Whipple's disease historical perspective: Difference between revisions
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{{Whipple's disease}} | {{Whipple's disease}} | ||
{{CMG}};{{AE}}{{SSH}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SSH}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
[[George Whipple|Whipple]] described the disease for the first time in 1907 as a [[gastrointestinal]] disorder and named it as "[[intestinal lipodystrophy]]." Light and [[Electron microscope|electron microscopy]] on [[Small intestine|small bowel]] [[biopsy]] were used | [[George Whipple|Whipple]] described the disease for the first time in 1907 as a [[gastrointestinal]] disorder and named it as "[[intestinal lipodystrophy]]." Light and [[Electron microscope|electron microscopy]] on [[Small intestine|small bowel]] [[biopsy]] were used to detect [[bacilli]] inside the [[intestinal]] [[mucosa]]. In 1952, systemic [[Antibiotic|antibiotics]] were used to treat the disease which confirmed the [[Infection|infective]] nature of the disease. It took almost 100 years for investigators to cultivate the [[bacterium]] and sequenced the [[genome]]. | ||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
| Line 13: | Line 13: | ||
*In 1949, Black-Schaffer used [[Periodic acid-Schiff stain|periodic acid-Schiff]] for staining the [[bacilli]]. Also, “[[Whipple's disease|Intestinal lipodystrophy]]” was renamed to “Whipple’s disease."<ref name="pmid15391722">{{cite journal |vauthors=BLACK-SCHAFFER B |title=The tinctoral demonstration of a glycoprotein in Whipple's disease |journal=Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=225–7 |year=1949 |pmid=15391722 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *In 1949, Black-Schaffer used [[Periodic acid-Schiff stain|periodic acid-Schiff]] for staining the [[bacilli]]. Also, “[[Whipple's disease|Intestinal lipodystrophy]]” was renamed to “Whipple’s disease."<ref name="pmid15391722">{{cite journal |vauthors=BLACK-SCHAFFER B |title=The tinctoral demonstration of a glycoprotein in Whipple's disease |journal=Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=225–7 |year=1949 |pmid=15391722 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*In 1952, Pauley treated a patient successfully by using systemic [[Antibiotic|antibiotics]], prolonged period of [[ | *In 1952, Pauley treated a patient successfully by using systemic [[Antibiotic|antibiotics]], prolonged period of [[chloramphenicol]].<ref name="pmid12980233">{{cite journal |vauthors=PAULLEY JW |title=A case of Whipple's disease (intestinal lipodystrophy) |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=128–33 |year=1952 |pmid=12980233 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*In 1958, Bolt reported the use of the [[Small intestine|small bowel]] [[biopsy]] to differentiate [[malabsorption]] diseases and confirm the Whipple's disease.<ref name="BoltPollard1958">{{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Robert J.|last2=Pollard|first2=H. Marvin|last3=Standaert|first3=Ludovic|title=Transoral Small-Bowel Biopsy as an Aid in the Diagnosis of Malabsorption States|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=259|issue=1|year=1958|pages=32–34|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM195807032590107}}</ref> | *In 1958, Bolt reported the use of the [[Small intestine|small bowel]] [[biopsy]] to differentiate [[malabsorption]] diseases and confirm the Whipple's disease.<ref name="BoltPollard1958">{{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Robert J.|last2=Pollard|first2=H. Marvin|last3=Standaert|first3=Ludovic|title=Transoral Small-Bowel Biopsy as an Aid in the Diagnosis of Malabsorption States|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=259|issue=1|year=1958|pages=32–34|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM195807032590107}}</ref> | ||
*In 1961, Chears and Ashworth used [[Electron microscope|electron microscopy]] and cytochemical study to detect the [[bacilli]] inside the intestinal [[Macrophage|macrophages]].<ref name="pmid13692693">{{cite journal |vauthors=CHEARS WC, ASHWORTH CT |title=Electron microscopic study of the intestinal mucosa in Whipple's disease. Demonstration of encapsulated bacilliform bodies in the lesion |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=41 |issue= |pages=129–38 |year=1961 |pmid=13692693 |doi= |url=}}</ref> In that year, another team, Yardley and Hendrix demonstrated the rod-shaped structures in the intestinal mucosa by combined electron and light [[microscopy]].