Respiratory acidosis: Difference between revisions

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* Ventilation is influenced and regulated by [[chemoreceptors]] for ''Pa''CO<sub>2</sub>, PaO<sub>2</sub>, and pH located in the brainstem,and in the [[aortic and carotid bodies]] as well as by neural impulses from lung [[stretch receptors]] and impulses from the [[cerebral cortex]]. Failure of ventilation quickly increases the ''Pa''CO<sub>2</sub>.  
* Ventilation is influenced and regulated by [[chemoreceptors]] for ''Pa''CO<sub>2</sub>, PaO<sub>2</sub>, and pH located in the brainstem,and in the [[aortic and carotid bodies]] as well as by neural impulses from lung [[stretch receptors]] and impulses from the [[cerebral cortex]]. Failure of ventilation quickly increases the ''Pa''CO<sub>2</sub>.  
===Compensation in acute respiratory acidosis===
===Compensation in acute respiratory acidosis===
====Cellular buffering====
====Acute cellular compensatory stage====
* The initial response is cellular buffering that occurs over minutes to hours. Cellular buffering elevates plasma bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>) only slightly, approximately 1 mEq/L for each 10-mm Hg increase in ''Pa''CO<sub>2</sub>.  
* The initial response is cellular buffering that occurs over minutes to hours. Cellular buffering elevates plasma bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>) only slightly, approximately 1 mEq/L for each 10-mm Hg increase in ''Pa''CO<sub>2</sub>.  
====Renal compensation====
====Chronic renal compensatory stage====
* The second step is renal compensation that occurs over 3-5 days.
* The second step is renal compensation that occurs over 3-5 days.
* With renal compensation, renal excretion of carbonic acid is increased and bicarbonate reabsorption is increased.
* With renal compensation, renal excretion of carbonic acid is increased and bicarbonate reabsorption is increased.

Revision as of 22:49, 2 September 2012

Respiratory acidosis
ICD-10 E87.2
ICD-9 276.2
DiseasesDB 95

Template:Search infobox For patient information page, click here

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.D. [2]

Overview

Respiratory acidosis is acidosis (abnormal acidity of the blood) due to decreased ventilation of the pulmonary alveoli, leading to elevated arterial carbon dioxide concentration (PaCO2).

Pathophysiology

  • Metabolism rapidly generates a large quantity of volatile acid (CO2) and nonvolatile acid. The metabolism of fats and carbohydrates leads to the formation of a large amount of CO2. The CO2 combines with H2O to form carbonic acid (H2CO3).
  • The lungs excrete the volatile fraction through ventilation, and acid accumulation does not occur.
  • The PaCO2 is maintained within a range of 39-41 mm Hg in normal states.
  • A significant alteration in ventilation that affects elimination of CO2 can cause a respiratory acid-base disorder.
  • Respiratory acidosis is a clinical disturbance that is due to alveolar hypoventilation. Production of carbon dioxide occurs rapidly, and failure of ventilation promptly increases the level of PaCO2.
  • Alveolar hypoventilation leads to an increased PaCO2 (ie, hypercapnia). The increase in PaCO2 in turn decreases the HCO3-/PaCO2 and decreases pH.
  • Hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis occur when impairment in ventilation occurs and the removal of CO2 by the lungs is less than the production of CO2 in the tissues.

Central respiratory drive

  • Alveolar ventilation is under the control of the central respiratory centers, which are located in the pons and the medulla.
  • Ventilation is influenced and regulated by chemoreceptors for PaCO2, PaO2, and pH located in the brainstem,and in the aortic and carotid bodies as well as by neural impulses from lung stretch receptors and impulses from the cerebral cortex. Failure of ventilation quickly increases the PaCO2.

Compensation in acute respiratory acidosis

Acute cellular compensatory stage

  • The initial response is cellular buffering that occurs over minutes to hours. Cellular buffering elevates plasma bicarbonate (HCO3-) only slightly, approximately 1 mEq/L for each 10-mm Hg increase in PaCO2.

Chronic renal compensatory stage

  • The second step is renal compensation that occurs over 3-5 days.
  • With renal compensation, renal excretion of carbonic acid is increased and bicarbonate reabsorption is increased.
  • In renal compensation, plasma bicarbonate rises 3.5 mEq/L for each increase of 10 mm Hg in PaCO2. The expected change in serum bicarbonate concentration in respiratory acidosis can be estimated as follows:
  • Acute respiratory acidosis: HCO3- increases 1 mEq/L for each 10-mm Hg rise in PaCO2.
  • Chronic respiratory acidosis: HCO3- rises 3.5 mEq/L for each 10-mm Hg rise in PaCO2.
  • The expected change in pH with respiratory acidosis can be estimated with the following equations:
    • Acute respiratory acidosis: Change in pH = 0.008 X (40 - PaCO2)
    • Chronic respiratory acidosis: Change in pH = 0.003 X (40 - PaCO2)

Effect of respiratory acidosis on electrolyte

  • Acidosis decreases binding of calcium to albumin and tends to increase serum ionized calcium levels.
  • In addition, acidemia causes an extracellular shift of potassium, but respiratory acidosis rarely causes clinically significant hyperkalemia.

