Irritable bowel syndrome primary prevention: Difference between revisions

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{{Irritable bowel syndrome}}
{{Irritable bowel syndrome}}


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==Overview==
==Overview==
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].


OR
Effective measures for the [[primary prevention]] of irritable bowel syndrome ([[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]]) include early and effective treatment of [[Stress (medicine)|stress]], [[anxiety]], [[depression]] and [[Panic disorder|panic disorders]]. Early counseling for victims of physical or [[Sexual assault|sexual abuse]] and avoidance of certain foods such as fatty food, wheat, carbonated drinks, [[sorbitol]] and [[alcohol]] in those with food sensitivities helps in the [[Prevention (medical)|primary prevention]] of [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]].
 
There are no available vaccines against [disease name].
 
OR
 
Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
 
OR
 
[Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].
==Primary Prevention==
==Primary Prevention==
Stress—feeling mentally or emotionally tense, troubled, angry, or overwhelmed—can stimulate colon spasms in people with IBS. The colon has many nerves that connect it to the brain. Like the heart and the lungs, the colon is partly controlled by the autonomic nervous system, which responds to stress. These nerves control the normal contractions of the colon and cause abdominal discomfort at stressful times. People often experience cramps or “butterflies” when they are nervous or upset. In people with IBS, the colon can be overly responsive to even slight conflict or stress. Stress makes the mind more aware of the sensations that arise in the colon, making the person perceive these sensations as unpleasant.