<ref name="pmid13787237">{{cite journal |vauthors=YARDLEY JH, HENDRIX TR |title=Combined electron and light microscopy in Whipple's disease. Demonstration of "bacillary bodies" in the intestine |journal=Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp |volume=109 |issue= |pages=80–98 |year=1961 |pmid=13787237 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *In 1961, Chears and Ashworth used [[Electron microscope|electron microscopy]] and cytochemical study to detect the [[bacilli]] inside the intestinal [[Macrophage|macrophages]].<ref name="pmid13692693">{{cite journal |vauthors=CHEARS WC, ASHWORTH CT |title=Electron microscopic study of the intestinal mucosa in Whipple's disease. Demonstration of encapsulated bacilliform bodies in the lesion |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=41 |issue= |pages=129–38 |year=1961 |pmid=13692693 |doi= |url=}}</ref> In that year, another team, Yardley and Hendrix demonstrated the rod-shaped structures in the intestinal [[Mucous membrane|mucosa]] by combined electron and light [[microscopy]].<ref name="pmid13787237">{{cite journal |vauthors=YARDLEY JH, HENDRIX TR |title=Combined electron and light microscopy in Whipple's disease. Demonstration of "bacillary bodies" in the intestine |journal=Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp |volume=109 |issue= |pages=80–98 |year=1961 |pmid=13787237 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*In 1991, Wilson was able to partially sequence a 16S [[rRNA]] of a new [[bacterium]]. They classified this [[bacterium]] within the [[Actinobacteria|Actinomycetes]] clade.<ref name="pmid1714530">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wilson KH, Blitchington R, Frothingham R, Wilson JA |title=Phylogeny of the Whipple's-disease-associated bacterium |journal=Lancet |volume=338 |issue=8765 |pages=474–5 |year=1991 |pmid=1714530 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *In 1991, Wilson was able to partially sequence a 16S [[rRNA]] of a new [[bacterium]]. They classified this [[bacterium]] within the [[Actinobacteria|''Actinomycetes'']] clade.<ref name="pmid1714530">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wilson KH, Blitchington R, Frothingham R, Wilson JA |title=Phylogeny of the Whipple's-disease-associated bacterium |journal=Lancet |volume=338 |issue=8765 |pages=474–5 |year=1991 |pmid=1714530 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*In 1992, Relman confirmed the previous result and extended the 16S [[Ribosomal RNA|rRNA]] sequence by using [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]. They used the term of “[[Tropheryma whipplei|Tropheryma whippleii]]” for the first time for this [[bacterium]].<ref name="RelmanSchmidt1992">{{cite journal|last1=Relman|first1=David A.|last2=Schmidt|first2=Thomas M.|last3=MacDermott|first3=Richard P.|last4=Falkow|first4=Stanley|title=Identification of the Uncultured Bacillus of Whipple's Disease|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=327|issue=5|year=1992|pages=293–301|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM199207303270501}}</ref> | *In 1992, Relman confirmed the previous result and extended the 16S [[Ribosomal RNA|rRNA]] sequence by using [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]. They used the term of “[[Tropheryma whipplei|''Tropheryma whippleii'']]” for the first time for this [[bacterium]].<ref name="RelmanSchmidt1992">{{cite journal|last1=Relman|first1=David A.|last2=Schmidt|first2=Thomas M.|last3=MacDermott|first3=Richard P.|last4=Falkow|first4=Stanley|title=Identification of the Uncultured Bacillus of Whipple's Disease|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=327|issue=5|year=1992|pages=293–301|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM199207303270501}}</ref> | ||
*In 2000, Raoult reported isolation and cultivation of the [[bacterium]] responsible for the Whipple's disease. They obtained the tissue from the [[mitral valve]] of a patient with a [[Culture-negative endocarditis|culture negative endocarditis]].<ref name="RaoultBirg2000">{{cite journal|last1=Raoult|first1=Didier|last2=Birg|first2=Marie L.|last3=Scola|first3=Bernard La|last4=Fournier|first4=Pierre E.|last5=Enea|first5=Maryse|last6=Lepidi|first6=Hubert|last7=Roux|first7=Veronique|last8=Piette|first8=Jean-Charles|last9=Vandenesch|first9=François|last10=Vital-Durand|first10=Denis|last11=Marrie|first11=Tom J.|title=Cultivation of the Bacillus of Whipple's Disease|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=342|issue=9|year=2000|pages=620–625|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM200003023420903}}</ref> | *In 2000, Raoult reported isolation and cultivation of the [[bacterium]] responsible for the Whipple's disease. They obtained the tissue from the [[mitral valve]] of a patient with a [[Culture-negative endocarditis|culture negative endocarditis]].<ref name="RaoultBirg2000">{{cite journal|last1=Raoult|first1=Didier|last2=Birg|first2=Marie L.|last3=Scola|first3=Bernard La|last4=Fournier|first4=Pierre E.|last5=Enea|first5=Maryse|last6=Lepidi|first6=Hubert|last7=Roux|first7=Veronique|last8=Piette|first8=Jean-Charles|last9=Vandenesch|first9=François|last10=Vital-Durand|first10=Denis|last11=Marrie|first11=Tom J.|title=Cultivation of the Bacillus of Whipple's Disease|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=342|issue=9|year=2000|pages=620–625|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM200003023420903}}</ref> | ||
