Thyroid nodule risk factors: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 16:24, 6 November 2017

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Common risk factors associated with thyroid nodules include: Older age, iodine deficiency, previous history of iodine deficiency and hypothyroidism, living in iodine deficient areas, family history of autoimmune diseases, multiparity, and smoking.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors associated with thyroid nodules

Older age
Iodine deficiency
- Previous history of iodine deficiency hypothyroidism
- Living in iodine deficient areas
Family history of autoimmune diseases
Multiparity
Smoking

Common risk factors associated with thyroid cancers^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Hard nodule
Nodule that stuck to nearby structures
Family history of thyroid cancer
Younger than 20 or older than 70 years
- As thyroid nodularity increases with age, presence of thyroid nodule in a children is twice more likely to be a cancer than in adults
History of radiation exposure to the head or neck
Either externally from therapeutic X-radiation or internally through treatment with radioactive iodine (131I) and possibly radioactive fallout (131I)
- As an example, ground nuclear bomb testing in Nevada in the 1950s led to a meaningful increase in thyroid cancer incidence
History of radiation treatment to the head and neck region, for example for treatment purposes is associated with an increased incidence of thyroid nodularity and cancer:
- To treat acne
- To treat inflammation of the tonsils or adenoids
- To treat thymic enlargement
Male gender
- The risk of benign thyroid nodule development in women is more but the rate of cancer is twice as high in men than women (8 versus 4 percent)
Smoking
Alcohol consumption
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels
Increased parity and late age at first pregnancy
Hepatitis C-related chronic hepatitis (odds ratio 12.2 in one report)
Decreased serum TSH levels in women

Uterine fibroids

Factors associated with a possible decreased risk^[10]^[11]^[12]^[1]^[13]

Oral contraceptive use
Use of statins
- Associated with a reduced risk of nodules on ultrasound
- Reduced prevalence, number and volume of thyroid nodules

A history of papillary thyroid cancer in at least one first-degree family member is associated with an increased risk of a nodule being malignant
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation increases the relative risk (RR) for thyroid cancer to 3.26; if transplantation occurred prior to age 10, the RR was 24.6.

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Belfiore A, La Rosa GL, La Porta GA, Giuffrida D, Milazzo G, Lupo L, Regalbuto C, Vigneri R (1992). "Cancer risk in patients with cold thyroid nodules: relevance of iodine intake, sex, age, and multinodularity". Am. J. Med. 93 (4): 363–9. PMID 1415299.
↑ Belfiore A, Giuffrida D, La Rosa GL, Ippolito O, Russo G, Fiumara A, Vigneri R, Filetti S (1989). "High frequency of cancer in cold thyroid nodules occurring at young age". Acta Endocrinol. 121 (2): 197–202. PMID 2773619.
↑ MORTENSEN JD, WOOLNER LB, BENNETT WA (1955). "Gross and microscopic findings in clinically normal thyroid glands". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 15 (10): 1270–80. doi:10.1210/jcem-15-10-1270. PMID 13263417.
↑ Knudsen N, Bülow I, Laurberg P, Ovesen L, Perrild H, Jørgensen T (2002). "Association of tobacco smoking with goiter in a low-iodine-intake area". Arch. Intern. Med. 162 (4): 439–43. PMID 11863477.
↑ Valeix P, Faure P, Bertrais S, Vergnaud AC, Dauchet L, Hercberg S (2008). "Effects of light to moderate alcohol consumption on thyroid volume and thyroid function". Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 68 (6): 988–95. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.03123.x. PMID 18031329.
↑ Rossing MA, Voigt LF, Wicklund KG, Daling JR (2000). "Reproductive factors and risk of papillary thyroid cancer in women". Am. J. Epidemiol. 151 (8): 765–72. PMID 10965973.
↑ Antonelli A, Ferri C, Fallahi P, Pampana A, Ferrari SM, Barani L, Marchi S, Ferrannini E (2007). "Thyroid cancer in HCV-related chronic hepatitis patients: a case-control study". Thyroid. 17 (5): 447–51. doi:10.1089/thy.2006.0194. PMID 17542674.
↑ Völzke H, Friedrich N, Schipf S, Haring R, Lüdemann J, Nauck M, Dörr M, Brabant G, Wallaschofski H (2007). "Association between serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels and thyroid disorders in a population-based study". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92 (10): 4039–45. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0816. PMID 17666480.
↑ Spinos N, Terzis G, Crysanthopoulou A, Adonakis G, Markou KB, Vervita V, Koukouras D, Tsapanos V, Decavalas G, Kourounis G, Georgopoulos NA (2007). "Increased frequency of thyroid nodules and breast fibroadenomas in women with uterine fibroids". Thyroid. 17 (12): 1257–9. doi:10.1089/thy.2006.0330. PMID 17988198.
↑ Knudsen N, Bülow I, Laurberg P, Perrild H, Ovesen L, Jørgensen T (2002). "Low goitre prevalence among users of oral contraceptives in a population sample of 3712 women". Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 57 (1): 71–6. PMID 12100072.
↑ Cappelli C, Castellano M, Pirola I, De Martino E, Gandossi E, Delbarba A, Salvi A, Rosei EA (2008). "Reduced thyroid volume and nodularity in dyslipidaemic patients on statin treatment". Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 68 (1): 16–21. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02982.x. PMID 17666091.
↑ Lupoli G, Vitale G, Caraglia M, Fittipaldi MR, Abbruzzese A, Tagliaferri P, Bianco AR (1999). "Familial papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a new clinical entity". Lancet. 353 (9153): 637–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)08004-0. PMID 10030330.
↑ Cohen A, Rovelli A, Merlo DF, van Lint MT, Lanino E, Bresters D, Ceppi M, Bocchini V, Tichelli A, Socié G (2007). "Risk for secondary thyroid carcinoma after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: an EBMT Late Effects Working Party Study". J. Clin. Oncol. 25 (17): 2449–54. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.08.9276. PMID 17557958.

