 1935): Myosin_tail_1; Myosin tail,
4. pfam02736 (Location:34 → 71): Myosin_N; Myosin N-terminal SH3-like domain,
5. pfam09798 (Location:1826 → 1942): LCD1; DNA damage checkpoint protein,
6. pfam16046 (Location:997 → 1089): FAM76; FAM76 protein,
7. cl23717 (Location:1073 → 1131): "crotonase-like Superfamily: Crotonase/Enoyl-Coenzyme A (CoA) hydratase superfamily. This superfamily contains a diverse set of enzymes including enoyl-CoA hydratase, napthoate synthase, methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase, 3-hydoxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase, and dienoyl-CoA isomerase. Many of these play important roles in fatty acid metabolism. In addition to a conserved structural core and the formation of trimers (or dimers of trimers), a common feature in this superfamily is the stabilization of an enolate anion intermediate derived from an acyl-CoA substrate. This is accomplished by two conserved backbone NH groups in active sites that form an oxyanion hole.",
8. cl24005 (Location:1787 → 1874): DUF2570; Protein of unknown function (DUF2570).

NP_001035203.1 myosin-11 isoform SM1B: "Transcript Variant: This variant (SM1B) lacks a segment in the coding region, which leads to a frameshift, compared to variant SM2B. The encoded isoform (SM1B) is longer and varies in the carboxyl terminus, compared to isoform SM2B." Conserved Domains (8) summary

1. cl14654 (Location:1027 → 1299): V_Alix_like; Protein-interacting V-domain of mammalian Alix and related domains,
2. cd01377 (Location:99 → 778): MYSc_class_II; class II myosins, motor domain,
3. pfam00063 (Location:87 → 778): Myosin_head; Myosin head (motor domain),
4. pfam01576 (Location:855 → 1935): Myosin_tail_1; Myosin tail,
5. pfam02736 (Location:34 → 71): Myosin_N; Myosin N-terminal SH3-like domain,
6. pfam16046 (Location:997 → 1089): FAM76; FAM76 protein,
7. cl23717 (Location:1073 → 1131): "crotonase-like Superfamily: Crotonase/Enoyl-Coenzyme A (CoA) hydratase superfamily. This superfamily contains a diverse set of enzymes including enoyl-CoA hydratase, napthoate synthase, methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase, 3-hydoxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase, and dienoyl-CoA isomerase. Many of these play important roles in fatty acid metabolism. In addition to a conserved structural core and the formation of trimers (or dimers of trimers), a common feature in this superfamily is the stabilization of an enolate anion intermediate derived from an acyl-CoA substrate. This is accomplished by two conserved backbone NH groups in active sites that form an oxyanion hole."
8. cl24005 (Location:1787 → 1874): DUF2570; Protein of unknown function (DUF2570).

XP_016878739.1 myosin-11 isoform X1 Conserved Domains (8) summary

1. cd01377 (Location:99 → 778): MYSc_class_II; class II myosins, motor domain,
2. pfam00063 (Location:87 → 778): Myosin_head; Myosin head (motor domain),
3. pfam01576 (Location:855 → 1935): Myosin_tail_1; Myosin tail,
4. pfam02736 (Location:34 → 71): Myosin_N; Myosin N-terminal SH3-like domain,
5. pfam09798 (Location:1826 → 1942): LCD1; DNA damage checkpoint protein,
6. pfam16046 (Location:997 → 1089): FAM76; FAM76 protein,
7. cl23717 (Location:1073 → 1131): "crotonase-like Superfamily: Crotonase/Enoyl-Coenzyme A (CoA) hydratase superfamily. This superfamily contains a diverse set of enzymes including enoyl-CoA hydratase, napthoate synthase, methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase, 3-hydoxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase, and dienoyl-CoA isomerase. Many of these play important roles in fatty acid metabolism. In addition to a conserved structural core and the formation of trimers (or dimers of trimers), a common feature in this superfamily is the stabilization of an enolate anion intermediate derived from an acyl-CoA substrate. This is accomplished by two conserved backbone NH groups in active sites that form an oxyanion hole."
8. cl24005 (Location:1787 → 1874): DUF2570; Protein of unknown function (DUF2570).