*In 2001, La Scola isolated Whipple’s disease [[bacillus]] from the [[Heart valve|cardiac valve]] of a patient with [[endocarditis]] and characterized it [[phenotypically]]. They slightly changed the name to “[[Tropheryma whipplei|Tropheryma whipplei]].”<ref name="La ScolaAltwegg2001">{{cite journal|last1=La Scola|first1=B|last2=Altwegg|first2=M|last3=Mallet|first3=M N|last4=Fournier|first4=P E|last5=Fenollar|first5=F|last6=Raoult|first6=D|title=Description of Tropheryma whipplei gen. nov., sp. nov., the Whipple's disease bacillus.|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|volume=51|issue=4|year=2001|pages=1471–1479|issn=1466-5026|doi=10.1099/00207713-51-4-1471}}</ref> | *In 2001, La Scola isolated Whipple’s disease [[bacillus]] from the [[Heart valve|cardiac valve]] of a patient with [[endocarditis]] and characterized it [[phenotypically]]. They slightly changed the name to “[[Tropheryma whipplei|''Tropheryma whipplei'']].”<ref name="La ScolaAltwegg2001">{{cite journal|last1=La Scola|first1=B|last2=Altwegg|first2=M|last3=Mallet|first3=M N|last4=Fournier|first4=P E|last5=Fenollar|first5=F|last6=Raoult|first6=D|title=Description of Tropheryma whipplei gen. nov., sp. nov., the Whipple's disease bacillus.|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|volume=51|issue=4|year=2001|pages=1471–1479|issn=1466-5026|doi=10.1099/00207713-51-4-1471}}</ref> | ||
*In 2003, Bentley and Raoult analyzed and sequenced the [[genome]] of two different strains of [[Tropheryma whipplei|Tropheryma whipplei]].<ref name="BentleyMaiwald2003">{{cite journal|last1=Bentley|first1=Stephen D|last2=Maiwald|first2=Matthias|last3=Murphy|first3=Lee D|last4=Pallen|first4=Mark J|last5=Yeats|first5=Corin A|last6=Dover|first6=Lynn G|last7=Norbertczak|first7=Halina T|last8=Besra|first8=Gurdyal S|last9=Quail|first9=Michael A|last10=Harris|first10=David E|last11=von Herbay|first11=Axel|last12=Goble|first12=Arlette|last13=Rutter|first13=Simon|last14=Squares|first14=Robert|last15=Squares|first15=Stephen|last16=Barrell|first16=Bart G|last17=Parkhill|first17=Julian|last18=Relman|first18=David A|title=Sequencing and analysis of the genome of the Whipple's disease bacterium Tropheryma whipplei|journal=The Lancet|volume=361|issue=9358|year=2003|pages=637–644|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12597-4}}</ref><ref name="pmid12902375">{{cite journal |vauthors=Raoult D, Ogata H, Audic S, Robert C, Suhre K, Drancourt M, Claverie JM |title=Tropheryma whipplei Twist: a human pathogenic Actinobacteria with a reduced genome |journal=Genome Res. |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=1800–9 |year=2003 |pmid=12902375 |pmc=403771 |doi=10.1101/gr.1474603 |url=}}</ref> | *In 2003, Bentley and Raoult analyzed and sequenced the [[genome]] of two different strains of [[Tropheryma whipplei|''Tropheryma whipplei'']].<ref name="BentleyMaiwald2003">{{cite journal|last1=Bentley|first1=Stephen D|last2=Maiwald|first2=Matthias|last3=Murphy|first3=Lee D|last4=Pallen|first4=Mark J|last5=Yeats|first5=Corin A|last6=Dover|first6=Lynn G|last7=Norbertczak|first7=Halina T|last8=Besra|first8=Gurdyal S|last9=Quail|first9=Michael A|last10=Harris|first10=David E|last11=von Herbay|first11=Axel|last12=Goble|first12=Arlette|last13=Rutter|first13=Simon|last14=Squares|first14=Robert|last15=Squares|first15=Stephen|last16=Barrell|first16=Bart G|last17=Parkhill|first17=Julian|last18=Relman|first18=David A|title=Sequencing and analysis of the genome of the Whipple's disease bacterium Tropheryma whipplei|journal=The Lancet|volume=361|issue=9358|year=2003|pages=637–644|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12597-4}}</ref><ref name="pmid12902375">{{cite journal |vauthors=Raoult D, Ogata H, Audic S, Robert C, Suhre K, Drancourt M, Claverie JM |title=Tropheryma whipplei Twist: a human pathogenic Actinobacteria with a reduced genome |journal=Genome Res. |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=1800–9 |year=2003 |pmid=12902375 |pmc=403771 |doi=10.1101/gr.1474603 |url=}}</ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!Year | !Year | ||