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid1415299-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Belfiore A, La Rosa GL, La Porta GA, Giuffrida D, Milazzo G, Lupo L, Regalbuto C, Vigneri R (1992). "Cancer risk in patients with cold thyroid nodules: relevance of iodine intake, sex, age, and multinodularity". Am. J. Med. 93 (4): 363–9. PMID 1415299.

[pmid2773619-2] Belfiore A, Giuffrida D, La Rosa GL, Ippolito O, Russo G, Fiumara A, Vigneri R, Filetti S (1989). "High frequency of cancer in cold thyroid nodules occurring at young age". Acta Endocrinol. 121 (2): 197–202. PMID 2773619.

[pmid13263417-3] MORTENSEN JD, WOOLNER LB, BENNETT WA (1955). "Gross and microscopic findings in clinically normal thyroid glands". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 15 (10): 1270–80. doi:10.1210/jcem-15-10-1270. PMID 13263417.

[pmid11863477-4] Knudsen N, Bülow I, Laurberg P, Ovesen L, Perrild H, Jørgensen T (2002). "Association of tobacco smoking with goiter in a low-iodine-intake area". Arch. Intern. Med. 162 (4): 439–43. PMID 11863477.

[pmid18031329-5] Valeix P, Faure P, Bertrais S, Vergnaud AC, Dauchet L, Hercberg S (2008). "Effects of light to moderate alcohol consumption on thyroid volume and thyroid function". Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 68 (6): 988–95. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.03123.x. PMID 18031329.

[pmid10965973-6] Rossing MA, Voigt LF, Wicklund KG, Daling JR (2000). "Reproductive factors and risk of papillary thyroid cancer in women". Am. J. Epidemiol. 151 (8): 765–72. PMID 10965973.

[pmid17542674-7] Antonelli A, Ferri C, Fallahi P, Pampana A, Ferrari SM, Barani L, Marchi S, Ferrannini E (2007). "Thyroid cancer in HCV-related chronic hepatitis patients: a case-control study". Thyroid. 17 (5): 447–51. doi:10.1089/thy.2006.0194. PMID 17542674.

[pmid17666480-8] Völzke H, Friedrich N, Schipf S, Haring R, Lüdemann J, Nauck M, Dörr M, Brabant G, Wallaschofski H (2007). "Association between serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels and thyroid disorders in a population-based study". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92 (10): 4039–45. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0816. PMID 17666480.

[pmid17988198-9] Spinos N, Terzis G, Crysanthopoulou A, Adonakis G, Markou KB, Vervita V, Koukouras D, Tsapanos V, Decavalas G, Kourounis G, Georgopoulos NA (2007). "Increased frequency of thyroid nodules and breast fibroadenomas in women with uterine fibroids". Thyroid. 17 (12): 1257–9. doi:10.1089/thy.2006.0330. PMID 17988198.

