Irritable bowel syndrome history and symptoms: Difference between revisions

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==History and Symptoms==
==History and Symptoms==
*The diagnosis of [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]] relies on recognition of [[Gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal]] [[Symptom|symptoms]] that wax and wane for and are exacerbated by psycho social [[Stress (medicine)|stress]]. Diagnosis of [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]] is based on on clinical [[Symptom|symptoms]] and elimination of other organic [[Gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal]] diseases. This is due to lack of definitive [[Radiologic sign|radio logic]] or [[Medical laboratory|laboratory]] diagnostic tests in [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]]. <ref name="YAWN_2001">{{cite journal |author=Yawn BP, Lydick E, Locke GR, Wollan PC, Bertram SL, Kurland MJ|title=Do published guidelines for evaluation of irritable bowel syndrome reflect practice? |journal=BMC gastroenterology |volume=1|issue= |pages=11 |year=2001 |pmid=11701092 |doi=}}</ref>   
*The diagnosis of [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]] relies on recognition of [[Gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal]] [[Symptom|symptoms]] that wax and wane for and are exacerbated by psycho social [[Stress (medicine)|stress]]. Diagnosis of [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]] is based on on clinical [[Symptom|symptoms]] and elimination of other organic [[Gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal]] diseases. This is due to lack of definitive [[Radiologic sign|radio logic]] or [[Medical laboratory|laboratory]] diagnostic tests in [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]]. <ref name="YAWN_2001">{{cite journal |author=Yawn BP, Lydick E, Locke GR, Wollan PC, Bertram SL, Kurland MJ|title=Do published guidelines for evaluation of irritable bowel syndrome reflect practice? |journal=BMC gastroenterology |volume=1|issue= |pages=11 |year=2001 |pmid=11701092 |doi=}}</ref>   
*Cliical features of [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]] include the presence of [[abdominal pain]] with alteration of [[Bowel|bowel habits]], without any systemic symptoms such as blood in stool, weight loss and fever. The onset of symptoms usually occurs during periods of stress and anxiety.<ref name="SCHMULSON_1999">{{cite journal |author=Schmulson MW, Chang L |title=Diagnostic approach to the patient with irritable bowel syndrome |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=107 |issue=5A |pages=20S-26S |year=1999 |pmid=10588169 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25574104">{{cite journal| author=Jasper F, Egloff B, Roalfe A, Witthöft M| title=Latent structure of irritable bowel syndrome symptom severity. | journal=World J Gastroenterol | year= 2015 | volume= 21 | issue= 1 | pages= 292-300 | pmid=25574104 | doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i1.292 | pmc=4284348 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25574104  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23731745">{{cite journal| author=van Tilburg MA, Palsson OS, Whitehead WE| title=Which psychological factors exacerbate irritable bowel syndrome? Development of a comprehensive model. | journal=J Psychosom Res | year= 2013 | volume= 74 | issue= 6 | pages= 486-92 | pmid=23731745 | doi=10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.03.004 | pmc=3673027 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23731745  }} </ref>
*Clinical features of [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]] include the presence of [[abdominal pain]] with alteration of [[Bowel|bowel habits]], without any systemic symptoms such as blood in stool, [[weight loss]] and [[fever]]. The onset of symptoms usually occurs during periods of [[Stress (medicine)|stress]] and [[anxiety]].<ref name="SCHMULSON_1999">{{cite journal |author=Schmulson MW, Chang L |title=Diagnostic approach to the patient with irritable bowel syndrome |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=107 |issue=5A |pages=20S-26S |year=1999 |pmid=10588169 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25574104">{{cite journal| author=Jasper F, Egloff B, Roalfe A, Witthöft M| title=Latent structure of irritable bowel syndrome symptom severity. | journal=World J Gastroenterol | year= 2015 | volume= 21 | issue= 1 | pages= 292-300 | pmid=25574104 | doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i1.292 | pmc=4284348 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25574104  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23731745">{{cite journal| author=van Tilburg MA, Palsson OS, Whitehead WE| title=Which psychological factors exacerbate irritable bowel syndrome? Development of a comprehensive model. | journal=J Psychosom Res | year= 2013 | volume= 74 | issue= 6 | pages= 486-92 | pmid=23731745 | doi=10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.03.004 | pmc=3673027 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23731745  }} </ref>
*The most common symptoms of IBS include abdominal pain, altered bowel habits, bloating and flatulence.<ref name="TALLEY_2006">{{cite journal |author=Talley NJ |title=A unifying hypothesis for the functional gastrointestinal disorders: really multiple diseases or one irritable gut? |journal=Reviews in gastroenterological disorders|volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=72-8 |year=2006 |pmid=16699476 |doi=}}</ref>
*The most common symptoms of [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]] include [[abdominal pain]], altered [[Intestine|bowel]] habits, [[bloating]] and [[flatulence]].<ref name="TALLEY_2006">{{cite journal |author=Talley NJ |title=A unifying hypothesis for the functional gastrointestinal disorders: really multiple diseases or one irritable gut? |journal=Reviews in gastroenterological disorders|volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=72-8 |year=2006 |pmid=16699476 |doi=}}</ref>
*Straining during defecation, urgency, sense of incomplete evacuation, mucus passage, bloating are also associated symptoms, not included under the diagnostic criteria.
*Straining during [[defecation]], urgency, sense of incomplete evacuation, [[mucus]] passage, [[bloating]] are also associated symptoms, not included under the [[Diagnosis|diagnostic criteria]].
*The presence of other comorbidities including other functional disorders such as sleep disturbance, chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia favor IBS.
*The presence of other comorbidities including other functional disorders such as sleep disturbance, chronic [[fatigue]], [[fibromyalgia]] favor [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]].
*Alarm features or red flag symptoms/signs point towards other diagnoses. These features include family history of IBD or colon cancer, fever, recent antibiotic use, weight loss, blood in the stools and nocturnal awakening due to symptoms. However, some IBS patients may have blood in the stool due to coexisting hemorrhoids.<ref name="FASS_2001">{{cite journal |author=Fass R, Longstreth GF, Pimentel M, ''et al''|title=Evidence- and consensus-based practice guidelines for the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome |journal=Arch. Intern. Med.|volume=161 |issue=17 |pages=2081-8 |year=2001 |pmid=11570936 |doi=}}</ref>
*Alarm features or red flag symptoms/signs point towards other diagnoses. These features include family history of [[Inflammatory bowel disease|IBD]] or [[Colorectal cancer|colon cancer]], [[fever]], recent [[antibiotic]] use, [[weight loss]], blood in the stools and nocturnal awakening due to [[Symptom|symptoms]]. However, some [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]] patients may have blood in the [[Human feces|stool]] due to coexisting [[hemorrhoids]].<ref name="FASS_2001">{{cite journal |author=Fass R, Longstreth GF, Pimentel M, ''et al''|title=Evidence- and consensus-based practice guidelines for the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome |journal=Arch. Intern. Med.|volume=161 |issue=17 |pages=2081-8 |year=2001 |pmid=11570936 |doi=}}</ref>
*Symptoms concordant with the Rome criteria without red flag symptoms exclude organic causes such as lactose intolerance, celiac disease and IBD and help make a positive diagnosis of IBS while avoiding unnecessary investigations.
*[[Symptom|Symptoms]] concordant with the Rome criteria without red flag [[Symptom|symptoms]] exclude organic causes such as [[lactose intolerance]], [[celiac disease]] and [[Inflammatory bowel disease|IBD]] and help make a positive diagnosis of [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]] while avoiding unnecessary investigations.


