Drug-resistant tuberculosis medical therapy: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{Tuberculosis}}
{{Tuberculosis}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AL}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AL}}; {{Marjan}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Drug-resistant tuberculosis is caused by M. tuberculosis organisms that are resistant to at least one first-line anti-TB drug.  Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR TB) is resistant to more than one anti-TB drug and at least [[isoniazid]] ([[INH]]) and [[rifampin]] ([[RIF]]).  Treatment should be started with an empirical treatment of at least 4 drugs based on expert advice as soon as drug-resistant TB disease is suspected.
Drug-resistant tuberculosis is caused by M. tuberculosis organisms that are resistant to at least one first-line anti-TB drug.  Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR TB) is resistant to more than one anti-TB drug and at least [[isoniazid]] ([[INH]]) and [[rifampin]] ([[RIF]]).  Treatment should be started with an empirical treatment of at least 4 drugs based on expert advice as soon as drug-resistant TB disease is suspected.
 
==Drug-resistant tuberculosis==
==Drugs Used in Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis==
===Type of Drug-Resistant TB===
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px; width: 500px;" align=center
*Rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB) is caused by TB bacteria that are resistant to at least [[rifampicin]]. These patients need second-line treatment similar to MDR-TB patients
|valign=top|
*Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) is caused by TB bacteria that are resistant to at least [[isoniazid]] and [[rifampicin]]. These patients need second-line treatment
|+
*Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) is a form of MDR-TB that is also resistant to any [[fluoroquinolone]] and any of the second–line anti-TB injectable agents such as [[amikacin]], [[kanamycin]], or [[capreomycin]].
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 200px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Groups}}
===Cause of Drug-Resistant TB===
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 200px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Drugs}}
Drug-resistant TB can occur when the drugs used to treat TB are misused or mismanaged. Examples of misuse or mismanagement include;
|-
*People do not complete a full course of TB treatment
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" | Group 1: <br> First-line oral drugs
*Health care providers prescribe the wrong treatment (the wrong dose or length of time)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Drugs for proper treatment are not available
* [[Pyrazinamide]]
*Drugs are of poor quality
* [[Ethambutol]]
Drug-resistant TB is more common in people who:
* [[Rifabutin]]
*Do not take their TB drugs regularly
|-
*Do not take all of their TB drugs
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" | Group 2: <br> Injectable drugs
*Develop TB disease again, after being treated for TB disease in the past
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Come from areas of the world where drug-resistant TB is common
*[[Kanamycin]]
*Have spent time with someone known to have drug-resistant TB disease
*[[Amikacin]]
====Multiple Drug-Resistant (MDR) Tuberculosis<ref name="WHO_update-Guideline"> WHO treatment guidelines for drug- resistant tuberculosis
*[[Capreomycin]]
2016 update. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/250125/1/9789241549639-eng.pdf?ua=1Accessed on October 14, 2016</ref>====
*[[Streptomycin]]
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" | Group 3: Fluoroquinolones
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*[[Levofloxacin]]
*[[Moxifloxacin]]
*[[Ofloxacin]]
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" | Group 4: <br> Oral bacteriostatic second-line drugs
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Para-[[aminosalicylic acid]]
*[[Cycloserine]]
*[[Terizidone]]
*[[Ethionamide]]
*[[Protionamide]]
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" | Group 5: <br> Agents with unclear role in treatment of drug resistant-TB
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*[[Clofazimine]]
*[[Linezolid]]
*[[Amoxicillin]]/[[clavulanate]]
*[[Thioacetazone]]
*[[Imipenem]]/[[cilastatin]]
*High-dose [[isoniazid]]
*[[Clarithromycin]]
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" colspan=2| <small>Adapted from WHO 2013 Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines – 4th ed.<ref name="WHO 2013"> {{cite web|  url=http://www.who.int/tb/publications/tb_treatmentguidelines/en/| title=2013 WHO Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines for National Programmes (4th Edition) }}</ref></small>
|}
 
==Multiple Drug-Resistant (MDR) Tuberculosis<small><small><small> Adapted from WHO 2013 Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines – 4th ed. <ref name="WHO 2013"> {{cite web|  url=http://www.who.int/tb/publications/tb_treatmentguidelines/en/| title=2013 WHO Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines for National Programmes (4th Edition) }}</ref></small></small></small>==


