Epistaxis causes

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Editor in Chief: Liudvikas Jagminas, M.D., FACEP [1] Phone: 401-729-2419; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Marcelo R. Zacarkim, M.D. [2] Kiran Singh, M.D. [3]

Causes

Common Causes

• Acute sinusitis
• Allergic rhinitis
• Anticoagulant
• Aspirin
• Chronic rhinitis
• Chronic sinusitis
• Cocaine
• Common cold
• Foreign bodies
• Nose-picking

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Accelerated hypertension, aneurysm of the carotid artery, atherosclerosis, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, coarctation of the aorta, congestive heart failure, essential hypertension, hypertension, malignant hypertension, primary hypertension, rheumatic fever, secondary hypertension, superior vena cava syndrome, vascular disorders
Chemical / poisoning	Ammonia, angiofibroma, biphenyl, borates rodenticide poisoning, brodifacoum rodenticide poisoning, bromadiolone rodenticide poisoning, brown snake rodenticide poisoning, calcium sulfate, chemical irritants, chlorophacinone rodenticide poisoning, chromates rodenticide poisoning, coumachlor rodenticide poisoning, coumafuryl rodenticide poisoning, coumatetralyl rodenticide poisoning, difenacoum rodenticide poisoning, difethialone rodenticide poisoning, diphacinone rodenticide poisoning, formaldehyde, indandione rodenticide poisoning, inhaled irritants, matikus rodenticide poisoning, metaldehyde, mouser rodenticide poisoning, mucormycosis, phosphorous, pindone rodenticide poisoning, ratak plus rodenticide poisoning, rodend rodenticide poisoning, rodenticides, sulphuric acid, talon rodenticide poisoning, tetrachloroethylene, tetryl, vanadium, volak rodenticide poisoning, volid rodenticide poisoning
Dental	Dental extraction
Dermatologic	Benign mucosal pemphigoid, defibrination syndrome, leprosy, localized skin infection, melanoma, mucormycosis, nasal excoriation, Osler-weber-rendu disease, purpura, septal granulomas, staphylococcal furuncles, systemic lupus erythematosus, thrombocyopenic purpura
Drug Side Effect	Allegra, anticoagulants, antiplatelet drug, aspirin, bicalutamide, budesonide, butorphanol, cefpodoxime, ciclesonide,clemastine fumarate, clopidogrel, caspofungin acetate, clove (herbal agent), desmopressin, diquat dibromide, febuxostat, fexofenadine, flurbiprofen, fluticasone nasal spray, heroin, histrelin, Ibuprofen, corticosteroids, ipratropium bromide, isotretinoinleflunomide, lenvatinib, loratadine, meropenem, metipranolol, miltefosine, narcotics, nasal steroids, olopatadine, oxcarbazepine, palbociclib, pennyroyal oil (herbal agent), pramipexole, prasugrel, ramucirumab, retapamulin, rifaximin, riociguat,romiplostim, sertraline, sulindac, telfast, tiagabine, thalidomide, tobramycin, topiramate, triamcinolone acetonide, trimethadione, valproic acid, warfarin
Ear Nose Throat	Abnormal nasal anatomy , acute sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, antrochoanal polyps, antrostomy, barotrauma, benign nose tumors, broken nose, chronic irritation of the nasal mucosa, chronic nasal trauma, chronic rhinitis , chronic sinusitis common cold, deviated septum, dry nasal mucosa, dry nasal passages, epstein's syndrome, esthesioneuroblastoma, ethmoidal polyps, frequent nose blowing , hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, increased nasal venous pressure, intranasal rhabdomyosarcoma, intranasal tumors, inverting papilloma, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, maxillary sinus carcinoma, maxillofacial injury, middle ear barotrauma, nasal cancer, nasal cannula, nasal colonization with staphylococcus aureus , nasal congestion, nasal diphtheria, nasal excoriation, nasal foreign body, nasal fracture, nasal infection, nasal neoplasm, nasal obstruction, nasal polyp, nasal septum deviation, nasal sprays, nasal tuberculosis, nasal tumor, nasal ulceration, nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, nassal ulceration, non-allergic rhinitis, nose conditions, nose injury, nose picking, rhinitis, rhinoplasty rhinoscleroma Septal deviation, septal perforation, sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, sinus tumor, sinusitis, superior vena cava syndrome, trauma to littlee's area, unilateral choanal atresia, viral rhinitis
Endocrine	Cystic fibrosis
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Biliary cirrhosis, Cirrhosis, Secondary biliary cirrhosis