==== Abdominal Pain ====
==== Abdominal Pain ====
*Abdominal pain or discomfort is the major prerequisite for the diagnosis of IBS.  
*[[Abdominal pain]] or [[discomfort]] is the major prerequisite for the diagnosis of [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]].  
*The abdominal pain onset is associated with a change in frequency or form of stool.  
*The [[abdominal pain]] onset is associated with a change in frequency or form of [[Human feces|stool]].  
*Characteristics of abdominal pain are as follows:  
*Characteristics of [[abdominal pain]] are as follows:  
**Site: variable location  
**Site: variable location  
**Onset: sudden
**Onset: sudden
**Character: episodic and campy with a background of constant pain  
**Character: episodic and campy with a background of constant [[pain]]
**Relieving factors: relief on defecation  
**Relieving factors: relief on [[defecation]]
**Aggravating factors: eating, emotional stress, premenstrual and menstrual phases  
**Aggravating factors: eating, emotional [[Stress (medicine)|stress]], [[Premenstrual syndrome|premenstrual]] and menstrual phases  
**Timing: pain is usually present during waking hours, nocturnal symptoms are usually present only in severe IBS.
**Timing: [[pain]] is usually present during waking hours, nocturnal symptoms are usually present only in severe [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]].
**Severity: variable (varies from mild to severe enough to impair Quality of Life)
**Severity: variable (varies from mild to severe enough to impair [[Quality of life|Quality of Life]])


