Anorexia (symptom)

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Synonyms and keywords: poor appetite, loss of appetite

Overview

Anorexia (deriving from the Greek "α(ν)-" (a(n)-, a prefix that denotes absence) + "όρεξη (orexe) = appetite) is the decreased sensation of appetite. While the term in non-scientific publications is often used interchangeably with anorexia nervosa, many possible causes exist for a decreased appetite, some of which may be harmless, while others indicate a serious clinical condition, or pose a significant risk.

Causes

Common causes

The most common form of anorexia is simply satiation following the consumption of food. This happens in all normal humans and is called postprandial anorexia. Disorders that cause (harmful) anorexia include anorexia nervosa, severe depression, cancer, dementia, AIDS, and chronic renal failure and the use of certain drugs, particularly stimulants and narcotics. Environmentally induced disorders such as altitude sickness can also trigger an acute form of anorexia. Anorexia may also be seen in congestive heart failure, perhaps due to congestion of the liver with venous blood.

Although the presenting symptom (the one which prompts a patient to seek medical attention) in acute appendicitis is abdominal pain, patients virtually always experience anorexia as well, possibly accompanied by an early episode of vomiting.

Some medications, antidepressants for example, can have anorexia as a side effect. Most notoriously, however, chemicals that are a member of the phenethylamine family are known to have more intense anorectic properties. For this reason, many individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa may seek to use these medications to suppress appetite. Such prescription medications include Ritalin, Adderall, Dexedrine, and Desoxyn. In some cases, these medications are prescribed to patients prior to undergoing an operation requiring general anesthesia. This is a prophylactic measure taken to ensure no food will back up into the esophagus and cause the patient to stop breathing during the procedure. [1] [2]

Causes of Anorexia by Organ System

Cardiovascular Congestive heart failureHypercalcemia
Chemical / poisoning ChromotherapyRetinoidTheobromine
Dermatologic Sporotrichosis
Drug Side Effect AciclovirAmphetamine Amphotericin BAntidepressantsBenzodiazepineBenzylpiperazineCalcitriolChromotherapyCocaineDextromethamphetamineDextromethylphenidateDiacetylmorphineEnfuvirtideFluconazoleGold saltsHydralazineKetorolacLeptoprinMethylphenidateMirtazapineModafinilMoxifloxacinPipradrolPyrazinamideSt John's wortStimulantsTheobromineValaciclovirZiconotideZopiclone
Ear Nose Throat Mastoiditis
Endocrine Anorexia NervosaBinge eatingBulimia nervosaCarotenodermiaDiabetic neuropathy
Environmental Acute radiation syndrome
Gastroenterologic Acute fatty liver of pregnancyAnorexia nervosaAppendicitisBinge eatingColorectal cancerCrohn's DiseaseDefensive vomitingHepatitisHepatitis EHymenolepiasisHypervitaminosis DLábrea feverMilk-alkali syndromeSuperior mesenteric artery syndromeUlcerative colitis
Genetic Acute fatty liver of pregnancyCrohn's Disease
Hematologic Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)AIDSAstroviridaeChagas diseaseCommunity-acquired pneumoniaCryptosporidium parvumEncephalitisHepatitisHepatitis EMumpsOropouche feverPneumoniaPott's diseaseRelapsing feverRhinovirus
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Mastoiditis
Neurologic Chronic fatigue syndromeCraniopharyngiomaDementiaEncephalitis
Nutritional / Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
Oncologic ChromotherapyColorectal cancerCraniopharyngiomaNon-Hodgkin lymphoma
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Acute radiation syndromeChromotherapyCocaineGold saltsHypervitaminosis DVitamin A
Psychiatric Anorexia nervosaBinge eatingBorderline personality disorderBulimia nervosaClinical depressionDefensive vomitingDementiaDepressionHangoverObsessive-compulsive disorderOpioid dependencyOrthorexia nervosaPanic disorder
Pulmonary Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)Atypical pneumoniaCommunity-acquired pneumoniaPneumonia
Renal / Electrolyte Chronic renal failureDiabetic neuropathyHangoverHypercalcemia
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Chronic fatigue syndrome
Sexual AIDS
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic Chronic renal failureDiabetic neuropathyHypercalcemia
Miscellaneous Chronic mountain sicknessHigh altitude

Causes of Anorexia in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
  2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X

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