| Line 35: | Line 35: | ||
|1907 | |1907 | ||
|George Hoyt Whipple | |George Hoyt Whipple | ||
|Described the Whipple's disease for the first time and named it as "[[intestinal lipodystrophy]]" | |Described the Whipple's disease for the first time and named it as "[[intestinal lipodystrophy]]". | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1947 | |1947 | ||
|Oliver-Pascual | |Oliver-Pascual | ||
|Reported a case of “[[intestinal lipodystrophy]]” before the death of a patient | |Reported a case of “[[intestinal lipodystrophy]]” before the death of a patient. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1949 | |1949 | ||
|Black-Schaffer | |Black-Schaffer | ||
|Strained the [[bacilli]] with [[periodic acid-Schiff stain]]; renamed to "Whipple's disease" | |Strained the [[bacilli]] with [[periodic acid-Schiff stain]]; renamed to "Whipple's disease." | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1952 | |1952 | ||
|Pauley | |Pauley | ||
|Successfully used systemic [[Antibiotic|antibiotics]] for treatment of the "Whipple's disease" | |Successfully used systemic [[Antibiotic|antibiotics]] for treatment of the "Whipple's disease." | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1958 | |1958 | ||
|Bolt | |Bolt | ||
|Used small bowel [[biopsy]] to differentiate [[malabsorption]] diseases and confirm the Whipple's disease | |Used small bowel [[biopsy]] to differentiate [[malabsorption]] diseases and confirm the Whipple's disease. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1961 | |1961 | ||
|Chears and Ashworth | |Chears and Ashworth | ||
|Used [[Electron microscope|electron microscopy]] and cytochemical study to detect the [[bacilli]] inside the intestinal [[Macrophage|macrophages]] | |Used [[Electron microscope|electron microscopy]] and cytochemical study to detect the [[bacilli]] inside the intestinal [[Macrophage|macrophages]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1961 | |1961 | ||
|Yardley and Hendrix | |Yardley and Hendrix | ||
|Used combined electron and [[light microscopy]] to detect the rod-shaped structures in the intestinal [[mucosa]] | |Used combined electron and [[light microscopy]] to detect the rod-shaped structures in the intestinal [[mucosa]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1991 | |1991 | ||
|Wilson | |Wilson | ||
|Sequenced a 16S rRNA of a new [[bacterium]] partially and classified it within the [[Actinobacteria|Actinomycetes]] clade | |Sequenced a 16S rRNA of a new [[bacterium]] partially and classified it within the [[Actinobacteria|''Actinomycetes'']] clade. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1992 | |1992 | ||
|Relman | |Relman | ||
|Confirmed the previous result and extended the 16S rRNA sequence by using [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]; named the bacterium “[[Tropheryma whipplei|Tropheryma whippleii]]” for the first time | |Confirmed the previous result and extended the 16S rRNA sequence by using [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]; named the bacterium “[[Tropheryma whipplei|''Tropheryma whippleii'']]” for the first time. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|2000 | |2000 | ||
|Raoult | |Raoult | ||
|Reported isolation and cultivation of “[[Tropheryma whipplei|Tropheryma whippleii]]” for the first time | |Reported isolation and cultivation of “[[Tropheryma whipplei|''Tropheryma whippleii'']]” for the first time. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|2001 | |2001 | ||
|La Scola | |La Scola | ||
|Characterized the [[bacterium]] phenotypically; slightly renamed it to “[[Tropheryma whipplei]]” | |Characterized the [[bacterium]] phenotypically; slightly renamed it to “[[Tropheryma whipplei|''Tropheryma whipplei'']].” | ||
|- | |- | ||
|2003 | |2003 | ||
|Bentley | |Bentley | ||
Raoult | Raoult | ||
|Analyzed and sequenced the [[genome]] of two different strains of [[Tropheryma whipplei|Tropheryma whipplei]] | |Analyzed and sequenced the [[genome]] of two different strains of [[Tropheryma whipplei|''Tropheryma whipplei'']]. | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies== | ==Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies== | ||
*In 1952, Pauley treated a Whipple's disease successfully by using systemic [[Antibiotic|antibiotics]], prolonged period of [[ | *In 1952, Pauley treated a Whipple's disease successfully by using systemic [[Antibiotic|antibiotics]], prolonged period of [[chloramphenicol]].<ref name="pmid12980233">{{cite journal |vauthors=PAULLEY JW |title=A case of Whipple's disease (intestinal lipodystrophy) |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=128–33 |year=1952 |pmid=12980233 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