Some evidence suggests that IBS is affected by the immune system, which fights infection in the body. The immune system is affected by stress. For all these reasons, stress management is an important part of treatment for IBS. Stress management options include
IBS is considered as a brain-gut disorder and [[Stress (medicine)|stress]] management is an essential feature in the [[primary prevention]] of [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]]. Effective measures for the [[primary prevention]] of [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]] include:<ref name="pmid26674980">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ibrahim NK |title=A systematic review of the prevalence and risk factors of irritable bowel syndrome among medical students |journal=Turk J Gastroenterol |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=10–6 |year=2016 |pmid=26674980 |doi=10.5152/tjg.2015.150333 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25232249">{{cite journal |vauthors=Soares RL |title=Irritable bowel syndrome: a clinical review |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=34 |pages=12144–60 |year=2014 |pmid=25232249 |pmc=4161800 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i34.12144 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7992984">{{cite journal |vauthors=Owens DM, Nelson DK, Talley NJ |title=The irritable bowel syndrome: long-term prognosis and the physician-patient interaction |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=122 |issue=2 |pages=107–12 |year=1995 |pmid=7992984 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Stress reduction (relaxation) training and relaxation therapies such as meditation
* Reduction of [[Stress (medicine)|stress]], [[anxiety]]<ref name="pmid216977452">{{cite journal |vauthors=Devanarayana NM, Mettananda S, Liyanarachchi C, Nanayakkara N, Mendis N, Perera N, Rajindrajith S |title=Abdominal pain-predominant functional gastrointestinal diseases in children and adolescents: prevalence, symptomatology, and association with emotional stress |journal=J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=659–65 |year=2011 |pmid=21697745 |doi=10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182296033 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid253398012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qin HY, Cheng CW, Tang XD, Bian ZX |title=Impact of psychological stress on irritable bowel syndrome |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=39 |pages=14126–31 |year=2014 |pmid=25339801 |pmc=4202343 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i39.14126 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid274929162">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bharucha AE, Chakraborty S, Sletten CD |title=Common Functional Gastroenterological Disorders Associated With Abdominal Pain |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=91 |issue=8 |pages=1118–32 |year=2016 |pmid=27492916 |pmc=4985027 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.06.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid266749802">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ibrahim NK |title=A systematic review of the prevalence and risk factors of irritable bowel syndrome among medical students |journal=Turk J Gastroenterol |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=10–6 |year=2016 |pmid=26674980 |doi=10.5152/tjg.2015.150333 |url=}}</ref>
* Counseling and support
*Early and effective treatment of [[depression]], [[Panic disorder|panic disorders]]<ref name="pmid253398012" /><ref name="pmid274929162" /><ref name="pmid170076342">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cole JA, Rothman KJ, Cabral HJ, Zhang Y, Farraye FA |title=Migraine, fibromyalgia, and depression among people with IBS: a prevalence study |journal=BMC Gastroenterol |volume=6 |issue= |pages=26 |year=2006 |pmid=17007634 |pmc=1592499 |doi=10.1186/1471-230X-6-26 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid248767252">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hausteiner-Wiehle C, Henningsen P |title=Irritable bowel syndrome: relations with functional, mental, and somatoform disorders |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=20 |pages=6024–30 |year=2014 |pmid=24876725 |pmc=4033442 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6024 |url=}}</ref>
* Regular exercise such as walking or yoga
*Early and effective treatment of pain disorders such as [[fibromyalgia]]<ref name="pmid170076342" /><ref name="pmid248799162">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vehof J, Zavos HM, Lachance G, Hammond CJ, Williams FM |title=Shared genetic factors underlie chronic pain syndromes |journal=Pain |volume=155 |issue=8 |pages=1562–8 |year=2014 |pmid=24879916 |doi=10.1016/j.pain.2014.05.002 |url=}}</ref>
* Changes to the stressful situations in your life
*Early counseling for victims of physical or [[Sexual assault|sexual abuse]] or adverse early life events
*Avoidance of certain foods such as fatty food, wheat, carbonated drinks, [[sorbitol]] and [[alcohol]] in those with food sensitivities<ref name="pmid232561172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chirila I, Petrariu FD, Ciortescu I, Mihai C, Drug VL |title=Diet and irritable bowel syndrome |journal=J Gastrointestin Liver Dis |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=357–62 |year=2012 |pmid=23256117 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Regular exercise (yoga)
* Adequate sleep
* Adequate sleep
==Primary Prevention==
*Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include:
**[Measure1]
**[Measure2]
**[Measure3]
==Risk Factors==
Common risk factors in the development of IBS may be categorized as [[Psychological Science (journal)|psychological]], [[Epidemiology|epidemiological]], [[Genetics|genetic]], and [[Infection|infectious]].
===Common Risk Factors===
*Common risk factors in the development of IBS include:
