Endothelin 2, also known as ET-2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EDN2gene.[1]
Function
Endothelin 2 is a member of the endothelin protein family of secretory vasoconstrictive peptides. The preproprotein is processed to a short mature form which functions as a ligand for the endothelin receptors that initiate intracellular signaling events. This gene product is involved in a wide range of biological processes, such as hypertension and ovulation.[1]
Endothelin 2 (ET-2) expression is mainly localized to the granulosa cells within the follicle, as observed in bovine, murine, and human ovarian tissue. Endothelin 2 has functions within the ovarian follicle related to ovulation. ET-2 causes strong contractions in smooth muscle cells of ovarian tissue, and ET-2 production is highest just before ovulation.[2][3][4][5]
↑Klipper, E., A. Levit, Y. Mastich, B. Berisha, D. Schams, and R. Meidan. 2010. Induction of Endothelin-2 Expression by Luteinizing Hormone and Hypoxia: Possible Role in Bovine Corpus Luteum Formation. Endocrinology. 151:1914–1922.
↑Ko, C., M.C. Gieske, L. Al-Alem, Y. Hahn, W. Su, M.C. Gong, M. Iglarz, and Y. Koo. 2006. Endothelin-2 in Ovarian Follicular Rupture. Endocrinology. 147:1770–1779.
↑Na, G., P.J. Bridges, Y. Koo, C. Ko. 2008. Role of hypoxia in the regulation of periovulatory EDN2 expression in the mouse. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 86:310-319.
↑Imbar, T., E. Klipper, C. Greenfield, A. Hurwitz, R. Haimov-Kochman, R. Meidan. 2012. Altered endothelin expression in granulosa-lutein cells of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Life Sciences. 91:703–709.
Further reading
Arjomand-Nahad F, Landt O, Stangl K, Diefenbach K, Roots I (2006). "Fifteen polymorphisms in endothelin-1, endothelin-2 and endothelin-receptor-A genotyped by four duplex assays and seven simple assays on a LightCycler using hybridization probes". Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 44 (8): 929–32. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2006.180. PMID16879056.
Kotake-Nara E, Saida K (2006). "Endothelin-2/vasoactive intestinal contractor: regulation of expression via reactive oxygen species induced by CoCl2, and Biological activities including neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells". TheScientificWorldJournal. 6: 176–86. doi:10.1100/tsw.2006.37. PMID16493522.
Paulino EC, Steil AA, Jancar S (July 2006). "Effect of endothelins on human neutrophil activation by immune complexes". International Immunopharmacology. 6 (7): 1119–25. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2006.01.022. PMID16714215.
Meidan R, Levy N (December 2007). "The ovarian endothelin network: an evolving story". Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 18 (10): 379–85. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2007.09.002. PMID17997104.
Talmud PJ, Drenos F, Shah S, Shah T, Palmen J, Verzilli C, Gaunt TR, Pallas J, Lovering R, Li K, Casas JP, Sofat R, Kumari M, Rodriguez S, Johnson T, Newhouse SJ, Dominiczak A, Samani NJ, Caulfield M, Sever P, Stanton A, Shields DC, Padmanabhan S, Melander O, Hastie C, Delles C, Ebrahim S, Marmot MG, Smith GD, Lawlor DA, Munroe PB, Day IN, Kivimaki M, Whittaker J, Humphries SE, Hingorani AD (November 2009). "Gene-centric association signals for lipids and apolipoproteins identified via the HumanCVD BeadChip". American Journal of Human Genetics. 85 (5): 628–42. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.014. PMC2775832. PMID19913121.
Rebourcet R, Mignot TM, Robert B, Ferré F (2004). "Endothelin-2 down-regulation occurs in parallel with the anti-proliferative effect of dimethylsulfoxide in BeWO human choriocarcinoma cell line". Cellular and Molecular Biology. 50 Online Pub: OL701–12. PMID15619356.
Nagai T, Ogimoto A, Okayama H, Ohtsuka T, Shigematsu Y, Hamada M, Miki T, Higaki J (December 2007). "A985G polymorphism of the endothelin-2 gene and atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy". Circulation Journal. 71 (12): 1932–6. doi:10.1253/circj.71.1932. PMID18037749.
Grimshaw MJ, Hagemann T, Ayhan A, Gillett CE, Binder C, Balkwill FR (April 2004). "A role for endothelin-2 and its receptors in breast tumor cell invasion". Cancer Research. 64 (7): 2461–8. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-1069. PMID15059899.
Dowal L, Provitera P, Scarlata S (August 2006). "Stable association between G alpha(q) and phospholipase C beta 1 in living cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (33): 23999–4014. doi:10.1074/jbc.M512330200. PMID16754659.
Sun DJ, Liu Y, Lu DC, Kim W, Lee JH, Maynard J, Deisseroth A (July 2007). "Endothelin-3 growth factor levels decreased in cervical cancer compared with normal cervical epithelial cells". Human Pathology. 38 (7): 1047–56. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2006.12.015. PMID17445867.