Glutamate decarboxylase: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
m (Robot: Automated text replacement (-{{SIB}} + & -{{EH}} + & -{{EJ}} + & -{{Editor Help}} + & -{{Editor Join}} +))
Line 39: Line 39:


{{SI}}
{{SI}}
{{EH}}
 


==Overview==
==Overview==
Line 67: Line 67:
{{Carbon-carbon lyases}}
{{Carbon-carbon lyases}}
{{Amino acid metabolism enzymes}}
{{Amino acid metabolism enzymes}}
{{SIB}}
 


[[ru:Глутаматдекарбоксилаза]]
[[ru:Глутаматдекарбоксилаза]]
{{WH}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
{{WS}}

Revision as of 15:35, 9 August 2012

Glutamic acid decarboxylase 1
Identifiers
SymbolGAD1
Alt. symbolsGLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE, BRAIN, 67-KD; GAD67
Entrez2571
HUGO4092
OMIM605363
UniProtQ99259
Other data
EC number4.1.1.15
LocusChr. 2 q31
glutamic acid decarboxylase 2
Identifiers
SymbolGAD2
Entrez2572
HUGO11284
OMIM4093
PDB1ES0
UniProtQ05329
Other data
EC number4.1.1.15
LocusChr. 10 p11.23

WikiDoc Resources for Glutamate decarboxylase

Articles

Most recent articles on Glutamate decarboxylase

Most cited articles on Glutamate decarboxylase

Review articles on Glutamate decarboxylase

Articles on Glutamate decarboxylase in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ

Media

Powerpoint slides on Glutamate decarboxylase

Images of Glutamate decarboxylase

Photos of Glutamate decarboxylase

Podcasts & MP3s on Glutamate decarboxylase

Videos on Glutamate decarboxylase

Evidence Based Medicine

Cochrane Collaboration on Glutamate decarboxylase

Bandolier on Glutamate decarboxylase

TRIP on Glutamate decarboxylase

Clinical Trials

Ongoing Trials on Glutamate decarboxylase at Clinical Trials.gov

Trial results on Glutamate decarboxylase

Clinical Trials on Glutamate decarboxylase at Google

Guidelines / Policies / Govt

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Glutamate decarboxylase

NICE Guidance on Glutamate decarboxylase

NHS PRODIGY Guidance

FDA on Glutamate decarboxylase

CDC on Glutamate decarboxylase

Books

Books on Glutamate decarboxylase

News

Glutamate decarboxylase in the news

Be alerted to news on Glutamate decarboxylase

News trends on Glutamate decarboxylase

Commentary

Blogs on Glutamate decarboxylase

Definitions

Definitions of Glutamate decarboxylase

Patient Resources / Community

Patient resources on Glutamate decarboxylase

Discussion groups on Glutamate decarboxylase

Patient Handouts on Glutamate decarboxylase

Directions to Hospitals Treating Glutamate decarboxylase

Risk calculators and risk factors for Glutamate decarboxylase

Healthcare Provider Resources

Symptoms of Glutamate decarboxylase

Causes & Risk Factors for Glutamate decarboxylase

Diagnostic studies for Glutamate decarboxylase

Treatment of Glutamate decarboxylase

Continuing Medical Education (CME)

CME Programs on Glutamate decarboxylase

International

Glutamate decarboxylase en Espanol

Glutamate decarboxylase en Francais

Business

Glutamate decarboxylase in the Marketplace

Patents on Glutamate decarboxylase

Experimental / Informatics

List of terms related to Glutamate decarboxylase


Overview

Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamate to GABA and CO2. GAD uses PLP as a cofactor. The reaction proceeds as follows:

HOOC-CH2-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH → CO2 + HOOC-CH2-CH2-CH2NH2

In mammals, GAD exists in two isoforms encoded by two different genes - Gad1 and Gad2. These isoforms are GAD67 and GAD65 with molecular weights of 67 and 65 kDa, respectively.[1] GAD1 and GAD2 are expressed in the brain where GABA is used as a neurotransmitter, GAD2 is also expressed in the pancreas.

Role in pathology

Diabetes

Both GAD67 and GAD65 are targets of autoantibodies in people who later develop insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.[2] [3] Injections with GAD65 has been shown to preserve some insulin production for 30 months in humans with type 1 diabetes.[4]

Schizophrenia and Bipolar disorder

Substantial dysregulation of GAD mRNA expression, coupled with downregulation of reelin, is observed in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.[5] The most pronounced downregulation of GAD67 was found in hippocampal stratum oriens layer in both disorders and in other layers and structures of hippocampus with varying degrees.[6]

References

  1. Erlander MG, Tillakaratne NJ, Feldblum S, Patel N, Tobin AJ (1991). "Two genes encode distinct glutamate decarboxylases". Neuron. 7 (1): 91–100. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(91)90077-D. PMID 2069816.
  2. Baekkeskov S, Aanstoot HJ, Christgau S, Reetz A, Solimena M, Cascalho M, Folli F, Richter-Olesen H, De Camilli P, Camilli PD (1990). "Identification of the 64K autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes as the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase". Nature. 347 (6289): 151–6. doi:10.1038/347151a0. PMID 1697648.
  3. Kaufman DL, Erlander MG, Clare-Salzler M, Atkinson MA, Maclaren NK, Tobin AJ (1992). "Autoimmunity to two forms of glutamate decarboxylase in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus". J. Clin. Invest. 89 (1): 283–92. PMID 1370298.
  4. Diamyd press release
  5. Woo TU, Walsh JP, Benes FM (2004). "Density of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 messenger RNA-containing neurons that express the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR2A in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder". Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 61 (7): 649–57. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.7.649. PMID 15237077.
  6. Benes FM, Lim B, Matzilevich D, Walsh JP, Subburaju S, Minns M (2007). "Regulation of the GABA cell phenotype in hippocampus of schizophrenics and bipolars". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (24): 10164–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0703806104. PMID 17553960.

External links

Template:WH Template:WS