*MDR-TB is defined as resistance to [[isoniazid]] and [[rifampicin]], with or without resistance to other first-line drugs.
*MDR-TB is defined as resistance to [[isoniazid]] and [[rifampicin]], with or without resistance to other first-line drugs.
*Medical treatment for MDR-TB consists of at least 4 drugs that have shown effectiveness against MDR.  Within these 4 drugs must be included at least one drug from each group.  
*Medical treatment for MDR-TB consists of '''at least 5 drugs'' that have shown effectiveness against MDR.  Within these 5 drugs must be included at least one drug from each group.  
*Treatment duration will depend on the culture results.  The duration of therapy should be > 18 months after culture is negative.  
*Treatment duration will depend on the culture results.  The duration of therapy should be '''> 18 months''' after the culture is negative.  
*Chronic cases with severe pulmonary disease may require more than 24 months of therapy.
*Chronic cases with severe pulmonary disease may require more than 24 months of therapy.
*WHO updated its treatment guidelines for drug-resistant TB in May 2016 and included a recommendation on the use of the shorter MDR-TB regimen under specific conditions.
[[Image: Screen Shot 2016-10-14 at 1.36.57 PM.png|A recommendation on the use of the shorter MDR-TB regimen<ref name=" WHO-shorter-regimen">World Health Organization. THE SHORTER
MDR-TB REGIMEN. http://www.who.int/tb/Short_MDR_regimen_factsheet.pdf Accessed on October 14, 2016</ref>|600px|thumb|center]]
*Empirical treatment should start immediately and the regimen should be modified according to the [[DST]] ([[Drug susceptibility testing]]) results.  
*Empirical treatment should start immediately and the regimen should be modified according to the [[DST]] ([[Drug susceptibility testing]]) results.  
*Drugs in each group must be used, in order of preference, as shown below.<ref name="CamineroSotgiu2010">{{cite journal|last1=Caminero|first1=José A|last2=Sotgiu|first2=Giovanni|last3=Zumla|first3=Alimuddin|last4=Migliori|first4=Giovanni Battista|title=Best drug treatment for multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=10|issue=9|year=2010|pages=621–629|issn=14733099|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70139-0}}</ref>  
*Drugs in each group must be used, in order of preference, as shown below.<ref name="CamineroSotgiu2010">{{cite journal|last1=Caminero|first1=José A|last2=Sotgiu|first2=Giovanni|last3=Zumla|first3=Alimuddin|last4=Migliori|first4=Giovanni Battista|title=Best drug treatment for multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=10|issue=9|year=2010|pages=621–629|issn=14733099|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70139-0}}</ref>
*The following treatment regimens show daily dosing for each drug.  
*The following treatment regimens show daily dosing for each drug.


<SMALL><font color="#FF4C4C">'''▸ Click on the following categories to expand treatment regimens.'''</font></SMALL>
===Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Tuberculosis<small><small><small> Adapted from WHO 2013 Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines – 4th ed. <ref name="WHO 2013"> {{cite web|  url=http://www.who.int/tb/publications/tb_treatmentguidelines/en/| title=2013 WHO Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines for National Programmes (4th Edition) }}</ref></small></small></small>===
 
* XDR-TB is defined as resistance to at least [[isoniazid]] and [[rifampicin]], to any [[fluoroquinolone]], and to any of second-line injectable drugs ([[Drug-resistant tuberculosis medical therapy#Drugs Used in Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis|Group 4]]: [[amikacin]], [[capreomycin]], and [[kanamycin]]).
{|
| valign=top |
 
<div style="border-radius: 5px 5px 0 0; border: solid 1px #20538D; border-bottom: 0px; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background: #A1BCDD; text-align: center;">
<font color="#FFF">
'''MDR Tuberculosis'''
</font>
</div>
 
<div class="mw-customtoggle-table01" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 0 0; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background: #4479BA;">
<font color="#FFF">
&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Adults'''
</font>
</div>
 