Classification

Acute respiratory acidosis

  • The PaCO2 is elevated above the upper limit of the reference range (over 6.3 kPa or 47 mm Hg)
  • Accompanied with acidemia (pH <7.35)

Chronic respiratory acidosis

  • The PaCO2 is elevated above the upper limit of the reference range
  • Accompanied with a normal blood pH (7.35 to 7.45) or near-normal pH secondary to renal compensation and an elevated serum bicarbonate (HCO3- >30 mm Hg).

Causes

Acute

Chronic

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical / poisoning Agrocide, Agronexit, Aparasin, Aphtiria, Ben-Hex, Benhexol, Benzene hexachloride, Bexol, Chloresene, Cone shell poisoning, HCH-gamma, Hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma), Lindane, Poison hemlock, Tetrodotoxin, Tick paralysis
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Acetylcarbromal, Alfentanil, Alprazolam, Amylobarbitone, Barbitone, Bromazepam, Brotizolam, Butabarbital, Butalbital, Butobarbitone, Camazepam, Chlordiazepoxide, Cinolazepam, Clobazam, Clonazepam, Clorazepate, Clotiazepam, Cloxazolam, Cyclobarbital, Demethyldiazepam, Diazepam, Doxefazepam, Drug overdose, Estazolam, Ethyl loflazepate, Etizolam, Etomidate, Fentanyl, Flurazepam, Fluridrazepam, Fospropofol, General anaesthesia, Halazepam, Haloxazolam, Hexobarbital, Ketazolam, Loprazolam, Lorazepam, Lormetazepam, Medazepam, Mephobarbital, Methohexital, Mexazolam, Midazolam, Nitrazepam, Oxazepam, Oxazolam, Pentobarbital, Pethidine, Phenobarbital, Pinazepam, Prazepam, Primidone, Promethazine, Propofol, Quazepam, Remifentanil, Secobarbital, Sufentanil, Tapentadol, Temazepam, Tetrazepam, Thiamylal, Thiopentone, Tofisopam, Triazolam
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Necrotizing enterocolitis
Genetic Athabaskan brain stem dysgenesis, Edstrom myopathy, Jeune thoracic dystrophy syndrome, Muscular dystrophy, Nemaline myopathy, Perry syndrome, Pitt-Hopkins syndrome, Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy, X-linked myotubular myopathy, Stuve-Wiedemann syndrome
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Clostridium tetani, Poliomyelitis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Cervical spine injury, Congenital diaphragmatic hernia, Congenital fiber-type disproportion myopathy, Diaphragm paralysis, Idiopathic spinal scoliosis, Rib fracture, Severe kyphoscoliosis, Stuve-Wiedemann syndrome, Muscular dystrophy, Nemaline myopathy, Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy, X-linked myotubular myopathy, Neuromuscular diseases, Myasthenia gravis, Polymyositis
Neurologic Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Brain death, Brown-Vialetto-van Laere syndrome, Central sleep apnea, CNS depression, Congenital failure of autonomic control, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Motor neuron disease, Neuromuscular diseases, Raised intracranial pressure, Subacute necrotising encephalomyelopathy, X-linked infantile spinal muscular atrophy, Athabaskan brain stem dysgenesis, Diaphragm paralysis
Nutritional / Metabolic Subacute necrotising encephalomyelopathy
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Acetylcarbromal, Alfentanil, Alprazolam, Amylobarbitone, Barbitone, Bromazepam, Brotizolam, Butabarbital, Butalbital, Butobarbitone, Camazepam, Chlordiazepoxide, Cinolazepam, Clobazam, Clonazepam, Clorazepate, Clotiazepam, Cloxazolam, Cyclobarbital, Demethyldiazepam, Diazepam, Doxefazepam, Drug overdose, Estazolam, Ethyl loflazepate, Etizolam, Etomidate, Fentanyl, Flurazepam, Fluridrazepam, Fospropofol, General anaesthesia, Halazepam, Haloxazolam, Hexobarbital, Ketazolam, Loprazolam, Lorazepam, Lormetazepam, Medazepam, Mephobarbital, Methohexital, Mexazolam, Midazolam, Nitrazepam, Oxazepam, Oxazolam, Pentobarbital, Pethidine, Phenobarbital, Pinazepam, Prazepam, Primidone, Promethazine, Propofol, Quazepam, Remifentanil, Secobarbital, Sufentanil, Tapentadol, Temazepam, Tetrazepam, Thiamylal, Thiopentone, Tofisopam, Triazolam, Oxygen
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Chronic bronchitis, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Emphysema, Foreign body in respiratory tract, Hyaline membrane disease, Obesity hypoventilation syndrome, Obstructive sleep apnea, Pickwickian syndrome, Pneumothorax, Pulmonary hypoplasia, Respiratory depression, Respiratory distress syndrome, Severe asthma, Shallow Breathing , Snoring, Stuve-Wiedemann syndrome, Tracheal stenosis
Renal / Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Myasthenia gravis, Polymyositis, Guillain-Barre syndrome
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Flail chest, Cervical spine injury, Pneumothorax
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Asphyxiation, Reduced level of consciousness, Congenital failure of autonomic control, Shallow Breathing

Causes in Alphabetical Order


Differential diagnosis of respiratory acidosis

For differential diagnosis of respiratory acidosis is consideration of the three structures involved in ventilation should be made: the chest cavity, central respiratory drive, and the lungs and airways.

Lung and airway

Chest cavity

Central respiratory drive

References


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