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[[Category:Medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Gastroenterology]] | |||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | |||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2]
Overview
Whipple described the disease for the first time in 1907 as a gastrointestinal disorder and named it as "intestinal lipodystrophy." Light and electron microscopy on small bowel biopsy were used to detect bacilli inside the intestinal mucosa. In 1952, systemic antibiotics were used to treat the disease which confirmed the infective nature of the disease. It took almost 100 years for investigators to cultivate the bacterium and sequenced the genome.
Historical Perspective
- In 1907, George Hoyt Whipple described a case who died after a course of gastrointestinal, malabsorption, pulmonary, neurologic and constitutional symptoms. Pathology showed rod-like bacilli in the lamina propria and fat deposition in intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes. He named this disease as “intestinal lipodystrophy.”[1]
- In 1947, Oliver-Pascual reported a case of “intestinal lipodystrophy” before the death of a patient.[2]
- In 1949, Black-Schaffer used periodic acid-Schiff for staining the bacilli. Also, “Intestinal lipodystrophy” was renamed to “Whipple’s disease."[3]
- In 1952, Pauley treated a patient successfully by using systemic antibiotics, prolonged period of chloramphenicol.[4]
- In 1958, Bolt reported the use of the small bowel biopsy to differentiate malabsorption diseases and confirm the Whipple's disease.[5]
- In 1961, Chears and Ashworth used electron microscopy and cytochemical study to detect the bacilli inside the intestinal macrophages.[6] In that year, another team, Yardley and Hendrix demonstrated the rod-shaped structures in the intestinal mucosa by combined electron and light microscopy.[7]
- In 1991, Wilson was able to partially sequence a 16S rRNA of a new bacterium. They classified this bacterium within the Actinomycetes clade.[8]
- In 1992, Relman confirmed the previous result and extended the 16S rRNA sequence by using PCR. They used the term of “Tropheryma whippleii” for the first time for this bacterium.[9]
- In 2000, Raoult reported isolation and cultivation of the bacterium responsible for the Whipple's disease. They obtained the tissue from the mitral valve of a patient with a culture negative endocarditis.[10]
- In 2001, La Scola isolated Whipple’s disease bacillus from the cardiac valve of a patient with endocarditis and characterized it phenotypically. They slightly changed the name to “Tropheryma whipplei.”[11]
- In 2003, Bentley and Raoult analyzed and sequenced the genome of two different strains of Tropheryma whipplei.[12][13]
| Year | Investigator | Landmark event |
|---|---|---|
| 1907 | George Hoyt Whipple | Described the Whipple's disease for the first time and named it as "intestinal lipodystrophy". |
| 1947 | Oliver-Pascual | Reported a case of “intestinal lipodystrophy” before the death of a patient. |
| 1949 | Black-Schaffer | Strained the bacilli with periodic acid-Schiff stain; renamed to "Whipple's disease." |
| 1952 | Pauley | Successfully used systemic antibiotics for treatment of the "Whipple's disease." |
| 1958 | Bolt | Used small bowel biopsy to differentiate malabsorption diseases and confirm the Whipple's disease. |
| 1961 | Chears and Ashworth | Used electron microscopy and cytochemical study to detect the bacilli inside the intestinal macrophages. |
| 1961 | Yardley and Hendrix | Used combined electron and light microscopy to detect the rod-shaped structures in the intestinal mucosa. |
| 1991 | Wilson | Sequenced a 16S rRNA of a new bacterium partially and classified it within the Actinomycetes clade. |
| 1992 | Relman | Confirmed the previous result and extended the 16S rRNA sequence by using PCR; named the bacterium “Tropheryma whippleii” for the first time. |
| 2000 | Raoult | Reported isolation and cultivation of “Tropheryma whippleii” for the first time. |
| 2001 | La Scola | Characterized the bacterium phenotypically; slightly renamed it to “Tropheryma whipplei.” |
| 2003 | Bentley
Raoult |
Analyzed and sequenced the genome of two different strains of Tropheryma whipplei. |
Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies
- In 1952, Pauley treated a Whipple's disease successfully by using systemic antibiotics, prolonged period of chloramphenicol.[4]
References
- ↑ Whipple G H. A hitherto undescribed disease characterized anatomically by deposits of fat and fatty acids in the intestinal and mesenteric lymphatic tissues. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1907;198:383.
