Low HDL causes: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) may be caused by familial or primary and secondary conditions or disorders associated with decreased levels of HDL in plasma.
Low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) may be caused by familial (primary) or secondary conditions.  Secondary causes of low HDL include [[physical inactivity]], [[smoking]], and [[diabetes mellitus]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
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===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
There are no life threatening causes of low HDL.


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
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{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | Apo A-1 Giessen, apo A-1 Marburg, [[apo A-1 Milano]], apo A-1 Munster, [[apolipoprotein C2|apolipoprotein C-11 deficiency]], [[cholesterylester transfer protein|elevated cholesterylester transfer protein (CETP) activity]], [[familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia|familial apo A-1 deficiency]], familial combined hypolipidemia, familial deficiency of apo A-1 and apo C-111, [[familial HDL deficiency]], [[familial hypertriglyceridaemia]], [[familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia]], [[lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency|familial lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency]], [[familial mixed hyperlipidaemia]], [[triglyceride|high triglyceride]], [[LDL receptor deficiency]], [[lipoprotein lipase deficiency]], [[metabolic syndrome]], [[reaven syndrome|Reaven syndrome X]], [[diabetes mellitus|uncontrolled diabetes mellitus]]
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anabolic steroids]], [[androgens]], [[atazanavir|atazanavir sulfate]], [[atenolol]], [[bendrofluazide]], [[benzodiazepines]], [[beta blockers]], [[Danazol]], [[hydrochlorothiazide]], [[lopinavir]], [[Medroxyprogesterone acetate]], [[probucol]], [[progestins]], [[propranolol]], [[thiazide diuretics]], [[tibolone]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Insulin resistance]], [[metabolic syndrome]], [[reaven syndrome|Reaven syndrome X]], [[diabetes mellitus|uncontrolled diabetes mellitus]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Severe liver disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[cholesterylester transfer protein|Elevated cholesterylester transfer protein (CETP) activity]], [[hepatic lipase|elevated hepatic triglyceride lipase activity]], [[familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia|familial apo A-1 deficiency]], familial combined hypolipidemia, familial deficiency of apo A-1 and apo C-111, [[familial HDL deficiency]], [[familial hypertriglyceridaemia]], [[familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia]], [[lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase|familial lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency]], [[familial mixed hyperlipidaemia]], [[fish eye disease|Fish eye disease (partial LCAT deficiency)]], [[LDL receptor deficiency]], [[lipoprotein lipase deficiency]], [[metabolic syndrome]], [[Niemann-Pick disease|Niemann-Pick disease type B]], [[reaven syndrome|Reaven syndrome X]], [[sphingomyelinase deficiency]], [[Tangier disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Niemann-Pick disease type B]], [[sphingomyelinase deficiency]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[carbohydrate|High carbohydrate diet]], [[triglyceride|high triglyceride]], [[malabsorption]], [[malnutrition]], [[metabolic syndrome]], [[obesity]], [[reaven syndrome|Reaven syndrome X]], [[low-fat diet|very low-fat diet]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[fish eye disease|Fish eye disease (partial LCAT deficiency)]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic renal failure]], [[end-stage renal disease]], [[nephrotic syndrome]], [[diabetes mellitus|uncontrolled diabetes mellitus]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| Dysglobulinemia, [[gammopathy|gammopathies]], [[inflammatory disease|severe inflammatory disease]], [[metabolic syndrome]], [[reaven syndrome|Reaven syndrome X]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Physical inactivity]], [[smoking]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{MultiCol}}
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