XP_011520804.1 myosin-11 isoform X2 Conserved Domains (8) summary

1. cd14921 (Location:99 → 771): MYSc_class_II; class II myosin heavy chain 11, motor domain,
2. pfam00063 (Location:87 → 771): Myosin_head; Myosin head (motor domain),
3. pfam01576 (Location:848 → 1928): Myosin_tail_1; Myosin tail,
4. pfam02736 (Location:34 → 71): Myosin_N; Myosin N-terminal SH3-like domain,
5. pfam09798 (Location:1826 → 1942): LCD1; DNA damage checkpoint protein,
6. pfam16046 (Location:990 → 1082): FAM76; FAM76 protein,
7. cl23717 (Location:1066 → 1124): "crotonase-like Superfamily: Crotonase/Enoyl-Coenzyme A (CoA) hydratase superfamily. This superfamily contains a diverse set of enzymes including enoyl-CoA hydratase, napthoate synthase, methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase, 3-hydoxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase, and dienoyl-CoA isomerase. Many of these play important roles in fatty acid metabolism. In addition to a conserved structural core and the formation of trimers (or dimers of trimers), a common feature in this superfamily is the stabilization of an enolate anion intermediate derived from an acyl-CoA substrate. This is accomplished by two conserved backbone NH groups in active sites that form an oxyanion hole."
8. cl24005 (Location:1780 → 1867): DUF2570; Protein of unknown function (DUF2570).

Clinical significance

Thoracic aortic aneurysms leading to acute aortic dissections (TAAD) can be inherited in isolation or in association with genetic syndromes, such as Marfan syndrome and Loeys-Dietz syndrome. When TAAD occurs in the absence of syndromic features, it is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with decreased penetrance and variable expression, the disease is referred to as familial TAAD. Familial TAAD exhibits significant clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Mutations in MYH11 have been described in individuals with TAAD with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Of individuals with TAAD, approximately 4% have mutations in TGFBR2, and approximately 1-2% have mutations in either TGFBR1 or MYH11. In addition, FBN1 mutations have also been reported in individuals with TAAD. Mutations within the SMAD3 gene have recently been reported in patients with a syndromic form of aortic aneurysms and dissections with early onset osteoarthritis. SMAD3 mutations are thought to account for approximately 2% of familial TAAD. Additionally, mutations in the ACTA2 gene are thought to account for approximately 10-14% of familial TAAD.

Acute myeloid leukemia

The gene encoding a human ortholog of rat NUDE1 is transcribed from the reverse strand of this gene, and its 3' end overlaps with that of the latter. The pericentric inversion of chromosome 16 [inv(16)(p13q22)] produces a chimeric transcript that encodes a protein consisting of the first 165 residues from the N-terminus of core-binding factor beta in a fusion with the C-terminal portion of the smooth muscle myosin heavy chain. This chromosomal rearrangement is associated with acute myeloid leukemia of the M4Eo subtype.

Intestinal cancer

MYH11 mutations appear to contribute to human intestinal cancer.