==== Altered Bowel Habits ====
==== Altered Bowel Habits ====
* Altered bowel habits usually present as diarrhea alternating with constipation. One of these tends to be the predominant symptom in the patient.  
* Altered [[Intestine|bowel]] habits usually present as [[diarrhea]] alternating with [[constipation]]. One of these tends to be the predominant symptom in the patient.  
** ''Constipation predominant IBS:  <3 bowel movements per week''  
** ''[[Constipation]] predominant [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]]:  <3 [[Intestine|bowel]] movements per week''  
*** Constipation in patients is initially episodic, but gradually becomes continuous and intractable to laxative treatment.  
*** [[Constipation]] in patients is initially episodic, but gradually becomes continuous and intractable to [[laxative]] treatment.  
*** Patients develop weeks- months of constipation interrupted by diarrhea.  
*** Patients develop weeks- months of [[constipation]] interrupted by [[diarrhea]].  
*** Patients have
*** Patients have
***# Hard stools  
***# Hard stools  
***# Stools with narrow caliber, due to dehydration caused by colonic retention  
***# Stools with narrow caliber, due to [[dehydration]] caused by [[Colon (anatomy)|colonic]] [[retention]]
***# Sensation of incomplete evacuation
***# Sensation of incomplete evacuation
** ''Diarrhea predominant IBS: >3 bowel movements per day''  
** ''Diarrhea predominant IBS: >3 bowel movements per day''  
*** Patients have  
*** Patients have  
***# Loose stools in small volumes, aggravated by eating or emotional stress  
***# Loose stools in small volumes, aggravated by eating or emotional [[Stress (medicine)|stress]]
***# Stool volume of <200 ml  
***# Stool volume of <200 ml  
***# Stool accompanied by mucus passage  
***# Stool accompanied by [[mucus]] passage  
***# Absence of nocturnal diarrhea  
***# Absence of nocturnal [[diarrhea]]
***# Absence of bleeding  
***# Absence of [[bleeding]]
***# Absence of weight loss or malabsorption
***# Absence of [[weight loss]] or [[malabsorption]]


==== Gas and flatulence ====
==== Gas and flatulence ====
* Patients develop distension of abdomen, flatulence, increased belching due to impaired transit and tolerance of gas loads in the intestine.  
* Patients develop [[distension]] of [[abdomen]], [[flatulence]], increased [[Burping|belching]] due to impaired transit and tolerance of [[gas]] loads in the [[intestine]].  
* Patients have a tendency to develop reflux gas from the distal to proximal bowel which causes belching.
* Patients have a tendency to develop reflux gas from the distal to proximal bowel which causes [[Burping|belching]].


==== Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms ====
==== Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms ====
* One fourth of all IBS patients complain of heartburn, nausea, dyspepsia and vomiting. 
* One fourth of all [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]] patients complain of [[heartburn]], [[Nausea and vomiting|nausea]], [[dyspepsia]] and [[Nausea and vomiting|vomiting]]. 


===History===
===History===
Patients with IBS may have a positive history of:
Patients with [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]] may have a positive history of:


*Psychological risk factors such as [[Stress (medicine)|stress]], [[anxiety]]<ref name="pmid216977452">{{cite journal |vauthors=Devanarayana NM, Mettananda S, Liyanarachchi C, Nanayakkara N, Mendis N, Perera N, Rajindrajith S |title=Abdominal pain-predominant functional gastrointestinal diseases in children and adolescents: prevalence, symptomatology, and association with emotional stress |journal=J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=659–65 |year=2011 |pmid=21697745 |doi=10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182296033 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid253398012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qin HY, Cheng CW, Tang XD, Bian ZX |title=Impact of psychological stress on irritable bowel syndrome |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=39 |pages=14126–31 |year=2014 |pmid=25339801 |pmc=4202343 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i39.14126 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid274929162">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bharucha AE, Chakraborty S, Sletten CD |title=Common Functional Gastroenterological Disorders Associated With Abdominal Pain |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=91 |issue=8 |pages=1118–32 |year=2016 |pmid=27492916 |pmc=4985027 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.06.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid266749802">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ibrahim NK |title=A systematic review of the prevalence and risk factors of irritable bowel syndrome among medical students |journal=Turk J Gastroenterol |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=10–6 |year=2016 |pmid=26674980 |doi=10.5152/tjg.2015.150333 |url=}}</ref>
*Psychological risk factors such as [[Stress (medicine)|stress]], [[anxiety]]<ref name="pmid216977452">{{cite journal |vauthors=Devanarayana NM, Mettananda S, Liyanarachchi C, Nanayakkara N, Mendis N, Perera N, Rajindrajith S |title=Abdominal pain-predominant functional gastrointestinal diseases in children and adolescents: prevalence, symptomatology, and association with emotional stress |journal=J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=659–65 |year=2011 |pmid=21697745 |doi=10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182296033 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid253398012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qin HY, Cheng CW, Tang XD, Bian ZX |title=Impact of psychological stress on irritable bowel syndrome |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=39 |pages=14126–31 |year=2014 |pmid=25339801 |pmc=4202343 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i39.14126 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid274929162">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bharucha AE, Chakraborty S, Sletten CD |title=Common Functional Gastroenterological Disorders Associated With Abdominal Pain |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=91 |issue=8 |pages=1118–32 |year=2016 |pmid=27492916 |pmc=4985027 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.06.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid266749802">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ibrahim NK |title=A systematic review of the prevalence and risk factors of irritable bowel syndrome among medical students |journal=Turk J Gastroenterol |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=10–6 |year=2016 |pmid=26674980 |doi=10.5152/tjg.2015.150333 |url=}}</ref>
*Psychiatric risk factors such as [[depression]], [[Panic disorder|panic disorders]]<ref name="pmid253398012" /><ref name="pmid274929162" /><ref name="pmid170076342">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cole JA, Rothman KJ, Cabral HJ, Zhang Y, Farraye FA |title=Migraine, fibromyalgia, and depression among people with IBS: a prevalence study |journal=BMC Gastroenterol |volume=6 |issue= |pages=26 |year=2006 |pmid=17007634 |pmc=1592499 |doi=10.1186/1471-230X-6-26 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid248767252">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hausteiner-Wiehle C, Henningsen P |title=Irritable bowel syndrome: relations with functional, mental, and somatoform disorders |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=20 |pages=6024–30 |year=2014 |pmid=24876725 |pmc=4033442 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6024 |url=}}</ref>
*Psychiatric risk factors such as [[depression]], [[Panic disorder|panic disorders]]<ref name="pmid253398012" /><ref name="pmid274929162" /><ref name="pmid170076342">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cole JA, Rothman KJ, Cabral HJ, Zhang Y, Farraye FA |title=Migraine, fibromyalgia, and depression among people with IBS: a prevalence study |journal=BMC Gastroenterol |volume=6 |issue= |pages=26 |year=2006 |pmid=17007634 |pmc=1592499 |doi=10.1186/1471-230X-6-26 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid248767252">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hausteiner-Wiehle C, Henningsen P |title=Irritable bowel syndrome: relations with functional, mental, and somatoform disorders |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=20 |pages=6024–30 |year=2014 |pmid=24876725 |pmc=4033442 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6024 |url=}}</ref>
*History of physical or [[Sexual assault|sexual abuse]] or adverse early life events
*History of physical or [[Sexual assault|sexual abuse]] or adverse early life events
*History of gastrointestinal disorders such as [[Inflammatory bowel disease|IBD]]<ref name="pmid242964622">{{cite journal |vauthors=Major G, Spiller R |title=Irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and the microbiome |journal=Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=15–21 |year=2014 |pmid=24296462 |pmc=3871405 |doi=10.1097/MED.0000000000000032 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid280580092">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ceuleers H, Van Spaendonk H, Hanning N, Heirbaut J, Lambeir AM, Joossens J, Augustyns K, De Man JG, De Meester I, De Winter BY |title=Visceral hypersensitivity in inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome: The role of proteases |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=22 |issue=47 |pages=10275–10286 |year=2016 |pmid=28058009 |pmc=5175241 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v22.i47.10275 |url=}}</ref>
*History of [[Gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal]] disorders such as [[Inflammatory bowel disease|IBD]]<ref name="pmid242964622">{{cite journal |vauthors=Major G, Spiller R |title=Irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and the microbiome |journal=Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=15–21 |year=2014 |pmid=24296462 |pmc=3871405 |doi=10.1097/MED.0000000000000032 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid280580092">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ceuleers H, Van Spaendonk H, Hanning N, Heirbaut J, Lambeir AM, Joossens J, Augustyns K, De Man JG, De Meester I, De Winter BY |title=Visceral hypersensitivity in inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome: The role of proteases |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=22 |issue=47 |pages=10275–10286 |year=2016 |pmid=28058009 |pmc=5175241 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v22.i47.10275 |url=}}</ref>