*[[Abdominal  aortic aneurysm]] <ref name="pmid20671656">{{cite journal| author=Takagi H, Manabe H, Kawai N, Goto SN, Umemoto T| title=Serum high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm presence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Int Angiol | year= 2010 | volume= 29 | issue= 4 | pages= 371-5 | pmid=20671656 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20671656  }} </ref>
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Anabolic steroids]]<ref name="pmid20816133">{{cite journal| author=Achar S, Rostamian A, Narayan SM| title=Cardiac and metabolic effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse on lipids, blood pressure, left ventricular dimensions, and rhythm. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2010 | volume= 106 | issue= 6 | pages= 893-901 | pmid=20816133 | doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.05.013 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20816133 }} </ref>
*[[Anabolic steroids]]<ref name="pmid20816133">{{cite journal| author=Achar S, Rostamian A, Narayan SM| title=Cardiac and metabolic effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse on lipids, blood pressure, left ventricular dimensions, and rhythm. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2010 | volume= 106 | issue= 6 | pages= 893-901 | pmid=20816133 | doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.05.013 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20816133 }} </ref>
*[[Androgens]]
*[[Androgens]]
*Apo A-1 Giessen
*Apo A-1 Giessen
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*[[Apo A-1 Milano]]
*[[Apo A-1 Milano]]
*Apo A-1 Munster
*Apo A-1 Munster
*[[apolipoprotein C2|Apolipoprotein C-11 deficiency]]<ref name="BaggioManzato1986">{{cite journal|last1=Baggio|first1=G|last2=Manzato|first2=E|last3=Gabelli|first3=C|last4=Fellin|first4=R|last5=Martini|first5=S|last6=Enzi|first6=G B|last7=Verlato|first7=F|last8=Baiocchi|first8=M R|last9=Sprecher|first9=D L|last10=Kashyap|first10=M L|title=Apolipoprotein C-II deficiency syndrome. Clinical features, lipoprotein characterization, lipase activity, and correction of hypertriglyceridemia after apolipoprotein C-II administration in two affected patients.|journal=Journal of Clinical Investigation|volume=77|issue=2|year=1986|pages=520–527|issn=0021-9738|doi=10.1172/JCI112332}}</ref>
*[[apolipoprotein C2|Apolipoprotein C-11 deficiency]]<ref name="BaggioManzato1986">{{cite journal|last1=Baggio|first1=G|last2=Manzato|first2=E|last3=Gabelli|first3=C|last4=Fellin|first4=R|last5=Martini|first5=S|last6=Enzi|first6=G B|last7=Verlato|first7=F|last8=Baiocchi|first8=M R|last9=Sprecher|first9=D L|last10=Kashyap|first10=M L|title=Apolipoprotein C-II deficiency syndrome. Clinical features, lipoprotein characterization, lipase activity, and correction of hypertriglyceridemia after apolipoprotein C-II administration in two affected patients.|journal=Journal of Clinical Investigation|volume=77|issue=2|year=1986|pages=520–527|issn=0021-9738|doi=10.1172/JCI112332}}</ref>
*[[atazanavir|Atazanavir sulfate]]
*[[atazanavir|Atazanavir sulfate]]
*[[Atenolol]]
*[[Atenolol]]
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*[[Beta blockers]]
*[[Beta blockers]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Coronary heart disease]] <ref name="pmid21986289">{{cite journal| author=Huxley RR, Barzi F, Lam TH, Czernichow S, Fang X, Welborn T et al.| title=Isolated low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease: an individual participant data meta-analysis of 23 studies in the Asia-Pacific region. | journal=Circulation | year= 2011 | volume= 124 | issue= 19 | pages= 2056-64 | pmid=21986289 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.028373 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21986289  }} </ref>
*Dysglobulinemia<ref name="pmid2366654">{{cite journal| author=Cuisinier-Raynal JC, Bire F, Clerc M, Bernard J, Sarrouy J| title=[Human malaria: dysglobulinemia-hypocholesterolemia syndrome]. | journal=Med Trop (Mars) | year= 1990 | volume= 50 | issue= 1 | pages= 91-5 | pmid=2366654 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2366654 }} </ref>
*Dysglobulinemia<ref name="pmid2366654">{{cite journal| author=Cuisinier-Raynal JC, Bire F, Clerc M, Bernard J, Sarrouy J| title=[Human malaria: dysglobulinemia-hypocholesterolemia syndrome]. | journal=Med Trop (Mars) | year= 1990 | volume= 50 | issue= 1 | pages= 91-5 | pmid=2366654 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2366654 }} </ref>
*[[cholesterylester transfer protein|Elevated cholesterylester transfer protein (CETP) activity]]
*[[cholesterylester transfer protein|Elevated cholesterylester transfer protein (CETP) activity]]