<div class="mw-customtoggle-table02" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 5px 5px; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background: #4479BA;">
<font color="#FFF">
&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Children'''
</font>
</div>
 
| valign=top |
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table01" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
| valign=top |
{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center | {{fontcolor|#FFF|MDR-TB Adults}}
|-
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Standard Regimen'''''
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | '''<u>Group 1: First-line oral drugs</u>''' <br>
▸ ''' [[Pyrazinamide]] 20–30 mg/kg''' <br> OR <br> ▸ '''[[Ethambutol]] 15–25 mg/kg''' <br> OR <br> ▸ '''[[Rifabutin]] 5 mg/kg'''
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | PLUS
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | '''<u>Group 2: Injectable drugs</u>''' <br>
▸ '''[[Capreomycin]] 15 mg/kg'''<br> OR <br> ▸ '''[[Kanamycin]] 15 mg/kg'''<br> OR <br> ▸ '''[[Amikacin]] 7.5-10 mg/kg'''<br> OR <br> ▸ '''[[Streptomycin]] 12–18 mg/kg'''
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | PLUS
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | '''<u>Group 3: Fluoroquinolones</u>''' <br>
▸ '''[[Levofloxacin]] 500-1000 mg'''<br> OR <br> ▸ '''[[Moxifloxacin]] 400 mg'''<br> OR <br> ▸ '''[[Ofloxacin]] 400 mg'''
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | PLUS
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | '''<u>Group 4:Oral bacteriostatic second-line drugs</u>''' <br>
▸ '''[[Ethionamide]] 15-20 mg/kg'''<br> OR <br> ▸ '''[[Protionamide]] 15-20 mg/kg''' <br> OR <br> ▸ '''[[Cycloserine]] 10-15 mg/kg'''<br> OR <br> ▸ '''[[Terizidone]] 10-20 mg/kg '''<br> OR <br>▸ '''[[Aminosalicylic acid|Para-aminosalicylic acid]] 8-12 g/d divided q8-12h'''
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align=left |<small>Table adapted from WHO 2013 Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines – 4th ed.<ref name="WHO 2013"> {{cite web|  url=http://www.who.int/tb/publications/tb_treatmentguidelines/en/| title=2013 WHO Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines for National Programmes (4th Edition) }}</ref></small>
|}
|}
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table02" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
| valign=top |
{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center | {{fontcolor|#FFF|MDR-TB Children}}
|-
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Standard Regimen'''''
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | '''<u>Group 1: First-line oral drugs</u>''' <br>
▸ ''' [[Pyrazinamide]] 20-30 mg/kg (Max: 600 mg)''' <br> OR <br> ▸ '''[[Ethambutol]] 15-20 mg/kg''' <br> OR <br> ▸ '''[[Rifabutin]] 5 mg/kg'''
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | PLUS
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | '''<u>Group 2: Injectable drugs</u>''' <br>
▸ '''[[Capreomycin]] 15-30 mg/kg (Max: 1000 mg)'''<br> OR <br> ▸ '''[[Kanamycin]] 15-30 mg/kg (Max: 1000 mg)'''<br> OR <br> ▸ '''[[Amikacin]] 15-22.5 mg/kg (Max: 1000 mg)'''<br> OR <br> ▸ '''[[Streptomycin]] 12-18 mg/kg'''
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | PLUS
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | '''<u>Group 3: Fluoroquinolones</u>''' <br>
▸ '''[[Levofloxacin]] 7.5-10 mg/kg'''<br> OR <br> ▸ '''[[Moxifloxacin]] 7.5-10 mg/kg'''<br> OR <br> ▸ '''[[Ofloxacin]] 15-20 mg/kg divided q12h (Max:800 mg)'''
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | PLUS
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | '''<u>Group 4:Oral bacteriostatic second-line drugs</u>''' <br>
▸ '''[[Ethionamide]] 15-20 mg/kg divided q12h (Max: 1000 mg)'''<br> OR <br> ▸ '''[[Protionamide]] 15-20 mg/kg divided q12h (Max: 1000 mg)''' <br> OR <br> ▸ '''[[Cycloserine]] 10-20 mg/kg (Max: 1000 mg)'''<br> OR <br> ▸ '''[[Terizidone]] 10-20 mg/kg (Max: 1000 mg)'''<br> OR <br> ▸ '''[[Aminosalicylic acid|Para-aminosalicylic acid]] 150 mg/kg divided q8-12h(Max: 12 000 mg)'''
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align=left |<small>Table adapted from WHO 2013 Treatment of tuberculosis: guidelines – 4th ed.<ref name="WHO 2013"> {{cite web|  url=http://www.who.int/tb/publications/tb_treatmentguidelines/en/| title=2013 WHO Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines for National Programmes (4th Edition) }}</ref> and Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children <ref name="WHO TB Children"> {{cite web |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112360/1/9789241548748_eng.pdf| title=WHO Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children, 2014}} </ref></small>
|}
|}
|}
<br>
{{further|[[Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis]]}}
 
==Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Tuberculosis<small><small><small> Adapted from WHO 2013 Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines – 4th ed. <ref name="WHO 2013"> {{cite web|  url=http://www.who.int/tb/publications/tb_treatmentguidelines/en/| title=2013 WHO Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines for National Programmes (4th Edition) }}</ref></small></small></small>==
* XDR-TB is defined as resistance to at least [[isoniazid]] and [[rifampicin]], to any [[fluoroquinolone]] (Group 3), and to any of second-line injectable drugs (Group 4: [[amikacin]], [[capreomycin]], and [[kanamycin]]).
*Additional drugs are needed for XDR treatment regimen, these drugs are known to have some action against [[tuberculosis]] but are not routinely recommended for treatment of MDR-TB.  
*Additional drugs are needed for XDR treatment regimen, these drugs are known to have some action against [[tuberculosis]] but are not routinely recommended for treatment of MDR-TB.  
*These include [[clofazimine]], [[linezolid]], [[amoxicillin]]/[[clavulanate]], [[thioacetazone]], [[imipenem]]/[[cilastatin]], [[clarithromycin]] and high-dose [[isoniazid]].  
*These include [[clofazimine]], [[linezolid]], [[amoxicillin]]/[[clavulanate]], [[thioacetazone]], [[imipenem]]/[[cilastatin]], [[clarithromycin]] and high-dose [[isoniazid]].  
*The treatment regimen should include from 4 to 6 drugs, based on the suceptibility of the [[M. tuberculosis]] and the clinician criteria.  
*The treatment regimen should include from '''4 to 6 drugs''', based on the susceptibility of the [[M. tuberculosis]] and the clinician criteria.  
*Treatment duration is not well established, but is longer than MDR-TB. For some cases, at least 43 months are required for XDR-TB treatment to be successful.<ref name="pmid18698423">{{cite journal| author=Bonilla CA, Crossa A, Jave HO, Mitnick CD, Jamanca RB, Herrera C et al.| title=Management of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Peru: cure is possible. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 8 | pages= e2957 | pmid=18698423 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002957 | pmc=PMC2495032 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18698423  }} </ref>
*Treatment duration is not well established, but is longer than MDR-TB. For some cases, at least 43 months are required for XDR-TB treatment to be successful.<ref name="pmid18698423">{{cite journal| author=Bonilla CA, Crossa A, Jave HO, Mitnick CD, Jamanca RB, Herrera C et al.| title=Management of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Peru: cure is possible. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 8 | pages= e2957 | pmid=18698423 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002957 | pmc=PMC2495032 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18698423  }} </ref>
*The following treatment regimens show daily dosing for each drug.  
*The following treatment regimens show daily dosing for each drug.  