*History of acute GI infections such as [[Traveler's diarrhea]] i.e post [[Infection|infectious]] state <ref name="pmid243796222">{{cite journal |vauthors=Halliez MC, Buret AG |title=Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=19 |issue=47 |pages=8974–85 |year=2013 |pmid=24379622 |pmc=3870550 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i47.8974 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid227304682">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simrén M, Barbara G, Flint HJ, Spiegel BM, Spiller RC, Vanner S, Verdu EF, Whorwell PJ, Zoetendal EG |title=Intestinal microbiota in functional bowel disorders: a Rome foundation report |journal=Gut |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=159–76 |year=2013 |pmid=22730468 |pmc=3551212 |doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302167 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid228950812">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jeffery IB, Quigley EM, Öhman L, Simrén M, O'Toole PW |title=The microbiota link to irritable bowel syndrome: an emerging story |journal=Gut Microbes |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=572–6 |year=2012 |pmid=22895081 |pmc=3495796 |doi=10.4161/gmic.21772 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid275982742">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ibarra C, Herrera V, Pérez de Arce E, Gil LC, Madrid AM, Valenzuela L, Beltrán CJ |title=[Parasitosis and irritable bowel syndrome] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Rev Chilena Infectol |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=268–74 |year=2016 |pmid=27598274 |doi=10.4067/S0716-10182016000300003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid269001162">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giddings SL, Stevens AM, Leung DT |title=Traveler's Diarrhea |journal=Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=317–30 |year=2016 |pmid=26900116 |pmc=4764790 |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.08.017 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid254161622">{{cite journal |vauthors=Keithlin J, Sargeant J, Thomas MK, Fazil A |title=Systematic review and meta-analysis of the proportion of Campylobacter cases that develop chronic sequelae |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=14 |issue= |pages=1203 |year=2014 |pmid=25416162 |pmc=4391665 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-14-1203 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid246040372">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grover M |title=Role of gut pathogens in development of irritable bowel syndrome |journal=Indian J. Med. Res. |volume=139 |issue=1 |pages=11–8 |year=2014 |pmid=24604037 |pmc=3994726 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid244047802">{{cite journal |vauthors=Keithlin J, Sargeant J, Thomas MK, Fazil A |title=Chronic sequelae of E. coli O157: systematic review and meta-analysis of the proportion of E. coli O157 cases that develop chronic sequelae |journal=Foodborne Pathog. Dis. |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=79–95 |year=2014 |pmid=24404780 |pmc=3925333 |doi=10.1089/fpd.2013.1572 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid239925732">{{cite journal |vauthors=Connor BA, Riddle MS |title=Post-infectious sequelae of travelers' diarrhea |journal=J Travel Med |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=303–12 |year=2013 |pmid=23992573 |doi=10.1111/jtm.12049 |url=}}</ref>
*History of acute [[Gastrointestinal tract|GI]] [[Infection|infections]] such as [[Traveler's diarrhea]] i.e post [[Infection|infectious]] state <ref name="pmid243796222">{{cite journal |vauthors=Halliez MC, Buret AG |title=Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=19 |issue=47 |pages=8974–85 |year=2013 |pmid=24379622 |pmc=3870550 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i47.8974 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid227304682">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simrén M, Barbara G, Flint HJ, Spiegel BM, Spiller RC, Vanner S, Verdu EF, Whorwell PJ, Zoetendal EG |title=Intestinal microbiota in functional bowel disorders: a Rome foundation report |journal=Gut |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=159–76 |year=2013 |pmid=22730468 |pmc=3551212 |doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302167 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid228950812">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jeffery IB, Quigley EM, Öhman L, Simrén M, O'Toole PW |title=The microbiota link to irritable bowel syndrome: an emerging story |journal=Gut Microbes |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=572–6 |year=2012 |pmid=22895081 |pmc=3495796 |doi=10.4161/gmic.21772 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid275982742">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ibarra C, Herrera V, Pérez de Arce E, Gil LC, Madrid AM, Valenzuela L, Beltrán CJ |title=[Parasitosis and irritable bowel syndrome] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Rev Chilena Infectol |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=268–74 |year=2016 |pmid=27598274 |doi=10.4067/S0716-10182016000300003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid269001162">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giddings SL, Stevens AM, Leung DT |title=Traveler's Diarrhea |journal=Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=317–30 |year=2016 |pmid=26900116 |pmc=4764790 |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.08.017 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid254161622">{{cite journal |vauthors=Keithlin J, Sargeant J, Thomas MK, Fazil A |title=Systematic review and meta-analysis of the proportion of Campylobacter cases that develop chronic sequelae |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=14 |issue= |pages=1203 |year=2014 |pmid=25416162 |pmc=4391665 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-14-1203 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid246040372">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grover M |title=Role of gut pathogens in development of irritable bowel syndrome |journal=Indian J. Med. Res. |volume=139 |issue=1 |pages=11–8 |year=2014 |pmid=24604037 |pmc=3994726 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid244047802">{{cite journal |vauthors=Keithlin J, Sargeant J, Thomas MK, Fazil A |title=Chronic sequelae of E. coli O157: systematic review and meta-analysis of the proportion of E. coli O157 cases that develop chronic sequelae |journal=Foodborne Pathog. Dis. |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=79–95 |year=2014 |pmid=24404780 |pmc=3925333 |doi=10.1089/fpd.2013.1572 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid239925732">{{cite journal |vauthors=Connor BA, Riddle MS |title=Post-infectious sequelae of travelers' diarrhea |journal=J Travel Med |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=303–12 |year=2013 |pmid=23992573 |doi=10.1111/jtm.12049 |url=}}</ref>
**[[Salmonella]] infection
**[[Salmonella]] infection
**[[Giardiasis]]
**[[Giardiasis]]

