Chest pain in children

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mitra Chitsazan, M.D.[2]

Synonyms and keywords: Chest pain in kids, pediatric chest pain

Overview

Chest pain is a common symptom in children and adolescents. Despite causing considerable concerns and anxiety in patients and their families, most cases have benign and non-cardiac etiologies. A throughout history and physical examination can reveal diagnoses in the majority of patients, necessitating laboratory testing and imaging studies only in a small subset of patients.

Historical Perspective

Classification

There is no established system for the classification of chest pain in the pediatric population.

Pathophysiology

Causes

The most common causes of chest pain in children include musculoskeletal, respiratory, psychogenic and idiopathic. A comprehensive list of causes of chest pain in children is presented in the table below: [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]

Causes of pediatric chest pain
Musculoskeletal
  • Muscle overuse/strain
Respiratory
  • Severe and/or chronic Cough
  • Foreign body
Psychogenic
Gastrointestinal
Cardiac
Miscellaneous
  • Tumors (chest wall/mediastinal)
Idiopathic

For a complete list of causes of chest pain in children click here.

Differentiating pediatric chest pain from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

  • Chest pain accounts for 0.3%-0.6% of emergency department visits, 15% of outpatient visits, and 5.2% of cardiology consultations in the pediatric population. [24] [25]
  • In children and adolescents aged 10-21 years, chest pain has been reported to cause ≥ 650,000 annual pediatric cardiologist visits. [24]

Risk factors

Common risk factors in the development of chest pain in children include: [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][26][27][28][16][29][18]

Screening

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for chest pain in children.

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

  • Most cases of chest pain in children are benign, and cardiac causes have been identified in less than 1% of children with chest pain. [24] [30]
  • Despite having benign etiologies, chest pain in children may contribute to school absences, activity restrictions, and significant anxiety in children and their families.
  • The complications of chest pain in children depend on the underlying etiology.

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and symptoms

  • A detailed history is of crucial importance when assessing a child with chest pain as it can help to make a definitive diagnosis in the majority of pediatric patients with chest pain. [1][31][32][30]
  • Particular attention should be paid to the nature of the pain, its characteristics, and associated symptoms.
  • Younger children may interpret a wide range of symptoms and even unpleasant sensations in their chest wall as chest pain. A throughout history may help differentiate true chest pain from these unusual sensations.
  • The important characteristics of chest pain that can help to differentiate the underlying etiology are as follows:
Musculoskeletal
  • Usually well-localized
  • Associated with chest wall tenderness, i.e., reproducible with palpation or gentle pressure
  • Worse with movement, coughing, and inspiration
Respiratory
Psychogenic
Gastrointestinal
Cardiac
Other important clues in making the diagnosis of chest pain in children include:

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (ECG) should be obtained if there is a clinical suspicion of cardiac disease based upon history orphysical examination findings.

X-ray

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

CT scan

MRI

Other Diagnostic Studies

*For an algorithmic guide on the diagnosis of chest pain in children, click here.

Treatment

Medical Therapy

*For a complete guide on the algorithmic approach to the treatment of chest pain in children, click here.

Surgery

Surgical intervention may be indicated in patients with:

Primary Prevention

There are no established measures for the primary prevention of chest pain in children.

Secondary Prevention

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Friedman KG, Alexander ME (September 2013). "Chest pain and syncope in children: a practical approach to the diagnosis of cardiac disease". J Pediatr. 163 (3): 896–901.e1–3. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.05.001. PMC 3982288. PMID 23769502.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Aeschlimann A, Kahn MF (1990). "Tietze's syndrome: a critical review". Clin Exp Rheumatol. 8 (4): 407–12. PMID 1697801.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Heinz, George J. (1977). "Slipping Rib Syndrome". JAMA. 237 (8): 794. doi:10.1001/jama.1977.03270350054023. ISSN 0098-7484.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Selbst SM (June 1985). "Chest pain in children". Pediatrics. 75 (6): 1068–70. PMID 4000782.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 Howell, John M. (1992). "Xiphodynia: A report of three cases". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 10 (4): 435–438. doi:10.1016/0736-4679(92)90272-U. ISSN 0736-4679.
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  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 Evangelista, Juli-anne K.; Parsons, Marytheresa; Renneburg, Anne K. (2000). "Chest pain in children: diagnosis through history and physical examination". Journal of Pediatric Health Care. 14 (1): 3–8. doi:10.1016/S0891-5245(00)70037-X. ISSN 0891-5245.
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 Barth, Charles W.; Roberts, William C. (1986). "Left main coronary artery originating from the right sinus of valsalva and coursing between the aorta and pulmonary trunk". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 7 (2): 366–373. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(86)80507-1. ISSN 0735-1097.
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 Lipsitz, Joshua D.; Masia, Carrie; Apfel, Howard; Marans, Zvi; Gur, Merav; Dent, Heather; Fyer, Abby J. (2005). "Noncardiac chest pain and psychopathology in children and adolescents". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 59 (3): 185–188. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.05.004. ISSN 0022-3999.
  11. 11.0 11.1 11.2 Lee, Jennifer L.; Gilleland, Jordan; Campbell, Robert M.; Simpson, Patricia; Johnson, Gregory L.; Dooley, Kenneth J.; Blount, Ronald L. (2013). "Health care utilization and psychosocial factors in pediatric noncardiac chest pain". Health Psychology. 32 (3): 320–327. doi:10.1037/a0027806. ISSN 1930-7810.
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  16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 Chun JH, Kim TH, Han MY, Kim NY, Yoon KL (November 2015). "Analysis of clinical characteristics and causes of chest pain in children and adolescents". Korean J Pediatr. 58 (11): 440–5. doi:10.3345/kjp.2015.58.11.440. PMC 4675925. PMID 26692880.
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  18. 18.0 18.1 18.2 Swap, Clifford J. (2005). "Value and Limitations of Chest Pain History in the Evaluation of Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndromes". JAMA. 294 (20): 2623. doi:10.1001/jama.294.20.2623. ISSN 0098-7484.
  19. Kane DA, Fulton DR, Saleeb S, Zhou J, Lock JE, Geggel RL (2010). "Needles in hay: chest pain as the presenting symptom in children with serious underlying cardiac pathology". Congenit Heart Dis. 5 (4): 366–73. doi:10.1111/j.1747-0803.2010.00436.x. PMID 20653703.
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  24. 24.0 24.1 24.2 Yeh TK, Yeh J (2015). "Chest Pain in Pediatrics". Pediatr Ann. 44 (12): e274–8. doi:10.3928/00904481-20151110-01. PMID 26678235.
  25. Selbst SM (2010). "Approach to the child with chest pain". Pediatr Clin North Am. 57 (6): 1221–34. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2010.09.003. PMID 21111115.
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  30. 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Collins SA, Griksaitis MJ, Legg JP (2014). "15-minute consultation: a structured approach to the assessment of chest pain in a child". Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 99 (4): 122–6. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-303919. PMID 24301714.
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  32. Ives, A.; Daubeney, P. E. F.; Balfour-Lynn, I. M. (2010). "Recurrent chest pain in the well child". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 95 (8): 649–654. doi:10.1136/adc.2008.155309. ISSN 0003-9888.
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