- ↑ OLIVER-PASCUAL E, GALAN J (1947). "[Not Available]". Rev Esp Enferm Apar Dig Nutr (in Undetermined). 6 (3): 213–26. PMID 20251637.
- ↑ BLACK-SCHAFFER B (1949). "The tinctoral demonstration of a glycoprotein in Whipple's disease". Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 72 (1): 225–7. PMID 15391722.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 PAULLEY JW (1952). "A case of Whipple's disease (intestinal lipodystrophy)". Gastroenterology. 22 (1): 128–33. PMID 12980233.
- ↑ Bolt, Robert J.; Pollard, H. Marvin; Standaert, Ludovic (1958). "Transoral Small-Bowel Biopsy as an Aid in the Diagnosis of Malabsorption States". New England Journal of Medicine. 259 (1): 32–34. doi:10.1056/NEJM195807032590107. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ↑ CHEARS WC, ASHWORTH CT (1961). "Electron microscopic study of the intestinal mucosa in Whipple's disease. Demonstration of encapsulated bacilliform bodies in the lesion". Gastroenterology. 41: 129–38. PMID 13692693.
- ↑ YARDLEY JH, HENDRIX TR (1961). "Combined electron and light microscopy in Whipple's disease. Demonstration of "bacillary bodies" in the intestine". Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 109: 80–98. PMID 13787237.
- ↑ Wilson KH, Blitchington R, Frothingham R, Wilson JA (1991). "Phylogeny of the Whipple's-disease-associated bacterium". Lancet. 338 (8765): 474–5. PMID 1714530.
- ↑ Relman, David A.; Schmidt, Thomas M.; MacDermott, Richard P.; Falkow, Stanley (1992). "Identification of the Uncultured Bacillus of Whipple's Disease". New England Journal of Medicine. 327 (5): 293–301. doi:10.1056/NEJM199207303270501. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ↑ Raoult, Didier; Birg, Marie L.; Scola, Bernard La; Fournier, Pierre E.; Enea, Maryse; Lepidi, Hubert; Roux, Veronique; Piette, Jean-Charles; Vandenesch, François; Vital-Durand, Denis; Marrie, Tom J. (2000). "Cultivation of the Bacillus of Whipple's Disease". New England Journal of Medicine. 342 (9): 620–625. doi:10.1056/NEJM200003023420903. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ↑ La Scola, B; Altwegg, M; Mallet, M N; Fournier, P E; Fenollar, F; Raoult, D (2001). "Description of Tropheryma whipplei gen. nov., sp. nov., the Whipple's disease bacillus". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 51 (4): 1471–1479. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-4-1471. ISSN 1466-5026.
- ↑ Bentley, Stephen D; Maiwald, Matthias; Murphy, Lee D; Pallen, Mark J; Yeats, Corin A; Dover, Lynn G; Norbertczak, Halina T; Besra, Gurdyal S; Quail, Michael A; Harris, David E; von Herbay, Axel; Goble, Arlette; Rutter, Simon; Squares, Robert; Squares, Stephen; Barrell, Bart G; Parkhill, Julian; Relman, David A (2003). "Sequencing and analysis of the genome of the Whipple's disease bacterium Tropheryma whipplei". The Lancet. 361 (9358): 637–644. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12597-4. ISSN 0140-6736.
- ↑ Raoult D, Ogata H, Audic S, Robert C, Suhre K, Drancourt M, Claverie JM (2003). "Tropheryma whipplei Twist: a human pathogenic Actinobacteria with a reduced genome". Genome Res. 13 (8): 1800–9. doi:10.1101/gr.1474603. PMC 403771. PMID 12902375.