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==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
*<font size="3.3">'''[[Acute Bronchitis]]:'''</font>  may be caused by either viral, bacterial or environmental causes.
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
::'''Viruses:''' Influenza Virus,parainfluenza virus,respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, rhinovirus, coxsackievirus, and human metapneumovirus<ref name="pmid9323784">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jonsson JS, Sigurdsson JA, Kristinsson KG, Guthnadóttir M, Magnusson S |title=Acute bronchitis in adults. How close do we come to its aetiology in general practice? |journal=Scand J Prim Health Care |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=156–60 |year=1997 |pmid=9323784 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12402203">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boivin G, Abed Y, Pelletier G, Ruel L, Moisan D, Côté S, Peret TC, Erdman DD, Anderson LJ |title=Virological features and clinical manifestations associated with human metapneumovirus: a new paramyxovirus responsible for acute respiratory-tract infections in all age groups |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=186 |issue=9 |pages=1330–4 |year=2002 |pmid=12402203 |doi=10.1086/344319 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16107980">{{cite journal |vauthors=Louie JK, Hacker JK, Gonzales R, Mark J, Maselli JH, Yagi S, Drew WL |title=Characterization of viral agents causing acute respiratory infection in a San Francisco University Medical Center Clinic during the influenza season |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=822–8 |year=2005 |pmid=16107980 |doi=10.1086/432800 |url=}}</ref>.
 
::'''Bacteries:''' Mycoplasma pneumoniae and,Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Bordetella pertussis<ref name="pmid17108344">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wenzel RP, Fowler AA |title=Clinical practice. Acute bronchitis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=355 |issue=20 |pages=2125–30 |year=2006 |pmid=17108344 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp061493 |url=}}</ref>.
::'''Environmental causes:''' Toxic fume inhalation, tobacco, dust and aerosol may result in acute bronchitis<ref name="pmid11106722">{{cite journal |vauthors=Irwin RS, Madison JM |title=The diagnosis and treatment of cough |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=343 |issue=23 |pages=1715–21 |year=2000 |pmid=11106722 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200012073432308 |url=}}</ref>.
*<font size="3.3">'''[[Chronic Bronchitis]]:'''</font> caused by ''smoking'',''Air Pollutions'',''Occupational Exposures'' and ''Genetic factors''
===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
*[[Adenovirus]]
*[[Adenovirus]]

Revision as of 15:37, 14 September 2016

Bronchitis Main page

Patient Information

Overview

Causes

Classification

Acute bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis

Differential Diagnosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

Overview

Acute bronchitis is a self-limited inflammation of the large airways of the lung that is characterized by cough with or without sputum that last several days or weeks (10 days). It is one of the commonest causes of outpatient admission worldwide. Virus are thought to be the commonest cause of acute bronchitis. Influenza A and B, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus are the commonest involved pathogens. Some atypical bacterias like mycoplasma, chlamydiae and bordetella pertussis are also found to cause acute bronchitis.

Causes

  • Acute Bronchitis: may be caused by either viral, bacterial or environmental causes.
Viruses: Influenza Virus,parainfluenza virus,respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, rhinovirus, coxsackievirus, and human metapneumovirus[1][2][3].
Bacteries: Mycoplasma pneumoniae and,Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Bordetella pertussis[4].
Environmental causes: Toxic fume inhalation, tobacco, dust and aerosol may result in acute bronchitis[5].
  • Chronic Bronchitis: caused by smoking,Air Pollutions,Occupational Exposures and Genetic factors