*[[hepatic lipase|Elevated hepatic triglyceride lipase activity]]
*[[hepatic lipase|Elevated hepatic triglyceride lipase activity]]
*[[End-stage renal disease]]
*[[End-stage renal disease]]
*[[familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia|Familial Apo A-1 deficiency]]
*[[familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia|Familial Apo A-1 deficiency]]
*Familial combined hypolipidemia<ref name="pmid20942659">{{cite journal| author=Musunuru K, Pirruccello JP, Do R, Peloso GM, Guiducci C, Sougnez C et al.| title=Exome sequencing, ANGPTL3 mutations, and familial combined hypolipidemia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2010 | volume= 363 | issue= 23 | pages= 2220-7 | pmid=20942659 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1002926 | pmc=PMC3008575 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20942659 }} </ref>
*Familial combined hypolipidemia<ref name="pmid20942659">{{cite journal| author=Musunuru K, Pirruccello JP, Do R, Peloso GM, Guiducci C, Sougnez C et al.| title=Exome sequencing, ANGPTL3 mutations, and familial combined hypolipidemia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2010 | volume= 363 | issue= 23 | pages= 2220-7 | pmid=20942659 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1002926 | pmc=PMC3008575 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20942659 }} </ref>
*Familial deficiency of Apo A-1 and Apo C-III<ref name="pmid3934306">{{cite journal| author=Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM, Law SW, Ghiselli G, Kashyap ML, Srivastava LS et al.| title=Familial apolipoprotein A-I and C-III deficiency, variant II. | journal=J Lipid Res | year= 1985 | volume= 26 | issue= 9 | pages= 1089-101 | pmid=3934306 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3934306 }} </ref>
*Familial deficiency of Apo A-1 and Apo C-III<ref name="pmid3934306">{{cite journal| author=Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM, Law SW, Ghiselli G, Kashyap ML, Srivastava LS et al.| title=Familial apolipoprotein A-I and C-III deficiency, variant II. | journal=J Lipid Res | year= 1985 | volume= 26 | issue= 9 | pages= 1089-101 | pmid=3934306 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3934306 }} </ref>
*[[Familial HDL deficiency]]
*[[Familial HDL deficiency]]
*[[Familial hypertriglyceridaemia]]
*[[Familial hypertriglyceridaemia]]
*[[Familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia]]
*[[Familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia]]
*[[lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency|Familial lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency]]  
*[[lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency|Familial lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency]]
*[[Familial mixed hyperlipidaemia]]
*[[Familial mixed hyperlipidaemia]]
*[[fish eye disease|Fish eye disease (partial LCAT deficiency)]]
*[[fish eye disease|Fish eye disease (partial LCAT deficiency)]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[gammopathy|Gammopathies]]
*[[gammopathy|Gammopathies]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[carbohydrate|High carbohydrate diet]]
*[[carbohydrate|High carbohydrate diet]]
*[[triglyceride|High triglyceride]]
*[[triglyceride|High triglyceride]]
*[[Hydrochlorothiazide]]
*[[Hydrochlorothiazide]]
*[[Insulin resistance]]  
*[[Insulin resistance]]
*[[LDL receptor deficiency]]
*[[LDL receptor deficiency]]
*[[Lipoprotein lipase deficiency]]
*[[Lipoprotein lipase deficiency]]
*[[Lopinavir]]  
*[[Lopinavir]]
*[[Malabsorption]]  
*[[Malabsorption]]
*[[Malnutrition]]  
*[[Malnutrition]]
*[[Metabolic syndrome]]<ref name="pmid14742767">{{cite journal| author=Ito MK| title=The metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology, clinical relevance, and use of niacin. | journal=Ann Pharmacother | year= 2004 | volume= 38 | issue= 2 | pages= 277-85 | pmid=14742767 | doi=10.1345/aph.1D218 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14742767 }} </ref>
*[[Medroxyprogesterone acetate]]
*[[Metabolic syndrome]]<ref name="pmid14742767">{{cite journal| author=Ito MK| title=The metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology, clinical relevance, and use of niacin. | journal=Ann Pharmacother | year= 2004 | volume= 38 | issue= 2 | pages= 277-85 | pmid=14742767 | doi=10.1345/aph.1D218 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14742767 }} </ref>
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
*[[Niemann-Pick disease|Niemann-Pick disease type B]]