External links

• GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Aortic Dissections

Further reading

• Babu GJ, Warshaw DM, Periasamy M (2000). "Smooth muscle myosin heavy chain isoforms and their role in muscle physiology". Microsc. Res. Tech. 50 (6): 532–40. doi:10.1002/1097-0029(20000915)50:6<532::AID-JEMT10>3.0.CO;2-E. PMID 10998642.
• Aikawa M, Sivam PN, Kuro-o M, et al. (1993). "Human smooth muscle myosin heavy chain isoforms as molecular markers for vascular development and atherosclerosis". Circ. Res. 73 (6): 1000–12. doi:10.1161/01.res.73.6.1000. PMID 7916668.
• van der Reijden BA, Dauwerse JG, Wessels JW, et al. (1993). "A gene for a myosin peptide is disrupted by the inv(16)(p13q22) in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia M4Eo". Blood. 82 (10): 2948–52. PMID 8219185.
• Deng Z, Liu P, Marlton P, et al. (1994). "Smooth muscle myosin heavy chain locus (MYH11) maps to 16p13.13-p13.12 and establishes a new region of conserved synteny between human 16p and mouse 16". Genomics. 18 (1): 156–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1443. PMID 8276405.
• Shoeman RL, Sachse C, Höner B, et al. (1993). "Cleavage of human and mouse cytoskeletal and sarcomeric proteins by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease. Actin, desmin, myosin, and tropomyosin". Am. J. Pathol. 142 (1): 221–30. PMC 1886840. PMID 8424456.
• New L, Jiang Y, Zhao M, et al. (1998). "PRAK, a novel protein kinase regulated by the p38 MAP kinase". EMBO J. 17 (12): 3372–84. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.12.3372. PMC 1170675. PMID 9628874.
• Tanaka Y, Fujii M, Hayashi K, et al. (1998). "The chimeric protein, PEBP2 beta/CBF beta-SMMHC, disorganizes cytoplasmic stress fibers and inhibits transcriptional activation". Oncogene. 17 (6): 699–708. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201985. PMID 9715271.
• Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Suyama M, et al. (1999). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XII. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro". DNA Res. 5 (6): 355–64. doi:10.1093/dnares/5.6.355. PMID 10048485.
• Loftus BJ, Kim UJ, Sneddon VP, et al. (1999). "Genome duplications and other features in 12 Mb of DNA sequence from human chromosome 16p and 16q". Genomics. 60 (3): 295–308. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5927. PMID 10493829.
• Tsuchio Y, Naito S, Nogami A, et al. (2000). "Intracoronary serum smooth muscle myosin heavy chain levels following PTCA may predict restenosis". Japanese heart journal. 41 (2): 131–40. doi:10.1536/jhj.41.131. PMID 10850529.
• Lin VK, Wang D, Lee IL, et al. (2000). "Myosin heavy chain gene expression in normal and hyperplastic human prostate tissue". Prostate. 44 (3): 193–203. doi:10.1002/1097-0045(20000801)44:3<193::AID-PROS3>3.0.CO;2-A. PMID 10906735.
• Meloni I, Rubegni P, De Aloe G, et al. (2001). "Pseudoxanthoma elasticum: Point mutations in the ABCC6 gene and a large deletion including also ABCC1 and MYH11". Hum. Mutat. 18 (1): 85. doi:10.1002/humu.1157. PMID 11439001.
• Kundu M, Chen A, Anderson S, et al. (2002). "Role of Cbfb in hematopoiesis and perturbations resulting from expression of the leukemogenic fusion gene Cbfb-MYH11". Blood. 100 (7): 2449–56. doi:10.1182/blood-2002-04-1064. PMID 12239155.
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
• Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.
• Landrette SF, Kuo YH, Hensen K, et al. (2005). "Plag1 and Plagl2 are oncogenes that induce acute myeloid leukemia in cooperation with Cbfb-MYH11". Blood. 105 (7): 2900–7. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-09-3630. PMID 15585652.
• Léguillette R, Gil FR, Zitouni N, et al. (2005). "(+)Insert smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-B) isoform expression in human tissues". Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. 289 (5): C1277–85. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00244.2004. PMID 16000639.
• Zhu L, Vranckx R, Khau Van Kien P, et al. (2006). "Mutations in myosin heavy chain 11 cause a syndrome associating thoracic aortic aneurysm/aortic dissection and patent ductus arteriosus". Nat. Genet. 38 (3): 343–9. doi:10.1038/ng1721. PMID 16444274.