===Pretomanid===
*The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved Pretomanid Tablets in combination with bedaquiline and linezolid for the treatment of a specific type of highly treatment-resistant tuberculosis (TB) of the lungs.
*In a study of 109 patients with extensively drug-resistant, treatment intolerant, or non-responsive multidrug-resistant pulmonary TB (of the lungs). Of the 107 patients who were evaluated six months after the end of therapy, 95 (89%) were successes, which significantly exceeded the historical success rates for the treatment of extensively drug-resistant TB.
*Adverse reactions observed in patients treated with Pretomanid in combination with bedaquiline and linezolid included peripheral neuropathy, acne, anemia, nausea, vomiting, headache, increased liver enzymes, dyspepsia, rash, increased pancreatic enzymes , visual impairment, hypoglycemia, and diarrhea.
*Pretomanid used in combination with bedaquiline and linezolid should not be used in patients with hypersensitivity to bedaquiline or linezolid.
<SMALL><font color="#FF4C4C">'''▸ Click on the following categories to expand treatment regimens.'''</font></SMALL>
<SMALL><font color="#FF4C4C">'''▸ Click on the following categories to expand treatment regimens.'''</font></SMALL>
{|
{|
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==Extremely Drug-Resistant (XXDR) Tuberculosis==
==Extremely Drug-Resistant (XXDR) Tuberculosis==
*XXDR-TB or TDR-TB (totally drug resistant TB) is defined as resistance to all first-line ([[Drug-resistant tuberculosis medical therapy#Drugs Used in Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis|group 1]]) and second-line ([[Drug-resistant tuberculosis medical therapy#Drugs Used in Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis|groups 2-4]]) tuberculosis drugs.  
*XXDR-TB or TDR-TB (totally drug-resistant TB) is defined as resistance to all first-line ([[Drug-resistant tuberculosis medical therapy#Drugs Used in Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis|Group 1]]) and second-line ([[Drug-resistant tuberculosis medical therapy#Drugs Used in Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis|Groups 2-4]]) tuberculosis drugs.  
*Cases of XXDR-TB have been reported in Italy, India and Iran.<ref name="UdwadiaAmale2011">{{cite journal|last1=Udwadia|first1=Z. F.|last2=Amale|first2=R. A.|last3=Ajbani|first3=K. K.|last4=Rodrigues|first4=C.|title=Totally Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=54|issue=4|year=2011|pages=579–581|issn=1058-4838|doi=10.1093/cid/cir889}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
*Cases of XXDR-TB have been reported in Italy, India and Iran.<ref name="UdwadiaAmale2011">{{cite journal|last1=Udwadia|first1=Z. F.|last2=Amale|first2=R. A.|last3=Ajbani|first3=K. K.|last4=Rodrigues|first4=C.|title=Totally Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=54|issue=4|year=2011|pages=579–581|issn=1058-4838|doi=10.1093/cid/cir889}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[G. B. Migliori]], [[G. De Iaco]], [[G. Besozzi]], [[R. Centis]] & [[D. M. Cirillo]]
| author = [[G. B. Migliori]], [[G. De Iaco]], [[G. Besozzi]], [[R. Centis]] & [[D. M. Cirillo]]
Line 239: Line 134:
  | pmid = 17868596
  | pmid = 17868596
}}</ref><ref name="Velayati2009">{{cite journal|last1=Velayati|first1=Ali Akbar|title=Emergence of New Forms of Totally Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Bacilli|journal=CHEST Journal|volume=136|issue=2|year=2009|pages=420|issn=0012-3692|doi=10.1378/chest.08-2427}}</ref>
}}</ref><ref name="Velayati2009">{{cite journal|last1=Velayati|first1=Ali Akbar|title=Emergence of New Forms of Totally Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Bacilli|journal=CHEST Journal|volume=136|issue=2|year=2009|pages=420|issn=0012-3692|doi=10.1378/chest.08-2427}}</ref>
*There is no drug regimen for patients with extremely drug resistant TB that has shown successful response.
*There is no drug regimen for patients with extremely drug-resistant TB that has shown successful response.
 
==Drugs Used in Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis==
*In patients with RR-TB or MDR-TB, a regimen with at least five effective TB medicines during the intensive phase is recommended including:
**[[Pyrazinamide]] and four core second-line TB medicines (one chosen from Group A, one from Group B, and at least two from Group C2)
**If the minimum number of effective TB medicines cannot be composed as given above, an agent from Group D2 and other agents from Group D3 may be added to bring the total to five
*In patients with RR-TB or MDR-TB, it is recommended that the regimen be further strengthened with high-dose isoniazid and/or ethambutol (conditional recommendation, very low certainty in the evidence).
*It is recommended that any patient child or adult with RR-TB in whom [[isoniazid]] resistance is absent or unknown be treated with a recommended MDR-TB regimen. It could either be a shorter MDR-TB regimen, or a longer MDR-TB regimen to which isoniazid is added.
 
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px; width: 500px;" align=center
|valign=top|
|+
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 200px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Groups}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 500px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Drugs}}
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" | Group A
[[Fluoroquinolones]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*[[Levofloxacin]]
*[[Moxifloxacin]]
*[[Gatifloxacin]]
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" | Group B
Second-line injectable agents
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*[[Kanamycin]]
*[[Amikacin]]
*[[Capreomycin]]
*[[Streptomycin]]
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" | Group C
Other core second-line agents
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*[[Ethionamide]] or (prothionamide)
*[[Cycloserine]] or (terizidone)
*[[Linezolid]]
*[[Clofazimine]]
NOTE: In children with non- severe disease Group B medicines may be excluded
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" | Group D2
Add-on agents (not part of the core MDR-TB regimen)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*[[Bedaquiline]]
*[[Delamanid]]
Note: The WHO policy on the role of D2 agents, including their potential use in children, was under review
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" | Group D3
Add-on agents (not part of the core MDR-TB regimen)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*[[Para-aminosalicylic acid]]
*[[Amoxicillin]]/[[clavulanate]]
*[[Imipenem]]/[[cilastatin]]
*[[Meropenem]]
*[[Thioacetazone]]
 