[pmid12100072-10] Knudsen N, Bülow I, Laurberg P, Perrild H, Ovesen L, Jørgensen T (2002). "Low goitre prevalence among users of oral contraceptives in a population sample of 3712 women". Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 57 (1): 71–6. PMID 12100072.

[pmid17666091-11] Cappelli C, Castellano M, Pirola I, De Martino E, Gandossi E, Delbarba A, Salvi A, Rosei EA (2008). "Reduced thyroid volume and nodularity in dyslipidaemic patients on statin treatment". Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 68 (1): 16–21. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02982.x. PMID 17666091.

[pmid10030330-12] Lupoli G, Vitale G, Caraglia M, Fittipaldi MR, Abbruzzese A, Tagliaferri P, Bianco AR (1999). "Familial papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a new clinical entity". Lancet. 353 (9153): 637–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)08004-0. PMID 10030330.

[pmid17557958-13] Cohen A, Rovelli A, Merlo DF, van Lint MT, Lanino E, Bresters D, Ceppi M, Bocchini V, Tichelli A, Socié G (2007). "Risk for secondary thyroid carcinoma after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: an EBMT Late Effects Working Party Study". J. Clin. Oncol. 25 (17): 2449–54. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.08.9276. PMID 17557958.

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@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 * [[Uterine fibroids]]
-Factors associated with a possible decreased risk include:<ref name="pmid12100072">{{cite journal |vauthors=Knudsen N, Bülow I, Laurberg P, Perrild H, Ovesen L, Jørgensen T |title=Low goitre prevalence among users of oral contraceptives in a population sample of 3712 women |journal=Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=71–6 |year=2002 |pmid=12100072 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17666091">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cappelli C, Castellano M, Pirola I, De Martino E, Gandossi E, Delbarba A, Salvi A, Rosei EA |title=Reduced thyroid volume and nodularity in dyslipidaemic patients on statin treatment |journal=Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=16–21 |year=2008 |pmid=17666091 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02982.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10030330">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lupoli G, Vitale G, Caraglia M, Fittipaldi MR, Abbruzzese A, Tagliaferri P, Bianco AR |title=Familial papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a new clinical entity |journal=Lancet |volume=353 |issue=9153 |pages=637–9 |year=1999 |pmid=10030330 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(98)08004-0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1415299" /><ref name="pmid17557958">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cohen A, Rovelli A, Merlo DF, van Lint MT, Lanino E, Bresters D, Ceppi M, Bocchini V, Tichelli A, Socié G |title=Risk for secondary thyroid carcinoma after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: an EBMT Late Effects Working Party Study |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=25 |issue=17 |pages=2449–54 |year=2007 |pmid=17557958 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2006.08.9276 |url=}}</ref>
+==== Factors associated with a possible decreased risk<ref name="pmid12100072">{{cite journal |vauthors=Knudsen N, Bülow I, Laurberg P, Perrild H, Ovesen L, Jørgensen T |title=Low goitre prevalence among users of oral contraceptives in a population sample of 3712 women |journal=Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=71–6 |year=2002 |pmid=12100072 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17666091">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cappelli C, Castellano M, Pirola I, De Martino E, Gandossi E, Delbarba A, Salvi A, Rosei EA |title=Reduced thyroid volume and nodularity in dyslipidaemic patients on statin treatment |journal=Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=16–21 |year=2008 |pmid=17666091 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02982.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10030330">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lupoli G, Vitale G, Caraglia M, Fittipaldi MR, Abbruzzese A, Tagliaferri P, Bianco AR |title=Familial papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a new clinical entity |journal=Lancet |volume=353 |issue=9153 |pages=637–9 |year=1999 |pmid=10030330 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(98)08004-0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1415299" /><ref name="pmid17557958">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cohen A, Rovelli A, Merlo DF, van Lint MT, Lanino E, Bresters D, Ceppi M, Bocchini V, Tichelli A, Socié G |title=Risk for secondary thyroid carcinoma after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: an EBMT Late Effects Working Party Study |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=25 |issue=17 |pages=2449–54 |year=2007 |pmid=17557958 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2006.08.9276 |url=}}</ref> ====
 * [[Oral contraceptive]] use
 * Use of [[statins]]
 ** Associated with a reduced risk of nodules on ultrasound
-** Reduced prevalence, number and volume of thyroid nodules
+** Reduced [[prevalence]], number and volume of thyroid nodules
 * A history of [[papillary thyroid cancer]] in at least one first-degree family member is associated with an increased risk of a nodule being [[malignant]]