**Psychological risk factors such as [[Stress (medicine)|stress]], [[anxiety]]<ref name="pmid216977452">{{cite journal |vauthors=Devanarayana NM, Mettananda S, Liyanarachchi C, Nanayakkara N, Mendis N, Perera N, Rajindrajith S |title=Abdominal pain-predominant functional gastrointestinal diseases in children and adolescents: prevalence, symptomatology, and association with emotional stress |journal=J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=659–65 |year=2011 |pmid=21697745 |doi=10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182296033 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid253398012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qin HY, Cheng CW, Tang XD, Bian ZX |title=Impact of psychological stress on irritable bowel syndrome |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=39 |pages=14126–31 |year=2014 |pmid=25339801 |pmc=4202343 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i39.14126 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid274929162">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bharucha AE, Chakraborty S, Sletten CD |title=Common Functional Gastroenterological Disorders Associated With Abdominal Pain |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=91 |issue=8 |pages=1118–32 |year=2016 |pmid=27492916 |pmc=4985027 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.06.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid266749802">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ibrahim NK |title=A systematic review of the prevalence and risk factors of irritable bowel syndrome among medical students |journal=Turk J Gastroenterol |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=10–6 |year=2016 |pmid=26674980 |doi=10.5152/tjg.2015.150333 |url=}}</ref>
**Psychiatric risk factors such as [[depression]], [[Panic disorder|panic disorders]]<ref name="pmid253398012" /><ref name="pmid274929162" /><ref name="pmid170076342">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cole JA, Rothman KJ, Cabral HJ, Zhang Y, Farraye FA |title=Migraine, fibromyalgia, and depression among people with IBS: a prevalence study |journal=BMC Gastroenterol |volume=6 |issue= |pages=26 |year=2006 |pmid=17007634 |pmc=1592499 |doi=10.1186/1471-230X-6-26 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid248767252">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hausteiner-Wiehle C, Henningsen P |title=Irritable bowel syndrome: relations with functional, mental, and somatoform disorders |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=20 |pages=6024–30 |year=2014 |pmid=24876725 |pmc=4033442 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6024 |url=}}</ref>
**History of physical or [[Sexual assault|sexual abuse]] or adverse early life events
**History of gastrointestinal disorders such as [[Inflammatory bowel disease|IBD]]<ref name="pmid242964622">{{cite journal |vauthors=Major G, Spiller R |title=Irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and the microbiome |journal=Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=15–21 |year=2014 |pmid=24296462 |pmc=3871405 |doi=10.1097/MED.0000000000000032 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid280580092">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ceuleers H, Van Spaendonk H, Hanning N, Heirbaut J, Lambeir AM, Joossens J, Augustyns K, De Man JG, De Meester I, De Winter BY |title=Visceral hypersensitivity in inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome: The role of proteases |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=22 |issue=47 |pages=10275–10286 |year=2016 |pmid=28058009 |pmc=5175241 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v22.i47.10275 |url=}}</ref>
**History of acute GI infections such as [[Traveler's diarrhea]] i.e post [[Infection|infectious]] state <ref name="pmid243796222">{{cite journal |vauthors=Halliez MC, Buret AG |title=Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=19 |issue=47 |pages=8974–85 |year=2013 |pmid=24379622 |pmc=3870550 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i47.8974 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid227304682">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simrén M, Barbara G, Flint HJ, Spiegel BM, Spiller RC, Vanner S, Verdu EF, Whorwell PJ, Zoetendal EG |title=Intestinal microbiota in functional bowel disorders: a Rome foundation report |journal=Gut |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=159–76 |year=2013 |pmid=22730468 |pmc=3551212 |doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302167 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid228950812">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jeffery IB, Quigley EM, Öhman L, Simrén M, O'Toole PW |title=The microbiota link to irritable bowel syndrome: an emerging story |journal=Gut Microbes |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=572–6 |year=2012 |pmid=22895081 |pmc=3495796 |doi=10.4161/gmic.21772 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid275982742">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ibarra C, Herrera V, Pérez de Arce E, Gil LC, Madrid AM, Valenzuela L, Beltrán CJ |title=[Parasitosis and irritable bowel syndrome] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Rev Chilena Infectol |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=268–74 |year=2016 |pmid=27598274 |doi=10.4067/S0716-10182016000300003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid269001162">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giddings SL, Stevens AM, Leung DT |title=Traveler's Diarrhea |journal=Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=317–30 |year=2016 |pmid=26900116 |pmc=4764790 |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.08.017 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid254161622">{{cite journal |vauthors=Keithlin J, Sargeant J, Thomas MK, Fazil A |title=Systematic review and meta-analysis of the proportion of Campylobacter cases that develop chronic sequelae |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=14 |issue= |pages=1203 |year=2014 |pmid=25416162 |pmc=4391665 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-14-1203 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid246040372">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grover M |title=Role of gut pathogens in development of irritable bowel syndrome |journal=Indian J. Med. Res. |volume=139 |issue=1 |pages=11–8 |year=2014 |pmid=24604037 |pmc=3994726 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid244047802">{{cite journal |vauthors=Keithlin J, Sargeant J, Thomas MK, Fazil A |title=Chronic sequelae of E. coli O157: systematic