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{{Cyanotic heart defect}}


'''For patient information, click [[Congenital heart disease cyanotic (patient informattion)|Cyanotic congenital heart disease]]'''
'''For patient information, click [[Congenital heart disease cyanotic (patient information)|here]]'''


{{CMG}}
{{CMG}} '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[User:KeriShafer|Keri Shafer, M.D.]] [mailto:kshafer@bidmc.harvard.edu], Atif Mohammad, M.D.; {{KD}}


'''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[User:KeriShafer|Keri Shafer, M.D.]] [mailto:kshafer@bidmc.harvard.edu], Atif Mohammad, M.D.
==[[Cyanotic heart defect overview|Overview]]==


==Overview==
==[[Cyanotic heart defect historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
Cyanotic heart defects are called such because they result in [[cyanosis]], a bluish-grey discoloration of the skin due to a lack of oxygen in the body.


==Pathophysiology==
==[[Cyanotic heart defect classification|Classification]]==
===Associated Conditions===
Some of the defects that are associated with cyanotic congenital heart disease are as follows:
*[[Truncus arteriosus]],
*[[Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection]]
*[[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
*[[Transposition of the great vessels]]
*[[Tricuspid atresia]]


==Causes==
==[[Cyanotic heart defect pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
==[[Cyanotic heart defect causes|Causes]]==


*[[Aortic valve]] is unable to open wide enough.
==[[Cyanotic heart defect differential diagnosis|Differentiating Cyanotic heart defect from other Diseases]]==
*Chemical exposure
*[[Coarctation]] or complete interruption of the aorta
*[[Ebstein's anomaly]]
*Genetic and chromosomal syndromes, such as:
**[[Down syndrome]]
**[[Trisomy 13]]
**[[Turner syndrome]]
**[[Marfan syndrome]]
**[[Noonan syndrome]]
*[[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]]
*Infections (such as [[rubella]]) during pregnancy
*Medications prescribed by your doctor or bought on your own and used during pregnancy
*Poorly controlled blood sugar levels in women who have [[diabetes]] during pregnancy
*[[Pulmonary valve]] may be absent or unable to open wide enough.
*Street drugs used during pregnancy
*[[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
*[[Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection]]
*[[Transposition of the great arteries]]
*[[Tricuspid valve]] may be absent or unable to open wide enough.
*[[Truncus arteriosus]]


==Diagnosis==
== [[Cyanotic heart defect epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]] ==


===Symptoms===
==[[Cyanotic heart defect risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
Some heart defects cause major problems right after birth. Others cause few, if any, problems until adulthood.


One symptom is cyanosis, which usually seen as a bluish color of the lips, fingers, and toes. It may occur while the child is resting, or only when the child is active.
==[[Cyanotic heart defect screening|Screening]]==


Some children have breathing problems ([[dyspnea]]). They may get into a squatting position after physical activity to relieve breathlessness.
==[[Cyanotic heart defect natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==


Others have spells, in which their bodies are suddenly starved of oxygen. During these spells, symptoms may include:
==Diagnosis==
 
Diagnostic study of choice |[[Cyanotic heart defect history and symptoms| History and Symptoms]] | [[Cyanotic heart defect physical examination | Physical Examination]] | [[Cyanotic heart defect laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]]| | Electrocardiogram | [[Cyanotic heart defect chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Cyanotic heart defect echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Cyanotic heart defect CT|CT]] | [[Cyanotic heart defect MRI|MRI]] | [[Cyanotic heart defect other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Xyz other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]]| [[Cyanotic heart defect other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
*[[Anxiety]]
*Breathing too quickly ([[hyperventilation]])
*Sudden increase in bluish color to the skin
 
Infants may get tired or sweat while feeding and may not gain as much weight as they should.
 
Fainting ([[syncope]]) and chest pain may occur.
 
Other symptoms depend on the type of cyanotic heart disease, and may include:
 
*Feeding problems or reduced appetite, leading to poor growth
*Grayish skin
*Puffy eyes or face
*Tiredness all the time
 
===Physical Examination===
 
Physical examination confirms [[cyanosis]]. The child may have [[clubbing|clubbed fingers]]. Abnormal heart sounds, a [[heart murmur]], and lung crackles may be heard.
 
====Extremities====
 
The child may have [[clubbing|clubbed fingers]].
 
===Laboratory Findings===
 
====Electrolyte and Biomarker Studies====
The following tests could be performed to help diagnose cyanotic congenital heart disease:
*Checking oxygen levels in the blood using an arterial blood gas test or by checking it through the skin with a [[pulse oximeter]]
*[[Complete blood count]] (CBC)
 
====Chest X Ray====
A chest X ray may be performed to help diagnose cyanotic congenital heart disease.
 
====Echocardiography or Ultrasound====
The following can be used to help diagnose cyanotic congenital heart disease:
*[[ECG]]
*Looking at the heart structure and blood vessels using [[echocardiogram]] or MRI of the heart
 
===Other Diagnostic Studies===
The following can be used to help diagnose cyanotic congenital heart disease:
*Passing a thin flexible tube ([[catheter]]) into the right or left side of the heart, usually from the groin ([[cardiac catheterization]])
*Transcutaneous oxygen monitor (pulse oximeter)
*[[Echo-Doppler]]
*Testing the heart's electrical system


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
[[Cyanotic heart defect medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] |  Interventions| [[Cyanotic heart defect surgery|Surgery]] | [[Cyanotic heart defect primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | Secondary Prevention| [[Cyanotic heart defect cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Cyanotic heart defect future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]


===Pharmacotherapy===
==Case Studies==
 
[[Cyanotic heart defect case study one|Case#1]]
====Acute Pharmacotherapies====
Infants that remain in the hospital may receive medicines to:
 
*Get rid of extra fluids
*Help the heart pump harder
*Keep certain blood vessels open
*Treat abnormal heartbeats or rhythms
 
===Surgery and Device Based Therapy===
 
Some infants may need to stay in the hospital after birth so they can receive oxygen or be put on a breathing machine.
 
The treatment of choice for most congenital heart diseases is surgery to repair the defect. There are many types of surgery, depending on the kind of birth defect. Surgery may be needed soon after birth, or it may be delayed for months or even years.
 
====Pre-Operative Assessment====
 
The infant may be put on [[diuretics]].
 
====Post-Operative Management====
 
The infant may be put on [[diuretics]].
 
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
 


{{Congenital malformations and deformations of circulatory system}}
{{Congenital malformations and deformations of circulatory system}}

Latest revision as of 23:36, 6 April 2020

Congenital heart disease cyanotic
MedlinePlus 001104

Cyanotic heart defect Microchapters

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Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Cyanotic heart defect from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

Chest X Ray

Echocardiography

CT

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Interventions

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Keri Shafer, M.D. [2], Atif Mohammad, M.D.; Kalsang Dolma, M.B.B.S.[3]

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Cyanotic heart defect from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic study of choice | History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings| | Electrocardiogram | Chest X Ray | Echocardiography or Ultrasound | CT | MRI | Other Imaging Findings | Other Imaging Findings| Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Interventions| Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention| Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case#1


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