*[[Niemann-Pick disease|Niemann-Pick disease type B]]
*[[Obesity]]<ref name="AshenBlumenthal2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ashen|first1=M. Dominique|last2=Blumenthal|first2=Roger S.|title=Low HDL Cholesterol Levels|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=353|issue=12|year=2005|pages=1252–1260|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp044370}}</ref>  
*[[Obesity]]<ref name="AshenBlumenthal2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ashen|first1=M. Dominique|last2=Blumenthal|first2=Roger S.|title=Low HDL Cholesterol Levels|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=353|issue=12|year=2005|pages=1252–1260|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp044370}}</ref>
*[[Physical inactivity]]<ref name="AshenBlumenthal2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ashen|first1=M. Dominique|last2=Blumenthal|first2=Roger S.|title=Low HDL Cholesterol Levels|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=353|issue=12|year=2005|pages=1252–1260|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp044370}}</ref>
*[[Physical inactivity]]<ref name="AshenBlumenthal2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ashen|first1=M. Dominique|last2=Blumenthal|first2=Roger S.|title=Low HDL Cholesterol Levels|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=353|issue=12|year=2005|pages=1252–1260|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp044370}}</ref>
*[[Probucol]] <ref name="pmid19457483">{{cite journal| author=Yamashita S, Matsuzawa Y| title=Where are we with probucol: a new life for an old drug? | journal=Atherosclerosis | year= 2009 | volume= 207 | issue= 1 | pages= 16-23 | pmid=19457483 | doi=10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.04.002 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19457483 }} </ref>
*[[Probucol]] <ref name="pmid19457483">{{cite journal| author=Yamashita S, Matsuzawa Y| title=Where are we with probucol: a new life for an old drug? | journal=Atherosclerosis | year= 2009 | volume= 207 | issue= 1 | pages= 16-23 | pmid=19457483 | doi=10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.04.002 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19457483 }} </ref>
*[[Progestins]]  
*[[Progestins]]
*[[Propranolol]]  
*[[Propranolol]]
*[[reaven syndrome|Reaven syndrome X]]
*[[reaven syndrome|Reaven syndrome X]]
*[[inflammatory disease|Severe inflammatory disease]]
*[[inflammatory disease|Severe inflammatory disease]]
*[[Severe liver disease]]
*[[Severe liver disease]]
*[[Smoking]]<ref name="AshenBlumenthal2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ashen|first1=M. Dominique|last2=Blumenthal|first2=Roger S.|title=Low HDL Cholesterol Levels|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=353|issue=12|year=2005|pages=1252–1260|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp044370}}</ref>
*[[Smoking]]<ref name="AshenBlumenthal2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ashen|first1=M. Dominique|last2=Blumenthal|first2=Roger S.|title=Low HDL Cholesterol Levels|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=353|issue=12|year=2005|pages=1252–1260|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp044370}}</ref>
*[[Sphingomyelinase deficiency]]
*[[Sphingomyelinase deficiency]]
*[[Tangier disease]]
*[[Tangier disease]]
*[[Thiazide diuretics]]
*[[Thiazide diuretics]]
*[[Tibolone]]
*[[Tibolone]]
*[[diabetes mellitus|Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus]] <ref name="pmid15265253">{{cite journal| author=Miller M, Dobs A, Yuan Z, Battisti WP, Borisute H, Palmisano J| title=Effectiveness of simvastatin therapy in raising HDL-C in patients with type 2 diabetes and low HDL-C. | journal=Curr Med Res Opin | year= 2004 | volume= 20 | issue= 7 | pages= 1087-94 | pmid=15265253 | doi=10.1185/030079904125004105 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15265253 }} </ref>
*[[diabetes mellitus|Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus]] <ref name="pmid15265253">{{cite journal| author=Miller M, Dobs A, Yuan Z, Battisti WP, Borisute H, Palmisano J| title=Effectiveness of simvastatin therapy in raising HDL-C in patients with type 2 diabetes and low HDL-C. | journal=Curr Med Res Opin | year= 2004 | volume= 20 | issue= 7 | pages= 1087-94 | pmid=15265253 | doi=10.1185/030079904125004105 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15265253}}</ref>
*[[low-fat diet|Very low-fat diet]]
*[[low-fat diet|Very low-fat diet]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
{{col-end}}