review and meta-analysis of the proportion of E. coli O157 cases that develop chronic sequelae |journal=Foodborne Pathog. Dis. |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=79–95 |year=2014 |pmid=24404780 |pmc=3925333 |doi=10.1089/fpd.2013.1572 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid239925732">{{cite journal |vauthors=Connor BA, Riddle MS |title=Post-infectious sequelae of travelers' diarrhea |journal=J Travel Med |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=303–12 |year=2013 |pmid=23992573 |doi=10.1111/jtm.12049 |url=}}</ref>
***[[Salmonella]] infection
***[[Giardiasis]]
**History of [[antibiotic]] use<ref name="pmid282741082">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghoshal UC, Shukla R, Ghoshal U |title=Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Bridge between Functional Organic Dichotomy |journal=Gut Liver |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=196–208 |year=2017 |pmid=28274108 |pmc=5347643 |doi=10.5009/gnl16126 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid276215672">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gallo A, Passaro G, Gasbarrini A, Landolfi R, Montalto M |title=Modulation of microbiota as treatment for intestinal inflammatory disorders: An uptodate |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=22 |issue=32 |pages=7186–202 |year=2016 |pmid=27621567 |pmc=4997632 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v22.i32.7186 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid269002862">{{cite journal |vauthors=Distrutti E, Monaldi L, Ricci P, Fiorucci S |title=Gut microbiota role in irritable bowel syndrome: New therapeutic strategies |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=2219–41 |year=2016 |pmid=26900286 |pmc=4734998 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2219 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid253942362">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shreiner AB, Kao JY, Young VB |title=The gut microbiome in health and in disease |journal=Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=69–75 |year=2015 |pmid=25394236 |pmc=4290017 |doi=10.1097/MOG.0000000000000139 |url=}}</ref>
**[[Immune-mediated disease|Immune]] causes:<ref name="pmid242964622" />
***History of [[Inflammatory bowel disease|IBD]]
***[[Celiac disease]]
***[[Microscopic colitis]]
===Less Common Risk Factors===
*Less common risk factors in the development of IBS include:
**Age: Second decade of life<ref name="pmid233248722">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goodwin L, White PD, Hotopf M, Stansfeld SA, Clark C |title=Life course study of the etiology of self-reported irritable bowel syndrome in the 1958 British birth cohort |journal=Psychosom Med |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=202–10 |year=2013 |pmid=23324872 |doi=10.1097/PSY.0b013e31827c351b |url=}}</ref>
**Gender: Women(possibly due to changes in [[menstrual cycle]])
**Past history of abuse
**Family history of [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]] ([[Genetics]]) <ref name="pmid265257752">{{cite journal |vauthors=Makker J, Chilimuri S, Bella JN |title=Genetic epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=21 |issue=40 |pages=11353–61 |year=2015 |pmid=26525775 |pmc=4616211 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i40.11353 |url=}}</ref>
**[[Hormone|Hormonal]] changes<ref name="pmid246275812">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mulak A, Taché Y, Larauche M |title=Sex hormones in the modulation of irritable bowel syndrome |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=2433–48 |year=2014 |pmid=24627581 |pmc=3949254 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i10.2433 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16611266">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mawe GM, Coates MD, Moses PL |title=Review article: intestinal serotonin signalling in irritable bowel syndrome |journal=Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=1067–76 |year=2006 |pmid=16611266 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02858.x |url=}}</ref>
***Alteration of [[Sex steroid|sex hormones]]
***Alteration of [[serotonin]] levels
**History of [[Migraine Headache|migraine]] headaches<ref name="pmid170076342" /><ref name="pmid164195712">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mulak A, Paradowski L |title=[Migraine and irritable bowel syndrome] |language=Polish |journal=Neurol. Neurochir. Pol. |volume=39 |issue=4 Suppl 1 |pages=S55–60 |year=2005 |pmid=16419571 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid276886562">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cámara-Lemarroy CR, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, Monreal-Robles R, Marfil-Rivera A |title=Gastrointestinal disorders associated with migraine: A comprehensive review |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=22 |issue=36 |pages=8149–60 |year=2016 |pmid=27688656 |pmc=5037083 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v22.i36.8149 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid224471322">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cady RK, Farmer K, Dexter JK, Hall J |title=The bowel and migraine: update on celiac disease and irritable bowel syndrome |journal=Curr Pain Headache Rep |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=278–86 |year=2012 |pmid=22447132 |doi=10.1007/s11916-012-0258-y |url=}}</ref>
**History of pain disorders such as [[fibromyalgia]]<ref name="pmid170076342" /><ref name="pmid248799162">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vehof J, Zavos HM, Lachance G, Hammond CJ, Williams FM |title=Shared genetic factors underlie chronic pain syndromes |journal=Pain |volume=155 |issue=8 |pages=1562–8 |year=2014 |pmid=24879916 |doi=10.1016/j.pain.2014.05.002 |url=}}</ref>
**Food sensitivities: Fatty food, wheat, carbonated drinks, sorbitol and alcohol<ref name="pmid232561172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chirila I, Petrariu FD, Ciortescu I, Mihai C, Drug VL |title=Diet and irritable bowel syndrome |journal=J Gastrointestin Liver Dis |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=357–62 |year=2012 |pmid=23256117 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sudarshana Datta, MD [2]

