Kidney stone causes: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 16:38, 22 January 2015

Kidney stone Microchapters

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Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Kidney stone from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

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MRI

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Treatment

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Primary Prevention

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Future or Investigational Therapies

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Kidney stones can be due to underlying metabolic conditions, such as renal tubular acidosis, Dent's disease and medullary sponge kidney. Many health facilities will screen for such disorders in patients with recurrent kidney stones. This is typically done with a 24 hour urine collection that is chemically analyzed for deficiencies and excesses that promote stone formation.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Febuxostat, Indinavir, Oxcarbazepine, Pramipexole, Sulfasalazine, Tocilizumab, Topiramate, Zonisamide
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Primary type 2 Hyperparathyroidism, Primary hyperparathyroidism, Diabetes mellitus
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Short bowel syndrome, Inflammatory bowel disease, Increased intestinal absorption of oxalates, Chronic Malabsorption syndrome
Genetic X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis type 1, X-linked hypophosphataemia, Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency
Hematologic Leukemia
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Urinary tract infection, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, Infection with urea splitting microorganisms, Berylliosis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Paget's Disease
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic Xanthinuria type 2, Xanthinuria type 1, Primary type 1 Hyperoxaluria, Lower Dietarypotassium, Lower Dietary phytate, Lower dietary calcium, Hypervitaminosis D, Higher Dietary vitamin C, Higher Dietary sucrose, Higher Dietary sodium, Higher Dietary oxalate, Higher Dietary fructose, Higher Dietary animal protein, Excessive Vitamin C intake
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Tumor hypercalcemia, Bone metastasis, Leukemia
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity Alcohol abuse
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte Urine PH less than 5.5, Type I (distal) renal tubular acidosis, Primary Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis , Medullary sponge kidney, Lower Urinary volume, Lower Urinary citrate, Hypophosphaturia, Hypocitraturia, Hyperuricosuria, Hyperuricemia , Hyperoxaluria, Hypercalciuria, Hypercalcemia, Horseshoe kidney, Higher Urinary pH (CaP stones), Higher Urinary oxalate (CaOx stones), Higher Urinary calcium, Distal (type 1) renal tubular acidosis, Cysteinuria, Chronic metabolic acidosis, Hyperoxaluria
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Sarcoidosis, Gout
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic Urinary stasis, Urinary obstruction
Miscellaneous Supersaturatin of stone forming compunds in urine, Presence of nidus for crystal precipitation, Obesity, Milk-alkali syndrome, Lower fluid intake, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Idiopathic, Dent's disease, Dehydration

Causes in Alphabetical Order


Causes based on type of Stones

Calcium Stones

Infectious Stones

Uric Acid Stones

Congenital Stones

References

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