==References==
==References==
Line 199: Line 201:
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Lipoproteins]]
[[Category:Lipoproteins]]
[[Category:HDLpedia]]


{{WH}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 20:58, 26 December 2014

High Density Lipoprotein Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

Overview

Low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) may be caused by familial (primary) or secondary conditions. Secondary causes of low HDL include physical inactivity, smoking, and diabetes mellitus.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

There are no life threatening causes of low HDL.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Apo A-1 Giessen, apo A-1 Marburg, apo A-1 Milano, apo A-1 Munster, apolipoprotein C-11 deficiency, elevated cholesterylester transfer protein (CETP) activity, familial apo A-1 deficiency, familial combined hypolipidemia, familial deficiency of apo A-1 and apo C-111, familial HDL deficiency, familial hypertriglyceridaemia, familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia, familial lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency, familial mixed hyperlipidaemia, high triglyceride, LDL receptor deficiency, lipoprotein lipase deficiency, metabolic syndrome, Reaven syndrome X, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Anabolic steroids, androgens, atazanavir sulfate, atenolol, bendrofluazide, benzodiazepines, beta blockers, Danazol, hydrochlorothiazide, lopinavir, Medroxyprogesterone acetate, probucol, progestins, propranolol, thiazide diuretics, tibolone
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, Reaven syndrome X, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Severe liver disease
Genetic Elevated cholesterylester transfer protein (CETP) activity, elevated hepatic triglyceride lipase activity, familial apo A-1 deficiency, familial combined hypolipidemia, familial deficiency of apo A-1 and apo C-111, familial HDL deficiency, familial hypertriglyceridaemia, familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia, familial lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency, familial mixed hyperlipidaemia, Fish eye disease (partial LCAT deficiency), LDL receptor deficiency, lipoprotein lipase deficiency, metabolic syndrome, Niemann-Pick disease type B, Reaven syndrome X, sphingomyelinase deficiency, Tangier disease
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic Niemann-Pick disease type B, sphingomyelinase deficiency
Nutritional/Metabolic High carbohydrate diet, high triglyceride, malabsorption, malnutrition, metabolic syndrome, obesity, Reaven syndrome X, very low-fat diet
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic Fish eye disease (partial LCAT deficiency)
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte Chronic renal failure, end-stage renal disease, nephrotic syndrome, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Dysglobulinemia, gammopathies, severe inflammatory disease, metabolic syndrome, Reaven syndrome X
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Physical inactivity, smoking

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Achar S, Rostamian A, Narayan SM (2010). "Cardiac and metabolic effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse on lipids, blood pressure, left ventricular dimensions, and rhythm". Am J Cardiol. 106 (6): 893–901. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.05.013. PMID 20816133.
  2. ↑ Baggio, G; Manzato, E; Gabelli, C; Fellin, R; Martini, S; Enzi, G B; Verlato, F; Baiocchi, M R; Sprecher, D L; Kashyap, M L (1986). "Apolipoprotein C-II deficiency syndrome. Clinical features, lipoprotein characterization, lipase activity, and correction of hypertriglyceridemia after apolipoprotein C-II administration in two affected patients". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 77 (2): 520–527. doi:10.1172/JCI112332. ISSN 0021-9738.
  3. ↑ Cuisinier-Raynal JC, Bire F, Clerc M, Bernard J, Sarrouy J (1990). "[Human malaria: dysglobulinemia-hypocholesterolemia syndrome]". Med Trop (Mars). 50 (1): 91–5. PMID 2366654.
  4. ↑ Musunuru K, Pirruccello JP, Do R, Peloso GM, Guiducci C, Sougnez C; et al. (2010). "Exome sequencing, ANGPTL3 mutations, and familial combined hypolipidemia". N Engl J Med. 363 (23): 2220–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1002926. PMC 3008575. PMID 20942659.
  5. ↑ Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM, Law SW, Ghiselli G, Kashyap ML, Srivastava LS; et al. (1985). "Familial apolipoprotein A-I and C-III deficiency, variant II". J Lipid Res. 26 (9): 1089–101. PMID 3934306.
  6. ↑ Ito MK (2004). "The metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology, clinical relevance, and use of niacin". Ann Pharmacother. 38 (2): 277–85. doi:10.1345/aph.1D218. PMID 14742767.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Ashen, M. Dominique; Blumenthal, Roger S. (2005). "Low HDL Cholesterol Levels". New England Journal of Medicine. 353 (12): 1252–1260. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp044370. ISSN 0028-4793.
  8. ↑ Yamashita S, Matsuzawa Y (2009). "Where are we with probucol: a new life for an old drug?". Atherosclerosis. 207 (1): 16–23. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.04.002. PMID 19457483.
  9. ↑ Miller M, Dobs A, Yuan Z, Battisti WP, Borisute H, Palmisano J (2004). "Effectiveness of simvastatin therapy in raising HDL-C in patients with type 2 diabetes and low HDL-C". Curr Med Res Opin. 20 (7): 1087–94. doi:10.1185/030079904125004105. PMID 15265253.

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