Overview

Effective measures for the primary prevention of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) include early and effective treatment of stress, anxiety, depression and panic disorders. Early counseling for victims of physical or sexual abuse and avoidance of certain foods such as fatty food, wheat, carbonated drinks, sorbitol and alcohol in those with food sensitivities helps in the primary prevention of IBS.

Primary Prevention

IBS is considered as a brain-gut disorder and stress management is an essential feature in the primary prevention of IBS. Effective measures for the primary prevention of IBS include:[1][2][3]

References

  1. ↑ Ibrahim NK (2016). "A systematic review of the prevalence and risk factors of irritable bowel syndrome among medical students". Turk J Gastroenterol. 27 (1): 10–6. doi:10.5152/tjg.2015.150333. PMID 26674980.
  2. ↑ Soares RL (2014). "Irritable bowel syndrome: a clinical review". World J. Gastroenterol. 20 (34): 12144–60. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i34.12144. PMC 4161800. PMID 25232249.
  3. ↑ Owens DM, Nelson DK, Talley NJ (1995). "The irritable bowel syndrome: long-term prognosis and the physician-patient interaction". Ann. Intern. Med. 122 (2): 107–12. PMID 7992984.
  4. ↑ Devanarayana NM, Mettananda S, Liyanarachchi C, Nanayakkara N, Mendis N, Perera N, Rajindrajith S (2011). "Abdominal pain-predominant functional gastrointestinal diseases in children and adolescents: prevalence, symptomatology, and association with emotional stress". J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 53 (6): 659–65. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182296033. PMID 21697745.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Qin HY, Cheng CW, Tang XD, Bian ZX (2014). "Impact of psychological stress on irritable bowel syndrome". World J. Gastroenterol. 20 (39): 14126–31. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i39.14126. PMC 4202343. PMID 25339801.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bharucha AE, Chakraborty S, Sletten CD (2016). "Common Functional Gastroenterological Disorders Associated With Abdominal Pain". Mayo Clin. Proc. 91 (8): 1118–32. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.06.003. PMC 4985027. PMID 27492916.
  7. ↑ Ibrahim NK (2016). "A systematic review of the prevalence and risk factors of irritable bowel syndrome among medical students". Turk J Gastroenterol. 27 (1): 10–6. doi:10.5152/tjg.2015.150333. PMID 26674980.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Cole JA, Rothman KJ, Cabral HJ, Zhang Y, Farraye FA (2006). "Migraine, fibromyalgia, and depression among people with IBS: a prevalence study". BMC Gastroenterol. 6: 26. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-6-26. PMC 1592499. PMID 17007634.
  9. ↑ Hausteiner-Wiehle C, Henningsen P (2014). "Irritable bowel syndrome: relations with functional, mental, and somatoform disorders". World J. Gastroenterol. 20 (20): 6024–30. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6024. PMC 4033442. PMID 24876725.
  10. ↑ Vehof J, Zavos HM, Lachance G, Hammond CJ, Williams FM (2014). "Shared genetic factors underlie chronic pain syndromes". Pain. 155 (8): 1562–8. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2014.05.002. PMID 24879916.
  11. ↑ Chirila I, Petrariu FD, Ciortescu I, Mihai C, Drug VL (2012). "Diet and irritable bowel syndrome". J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 21 (4): 357–62. PMID 23256117.

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