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

The hallmark of IBS is abdominal pain. A positive history of psychological risk factors such as stress, anxiety, psychiatric risk factors such as depression, panic disorders, history of gastrointestinal disorders such as IBD and acute GI infection predispose individuals to IBS.

The most common symptoms of IBS include presence of abdominal pain and alteration of bowel habits. Less common symptoms of IBS include gas, flatulence and upper GI symptoms such as heartburn, nausea, dyspepsia and vomiting. 

History and Symptoms

Abdominal Pain

  • Abdominal pain or discomfort is the major prerequisite for the diagnosis of IBS.
  • The abdominal pain onset is associated with a change in frequency or form of stool.
  • Characteristics of abdominal pain are as follows:
    • Site: variable location
    • Onset: sudden
    • Character: episodic and campy with a background of constant pain
    • Relieving factors: relief on defecation
    • Aggravating factors: eating, emotional stress, premenstrual and menstrual phases
    • Timing: pain is usually present during waking hours, nocturnal symptoms are usually present only in severe IBS.
    • Severity: variable (varies from mild to severe enough to impair Quality of Life)

Altered Bowel Habits

  • Altered bowel habits usually present as diarrhea alternating with constipation. One of these tends to be the predominant symptom in the patient.

Gas and flatulence

Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms

History

Patients with IBS may have a positive history of:

Common Symptoms

Common symptoms of IBS include:

  • Abdominal pain
  • Altered bowel habits
  • Bloating and flatulence

Less Common Symptoms

Less common symptoms of IBS include:

  • Straining during defecation
  • Urgency during defecation
  • Sense of incomplete evacuation
  • Mucus passage with stools

Medical conditions that accompany IBS

Several medical comorbidities appear with greater frequency in IBS patients.

Headache, Fibromyalgia, and Depression

IBS patients may be identified with comorbidities such as headache, fibromyalgia and depression.[37] [38][39]

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

  • IBS and IBD are interrelated diseases, as patients with IBD experience IBS-like symptoms when their IBD is in remission.[40][41][42]
  • IBS is believed to be a type of low-grade inflammatory bowel disease as serum markers associated with inflammation have also been found in patients with IBS .[43]
  • IBS patients are16.3 times more likely to develop IBD.[44]

Abdominal Surgery

  • IBS patients are 87% more likely to undergo abdominal and pelvic surgery, and three times more likely to undergo gallbladder surgery.[45]
  • IBS patients were twice as likely to undergo hysterectomy.[46]

Endometriosis

There is a statistically significant link between migraine headaches, IBS, and endometriosis.[47]