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Heart disease
Chemical / poisoning Acenaphthene, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, biphenyl, chlorine dioxide, ethyleneamine, hexamethylene diisocyanate, nitric acid, phosphine, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, selenium poisoning, silver, sulfuric acid, toluene diisocyanate, vanadium poisoning
Dermatologic Yellow nail syndrome
Drug Side Effect Albuterol, alferon N, alfuzosin, artemether and lumefantrin, belimumab, benazepril, budesonide, butorphanol, candesartan, captafol, cardura, cevimeline, ciclesonide, citalopram, clopidogrel, crofelemer, doxazosin, enalapril maleate, escitalopram, exemestane, febuxostat, felodipine, fingolimod, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, goserelin, ibandronate, infliximab, interferon, ipratropium, irbesartan, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate, itraconazole, lamotrigine, latanoprost, leflunomide, lumigan, methotrexate, metipranolol, metronidazole topical, minoxidil, moexipril, mycophenolate, mycophenolic acid, nateglinide, nitisinone, oseltamivir, oxcarbazepine, paroxetine, pentamidine isethionate, pirbuterol, pramipexole, repaglinide, risedronate, ropinirole, rosuvastatin, sertraline, sibutramine, simvastatin, tacrolimus, tamsulosin, tarka (medication), telmisartan, thalidomide, tiagabine, tobramycin, tolterodine, topiramate, trandolapril, travoprost, unoprostone, zanamivir
Ear Nose Throat Pharyngitis, sinusitis
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental Air pollution, aluminium lung, anthracosis, coal dust, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, farmer's lung, mesothelioma, pneumoconiosis, silicosis, smoking
Gastroenterologic Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, cystic fibrosis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, inflammatory bowel disease
Genetic Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, ataxia telangiectasia, cystic fibrosis, Gulf War syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic Lung transplantation
Infectious Disease Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold), adenovirus, aspergillosis, bordetella pertussis, chickenpox, chlamydia pneumonia, common cold, coronavirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, encephalitozoon cuniculi infection, enterovirus, flu, group A streptococcal infection, HIV, influenza, measles, moraxella catarrhalis, mycoplasma pneumonia, orthomyxovirus, paragonimiasis, parainfluenza, paramyxovirus, pharyngitis, pneumococcus, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, trichinellosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Prune belly syndrome
Neurologic Ataxia telangiectasia, Gulf War syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic Hypoglycemia
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Lung cancer, mesothelioma
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Marijuana abuse, nicotine addiction
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold), alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, aluminium lung, anthracosis, aspergillosis, asthma, blue and bloated syndrome, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, common cold, COPD, farmer's lung, flu, influenza, lung cancer, lung transplantation, mesothelioma, yellow nail syndrome
Renal / Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Asthma, Felty's syndrome, Gulf War syndrome, IgG deficiency, Immunoglobulin G subclass deficiency, MHC class I deficiency, primary immunodeficiency, Sjogren's syndrome
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic Prune belly syndrome
Miscellaneous Tobacco smoking

Causes in Alphabetical Order

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3

Causes Based on Classification

Acute Bronchitis

The following things can make bronchitis worse:

Chronic Bronchitis

Chronic bronchitis is a long-term condition. People have a cough that produces excessive mucus. To be diagnosed with chronic bronchitis, you must have a cough with mucus most days of the month for at least 3 months.

References

  1. ↑ Jonsson JS, Sigurdsson JA, Kristinsson KG, Guthnadóttir M, Magnusson S (1997). "Acute bronchitis in adults. How close do we come to its aetiology in general practice?". Scand J Prim Health Care. 15 (3): 156–60. PMID 9323784.
  2. ↑ Boivin G, Abed Y, Pelletier G, Ruel L, Moisan D, Côté S, Peret TC, Erdman DD, Anderson LJ (2002). "Virological features and clinical manifestations associated with human metapneumovirus: a new paramyxovirus responsible for acute respiratory-tract infections in all age groups". J. Infect. Dis. 186 (9): 1330–4. doi:10.1086/344319. PMID 12402203.
  3. ↑ Louie JK, Hacker JK, Gonzales R, Mark J, Maselli JH, Yagi S, Drew WL (2005). "Characterization of viral agents causing acute respiratory infection in a San Francisco University Medical Center Clinic during the influenza season". Clin. Infect. Dis. 41 (6): 822–8. doi:10.1086/432800. PMID 16107980.
  4. ↑ Wenzel RP, Fowler AA (2006). "Clinical practice. Acute bronchitis". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (20): 2125–30. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp061493. PMID 17108344.
  5. ↑ Irwin RS, Madison JM (2000). "The diagnosis and treatment of cough". N. Engl. J. Med. 343 (23): 1715–21. doi:10.1056/NEJM200012073432308. PMID 11106722.


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