Genetic	ADP platelet receptor P2Y12 deficiency, Bernard-Soulier syndrome, Congenital hypoplastic anemia, Congential fibrinogen deficiency, Cystic fibrosis, Epstein's syndrome, Essential thrombocythemia, Familial platelet syndrome with predisposition to acute myelogenous leukemia, Fanconi's anemia, Glycogen Storage Disease, Hemoglobin Lepore syndrome, Hemoglobin S/hemoglobin O (Arab), Hemoglobin SC, Hemophilia, Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome, Leukocyte adhesion deficiency, May-Hegglin anomaly, Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, Owren parahemophilia, Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, Prothrombin deficiency, Sickle cell anemia, Von Gierke disease, Von Willebrand disease, X-linked dyserythropoietic anemia and thrombocytopenia
Hematologic	Acute erythroleukemia, Acute leukemia, Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Acute promyelocytic leukemia, Aplastic anemia, Autoimmune thrombocytopenia, Banti syndrome, Bernard-Soulier syndrome, Bing-Neel syndrome, Bleeding tendency, Blood dyscrasias, Christmas disease, Chronic leukemia, Coagulopathies, Congenital afibrinogenemia, Defibrination syndrome, Factor V deficiency, Factor V Quebec, Factor VII deficiency, Factor X deficiency, Fanconi anemia, Hematological malignancy, Hemoglobin Lepore syndrome, Hemoglobin S/hemoglobin O (Arab), Hemoglobin SC, Hemophilia, Leukemia, Myelodysplastic syndromes, Myeloproliferative diseases, Nasal-type extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, Pancytopenia, Platelet function disorders, Polycythemia vera, Stuart factor deficiency, Thrombasthenia, Thrombocyopenic purpura, Thrombocytopathy, Thrombocytopenia, Thrombocyopenic purpura, Von Willebrand's disease, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
Iatrogenic	Antrostomy, Dental extraction, Endoscopic sinus procedures, Facial surgery, Nasal cannula, Nasogastric tube placement, Nasotracheal intubation, Orbital decompression, Rhinoplasty, Septoplasty
Infectious Disease	Argentinean hemorrhagic fever, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, Hantavirus, Leprosy, Localized skin or soft tissue infection, Lymphomatoid granulomatosis, Machupo virus, Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, Mucormycosis, Nasal infection, Omsk hemorrhagic fever, Pertussis, Pyogenic granuloma, Relapsing fever, Respiratory tract infection, Rheumatic fever, Rhinocerebral mucormycosis, Rhinocerebral zygomycosis, Rhinosporidiosis, Septal granulomas, Stachybotrys chartarum, Tuberculosis, Typhoid fever, Upper respiratory infection, Viral rhinitis, Weil's syndrome, Whooping cough, Zygomycosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	No underlying causes
Neurologic	Acute cholinergic dysautonomia
Nutritional / Metabolic	Malnutrition, Vitamin C deficiency, Vitamin K deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Pregnancy
Oncologic	Acute erythroleukemia, Acute leukemia, Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Acute promyelocytic leukemia, Angiofibroma, Benign nose tumors, Esthesioneuroblastoma, Hematological malignancy, Intranasal rhabdomyosarcoma, Intranasal tumors, Inverting papilloma, Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, Leukemia, Maxillary sinus carcinoma, Myelodysplastic syndromes, Nasal cancer, Nasal tumor, Nasal-type extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Pindborg tumor, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, Sinus tumor
Opthalmologic	Orbital decompression
Overdose / Toxicity	Adhesive abuse, Aerosol abuse, Alcohol, Chronic vitamin A toxicity, Cocaine, Heroin, Solvent abuse, Volatile inhalants of abuse
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Asphyxiation, Barotrauma, Cystic fibrosis, Respiratory tract infection
Renal / Electrolyte	Chronic kidney disease, Dialysis, Wegener's granulomatosis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Allergic rhinitis, Allergies, Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome , Autoimmune thrombocytopenia, Immune thrombocytopenic purpura, Polychondritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Wegener's granulomatosis
Sexual	Cystic fibrosis
Trauma	Broken nose, Facial trauma, Head injury, Maxillofacial injury, Nasal fracture, Nasal trauma, Skull fracture, Sphenoidal fracture, Trauma to Little's area
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Aging, Cold air, Dry air, Idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis, Malnutrition, Menopause, Nose picking, Sarcoidosis

Causes in Alphabetical Order

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