References

  1. ↑ Yawn BP, Lydick E, Locke GR, Wollan PC, Bertram SL, Kurland MJ (2001). "Do published guidelines for evaluation of irritable bowel syndrome reflect practice?". BMC gastroenterology. 1: 11. PMID 11701092.
  2. ↑ Schmulson MW, Chang L (1999). "Diagnostic approach to the patient with irritable bowel syndrome". Am. J. Med. 107 (5A): 20S–26S. PMID 10588169.
  3. ↑ Jasper F, Egloff B, Roalfe A, Witthöft M (2015). "Latent structure of irritable bowel syndrome symptom severity". World J Gastroenterol. 21 (1): 292–300. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i1.292. PMC 4284348. PMID 25574104.
  4. ↑ van Tilburg MA, Palsson OS, Whitehead WE (2013). "Which psychological factors exacerbate irritable bowel syndrome? Development of a comprehensive model". J Psychosom Res. 74 (6): 486–92. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.03.004. PMC 3673027. PMID 23731745.
  5. ↑ Talley NJ (2006). "A unifying hypothesis for the functional gastrointestinal disorders: really multiple diseases or one irritable gut?". Reviews in gastroenterological disorders. 6 (2): 72–8. PMID 16699476.
  6. ↑ Fass R, Longstreth GF, Pimentel M; et al. (2001). "Evidence- and consensus-based practice guidelines for the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome". Arch. Intern. Med. 161 (17): 2081–8. PMID 11570936.
  7. ↑ Devanarayana NM, Mettananda S, Liyanarachchi C, Nanayakkara N, Mendis N, Perera N, Rajindrajith S (2011). "Abdominal pain-predominant functional gastrointestinal diseases in children and adolescents: prevalence, symptomatology, and association with emotional stress". J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 53 (6): 659–65. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182296033. PMID 21697745.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Qin HY, Cheng CW, Tang XD, Bian ZX (2014). "Impact of psychological stress on irritable bowel syndrome". World J. Gastroenterol. 20 (39): 14126–31. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i39.14126. PMC 4202343. PMID 25339801.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Bharucha AE, Chakraborty S, Sletten CD (2016). "Common Functional Gastroenterological Disorders Associated With Abdominal Pain". Mayo Clin. Proc. 91 (8): 1118–32. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.06.003. PMC 4985027. PMID 27492916.
  10. ↑ Ibrahim NK (2016). "A systematic review of the prevalence and risk factors of irritable bowel syndrome among medical students". Turk J Gastroenterol. 27 (1): 10–6. doi:10.5152/tjg.2015.150333. PMID 26674980.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Cole JA, Rothman KJ, Cabral HJ, Zhang Y, Farraye FA (2006). "Migraine, fibromyalgia, and depression among people with IBS: a prevalence study". BMC Gastroenterol. 6: 26. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-6-26. PMC 1592499. PMID 17007634.
  12. ↑ Hausteiner-Wiehle C, Henningsen P (2014). "Irritable bowel syndrome: relations with functional, mental, and somatoform disorders". World J. Gastroenterol. 20 (20): 6024–30. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6024. PMC 4033442. PMID 24876725.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Major G, Spiller R (2014). "Irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and the microbiome". Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 21 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1097/MED.0000000000000032. PMC 3871405. PMID 24296462.
  14. ↑ Ceuleers H, Van Spaendonk H, Hanning N, Heirbaut J, Lambeir AM, Joossens J, Augustyns K, De Man JG, De Meester I, De Winter BY (2016). "Visceral hypersensitivity in inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome: The role of proteases". World J. Gastroenterol. 22 (47): 10275–10286. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i47.10275. PMC 5175241. PMID 28058009.
  15. ↑ Halliez MC, Buret AG (2013). "Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections". World J. Gastroenterol. 19 (47): 8974–85. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i47.8974. PMC 3870550. PMID 24379622.
  16. ↑ Simrén M, Barbara G, Flint HJ, Spiegel BM, Spiller RC, Vanner S, Verdu EF, Whorwell PJ, Zoetendal EG (2013). "Intestinal microbiota in functional bowel disorders: a Rome foundation report". Gut. 62 (1): 159–76. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302167. PMC 3551212. PMID 22730468.
  17. ↑ Jeffery IB, Quigley EM, Öhman L, Simrén M, O'Toole PW (2012). "The microbiota link to irritable bowel syndrome: an emerging story". Gut Microbes. 3 (6): 572–6. doi:10.4161/gmic.21772. PMC 3495796. PMID 22895081.
  18. ↑ Ibarra C, Herrera V, Pérez de Arce E, Gil LC, Madrid AM, Valenzuela L, Beltrán CJ (2016). "[Parasitosis and irritable bowel syndrome]". Rev Chilena Infectol (in Spanish; Castilian). 33 (3): 268–74. doi:10.4067/S0716-10182016000300003. PMID 27598274.
  19. ↑ Giddings SL, Stevens AM, Leung DT (2016). "Traveler's Diarrhea". Med. Clin. North Am. 100 (2): 317–30. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2015.08.017. PMC 4764790. PMID 26900116.
  20. ↑ Keithlin J, Sargeant J, Thomas MK, Fazil A (2014). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of the proportion of Campylobacter cases that develop chronic sequelae". BMC Public Health. 14: 1203. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1203. PMC 4391665. PMID 25416162.
  21. ↑ Grover M (2014). "Role of gut pathogens in development of irritable bowel syndrome". Indian J. Med. Res. 139 (1): 11–8. PMC 3994726. PMID 24604037.
  22. ↑ Keithlin J, Sargeant J, Thomas MK, Fazil A (2014). "Chronic sequelae of E. coli O157: systematic review and meta-analysis of the proportion of E. coli O157 cases that develop chronic sequelae". Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 11 (2): 79–95. doi:10.1089/fpd.2013.1572. PMC 3925333. PMID 24404780.
  23. ↑ Connor BA, Riddle MS (2013). "Post-infectious sequelae of travelers' diarrhea". J Travel Med. 20 (5): 303–12. doi:10.1111/jtm.12049. PMID 23992573.
