Brucellosis risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2] Danitza Lukac

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of brucellosis are: consuming unpasteurized dairy products, hunting practices and occupational risks such as slaughther house workers, meat-packing employees, veterinarian and laboratory workers.[1]

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of brucellosis are:

  • Countries at risk:
    • Although brucellosis can be found worldwide, it is more common in countries that do not have effective public health and domestic animal health programs. Areas currently listed as high risk are:
      • Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, North Africa)
      • Mexico, South and Central America
      • Eastern Europe
      • Asia
      • Africa
      • The Caribbean
      • The Middle East
  • Occupational Risks:
  • Unpasteurized Dairy Products:
    • Unpasteurized cheeses (sometimes called "village cheeses") from areas at increased risk for brucellosis may represent a particular risk for tourists.
    • Developing countries often do not have safeguards that can help prevent or monitor possible outbreaks, such as pasteurization laws, animal control/slaughter regulations, and brucellosis surveillance programs.
    • When traveling in areas with high risk, some people may unknowingly consume unpasteurized dairy products. People from the U.S. who travel to these areas should:
      • Recognize that milk and dairy products may not be pasteurized and could be unsafe to consume.
      • Only consume meat products which are thoroughly cooked, since many countries cannot ensure brucellosis-free meat products.
  • Risks for Expecting Mothers:
    • While rare, human-to-human transmission from lactating mothers to their breastfed infants has been reported.
    • Prompt diagnosis and treatment of brucellosis during pregnancy can be lifesaving for the fetus.
  • Hunters Risks:
    • Some game animals that can transmit brucellosis include:
      • Wild hogs (feral swine)
      • Elk
      • Bison
      • Caribou
      • Moose
    • Hunters may be infected through skin wounds or by accidentally ingesting the bacteria after cleaning animals that they have killed.[1]

Reference

  1. 1.0 1.1 Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/exposure/index.html. Accessed on February 1, 2016

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