Lupus nephritis pathophysiology

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2], Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [3]

Overview

Pathophysiology

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, or lupus) is an autoimmune disease. This means there is a problem with the body's immune system.

Normally, the immune system helps protect the body from harmful substances. But in patients with an autoimmune disease, the immune system cannot tell the difference between harmful substances and healthy ones. As a result, the immune system attacks otherwise healthy cells and tissue.

Overview

The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.

OR

It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].

OR

[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.

OR

Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.

OR


[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].

OR

The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].

OR

The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis

Immune system, genetic, and environmental factors are considered in the pathogenesis of SLE.

- Immune system [1]:

  • Plasma cells and B lymphocytes:

Numbers of plasma cells(PC) are high in the kidney medulla of patients with severe lupus nephritis( LN). PCs and B cells produce auto antibodies. Increased number and activation of B cells may cause worsening proteinuria and severe damage.

B cells in LN patients have more MicroRNAs (miRNAs) which modulate gene expression [2]. Over expression of the miR-30a could lower the level of Lyn (type of protein tyrosine kinases), and lower level of Lyn may cause deposition of immune complexes in the kidney [3][4]

  • Macrophages:

Increase expression of Sialoadhesin (Sn), a macrophage-restricted adhesion molecule may play a role in causing sever LN [5].

  • Inflammatory cytokines:

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a cytokine (cell signaling protein) that play role in inflammation process. One of the sub types of TNF is TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) which has an important role in causing LN [6].

Fn14 ( TWEAK receptor) is interacted with TWEAK on renal mesangial, endothelial, tubular cells and podocytes [7]. This interactions produce multiple inflammatory mediators which lead to LN.

- Repair impairment and Tissue Scarring:

 Impairment in regulation and repair may cause tissue scars like [8]:

  • Necrosis and extracellular matrix production cause global glomerulosclerosis [9].
  • Fibrinogen leakage in to Bowman’s space cause epithelial cell hyperproliferation. Accumulation of epithelial cells make glomerular crescent. In severe LN, epithelial cells produce extra amount of matrix in Bowman’s space, which result in glomerulosclerosis [10].
  • Exaggerated healing response cause hyperproliferation of mesangial and endothelial cells, and podocyte loss cause damage in renal.

- Environmental factors:

  • Geographical distribution :

LN is more severe in African, Hispanics and Asian patients with SLE. LN is associated with temperature and season [11].

  • It is understood that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
  • [Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
  • Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
  • [Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
  • The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
  • The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

Genetics

interaction and mutation between below genes from multiple categories may cause severe LN[12] [13] [14] [15].

Epigenetic modification:

  • DNA methylation:

Hypomethylated genes in B lymphocytes activate transcription, and cause production of many anti-DNA antibodies[30].

  • Histone modifications:

Histone is a protein in chromatin that play role in gene regulation.

Acetylation of histones are concidered targets for autoantibodies in LN.

  • MicroRNAs:

Non-coding RNA sequences that play role in gene regulation by degradation of mRNA and protein translation blockage.

Some miRNAs are increased in LN like miR-142-3p and miR-181 and some are decreased like miR-106a, miR-17, miR-20a, miR-92a and miR-203 [31].

 These changes cause dysregulation of genes and LN.

  • [Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.
  • Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include [gene1], [gene2], and [gene3].
  • The development of [disease name] is the result of multiple genetic mutations.

Associated Conditions

Gross Pathology

  • On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
Gross, enlarged very pale kidneys with flea bite or ectasia. A good example of kidneys from a patient with nephrotic syndrome (subacute glomerulonephritis)
Gross cut surface pale kidneys typical of nephrotic syndrome (subacute glomerulonephritis)
Gross natural color nice external and cut surface view of uniformly scarred and moderately shrunken kidneys
Micro high mag H&E increased mesangial tissue and wire loops 10yo female with renal failure and TIAs due to Libman Sacks endocarditis

Microscopic Pathology

  • On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
Kidney: Lupus Erythematosus: Micro high mag H&E. A nice example of a lesion of chronic glomerulonephritis with lobular scarring. A fibrous type crescent.
Kidney: Lupus Erythematosus: Micro high mag H&E two glomeruli showing mesangial thickening and focal wire loop type lesions 19yo female with renal failure and embolic brain disease from Libman Sacks lesion on mitral valve
Kidney: Lupus Erythematosus: Micro med mag PASH glomerulonephritis
Kidney: Lupus Erythematosus: Micro med mag H&E typical glomerulonephritis lesion

Videos

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References

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References

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