  24. ↑ Ghoshal UC, Shukla R, Ghoshal U (2017). "Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Bridge between Functional Organic Dichotomy". Gut Liver. 11 (2): 196–208. doi:10.5009/gnl16126. PMC 5347643. PMID 28274108.
  25. ↑ Gallo A, Passaro G, Gasbarrini A, Landolfi R, Montalto M (2016). "Modulation of microbiota as treatment for intestinal inflammatory disorders: An uptodate". World J. Gastroenterol. 22 (32): 7186–202. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i32.7186. PMC 4997632. PMID 27621567.
  26. ↑ Distrutti E, Monaldi L, Ricci P, Fiorucci S (2016). "Gut microbiota role in irritable bowel syndrome: New therapeutic strategies". World J. Gastroenterol. 22 (7): 2219–41. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2219. PMC 4734998. PMID 26900286.
  27. ↑ Shreiner AB, Kao JY, Young VB (2015). "The gut microbiome in health and in disease". Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 31 (1): 69–75. doi:10.1097/MOG.0000000000000139. PMC 4290017. PMID 25394236.
  28. ↑ Goodwin L, White PD, Hotopf M, Stansfeld SA, Clark C (2013). "Life course study of the etiology of self-reported irritable bowel syndrome in the 1958 British birth cohort". Psychosom Med. 75 (2): 202–10. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31827c351b. PMID 23324872.
  29. ↑ Makker J, Chilimuri S, Bella JN (2015). "Genetic epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome". World J. Gastroenterol. 21 (40): 11353–61. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i40.11353. PMC 4616211. PMID 26525775.
  30. ↑ Mulak A, Taché Y, Larauche M (2014). "Sex hormones in the modulation of irritable bowel syndrome". World J. Gastroenterol. 20 (10): 2433–48. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i10.2433. PMC 3949254. PMID 24627581.
  31. ↑ Mawe GM, Coates MD, Moses PL (2006). "Review article: intestinal serotonin signalling in irritable bowel syndrome". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 23 (8): 1067–76. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02858.x. PMID 16611266.
  32. ↑ Mulak A, Paradowski L (2005). "[Migraine and irritable bowel syndrome]". Neurol. Neurochir. Pol. (in Polish). 39 (4 Suppl 1): S55–60. PMID 16419571.
  33. ↑ Cámara-Lemarroy CR, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, Monreal-Robles R, Marfil-Rivera A (2016). "Gastrointestinal disorders associated with migraine: A comprehensive review". World J. Gastroenterol. 22 (36): 8149–60. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i36.8149. PMC 5037083. PMID 27688656.
  34. ↑ Cady RK, Farmer K, Dexter JK, Hall J (2012). "The bowel and migraine: update on celiac disease and irritable bowel syndrome". Curr Pain Headache Rep. 16 (3): 278–86. doi:10.1007/s11916-012-0258-y. PMID 22447132.
  35. ↑ Vehof J, Zavos HM, Lachance G, Hammond CJ, Williams FM (2014). "Shared genetic factors underlie chronic pain syndromes". Pain. 155 (8): 1562–8. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2014.05.002. PMID 24879916.
  36. ↑ Chirila I, Petrariu FD, Ciortescu I, Mihai C, Drug VL (2012). "Diet and irritable bowel syndrome". J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 21 (4): 357–62. PMID 23256117.
  37. ↑ Cole JA, Rothman KJ, Cabral HJ, Zhang Y, Farraye FA (2006). "Migraine,fibromyalgia, and depression among people with IBS: a prevalence study". BMC gastroenterology. 6: 26. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-6-26. PMID 17007634.
  38. ↑ Kurland JE, Coyle WJ, Winkler A, Zable E (2006). "Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome and depression in fibromyalgia". Dig. Dis. Sci. 51 (3): 454–60. doi:10.1007/s10620-006-3154-7. PMID 16614951.
  39. ↑ Frissora CL, Koch KL (2005). "Symptom overlap and comorbidity of irritable bowel syndrome with other conditions". Current gastroenterology reports. 7 (4): 264–71. PMID 16042909.
  40. ↑ Simrén M, Axelsson J, Gillberg R, Abrahamsson H, Svedlund J, Björnsson ES (2002). "Quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease in remission: the impact of IBS-like symptoms and associated psychological factors". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 97 (2): 389–96. PMID 11866278.
  41. ↑ Minderhoud IM, Oldenburg B, Wismeijer JA, van Berge Henegouwen GP, Smout AJ (2004). "IBS-like symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in remission; relationships with quality of life and coping behavior". Dig. Dis. Sci. 49 (3): 469–74. PMID 15139501.
  42. ↑ Quigley EM (2005). "Irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease: interrelated diseases?". Chinese journal of digestive diseases. 6 (3): 122–32. doi:10.1111/j.1443-9573.2005.00202.x. PMID 16045602.
  43. ↑ Bercik P, Verdu EF, Collins SM (2005). "Is irritable bowel syndrome a low-grade inflammatory bowel disease?". Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 34 (2): 235–45, vi–vii. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2005.02.007. PMID 15862932.
  44. ↑ García Rodríguez LA, Ruigómez A, Wallander MA, Johansson S, Olbe L (2000). "Detection of colorectal tumor and inflammatory bowel disease during follow-up of patients with initial diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 35 (3): 306–11. PMID 10766326.
  45. ↑ Cole JA, Yeaw JM, Cutone JA; et al. (2005). "The incidence of abdominal and pelvic surgery among patients with irritable bowel syndrome". Dig. Dis. Sci. 50 (12): 2268–75. doi:10.1007/s10620-005-3047-1. PMID 16416174.
  46. ↑ Longstreth GF, Yao JF (2004). "Irritable bowel syndrome and surgery: a multivariable analysis". Gastroenterology. 126 (7): 1665–73. PMID 15188159.
  47. ↑ Tietjen GE, Bushnell CD, Herial NA, Utley C, White L, Hafeez F (2007). "Endometriosis is associated with prevalence of comorbid conditions in migraine". Headache. 47 (7): 1069–78. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.00784.x. PMID 17635599.

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