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" colspan=2| <small>WHO treatment guidelines for drug- resistant tuberculosis
2016 update <ref name="WHO 2016">http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/250125/1/9789241549639-eng.pdf?ua=1<nowiki> }}</nowiki></ref></small>
|}
 
==Medical therapy==
:* 1. '''RR-TB or MDR-TB Tuberculosis'''
::* 1.1 '''Adult'''
:::* Preferred regimen: At least 5 agents combination
::::* Agent 1: [[Pyrazinamide]] 20–30 mg/kg
::::* Agent 2: [[Levofloxacin]] 500-1000 mg {{or}} [[Moxifloxacin]] 400 mg {{or}} [[Gatifloxacin]] 400mg
::::* Agent 3: [[Amikacin]] 7.5-10 mg/kg {{or}} [[Capreomycin]] 15 mg/kg {{or}} [[Kanamycin]] 15 mg/kg {{or}} [[Streptomycin]] 12–18 mg/kg
::::* Agent 4: [Ethionamide]] 15-20 mg/kg {{or}} [[Protionamide]] 15-20 mg/kg {{or}} [[Cycloserine]] 10-15 mg/kg {{or}} [[Terizidone]] 10-20 mg/kg {{or}} [[Clofazimine]] 100mg
::::* Agent 5: [[Bedaquiline]] 200-400mg {{or}} [[Delamanid]]
::::* Agent 6: Para-aminosalicylic acid 150 mg/kg/day q8-12h {{or}} [[Imipenem]]/[[Cilastatin]] 250mg/250mg-750mg/750mg {{or} [[Meropenem]] 20-40mg/kg {{or}} [[Amoxicillin clavulanate]] 500mg-125mg {{or}} [[Thioacetazone]] 150mg
::::*Note: [[Pyrazinamide]] and four core second-line TB medicines (one chosen from Group A, one from Group B, and at least two from Group C2)
::::*Note: If the minimum number of effective TB medicines cannot be composed as given above, an agent from Group D2 and other agents from Group D3 may be added to bring the total to five
 
::* 1.2 '''Pediatric'''
:::* Preferred regimen: At least 5 agents combination
::::* Agent 1: [[Pyrazinamide]] 20-30 mg/kg (Maximum: 600 mg) 
::::* Agent 2 (Group A): [[Levofloxacin]] 7.5-10mg/kg {{or}} [[Moxifloxacin]] 7.5-10mg/kg {{or}} [[Gatifloxacin]] 10 mg/kg (maximum 600 mg)
::::* Agent 3 (Group B): [[Amikacin]] 7.5-10 mg/kg {{or}} [[Capreomycin]] 15 mg/kg {{or}} [[Kanamycin]] 15 mg/kg {{or}} [[Streptomycin]] 12–18 mg/kg
::::* Agent 4 (Group C): [Ethionamide]] 15-20 mg/kg/day q12h (Maximum: 1000 mg){{or}} [[Protionamide]] 15-20 mg/kg {{or}} [[Cycloserine]] 10-15 mg/kg  (Maximum: 1000 mg) {{or}} [[Terizidone]] 10-20 mg/kg Maximum: 1000 mg) {{or}} [[Clofazimine]] 100mg
::::* Agent 5: (Group D3): Para-aminosalicylic acid 150 mg/kg/day q8-12h(Maximum: 12,000 mg) {{or}} [[Imipenem]]/[[Cilastatin]] 250mg/250mg-750mg/750mg {{or} [[Meropenem]] 20-40mg/kg {{or}} [[Amoxicillin clavulanate]] 500mg-125mg {{or}} [[Thioacetazone]] 50mg
::::*Note: [[Pyrazinamide]] and four core second-line TB medicines (one chosen from Group A, one from Group B, and at least two from Group C2)
::::*Note: If the minimum number of effective TB medicines cannot be composed as given above, an agent from Group D2 and other agents from Group D3 may be added to bring the total to five


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

Latest revision as of 18:02, 22 January 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alejandro Lemor, M.D. [2]; Marjan Khan M.B.B.S.[3]

Overview

Drug-resistant tuberculosis is caused by M. tuberculosis organisms that are resistant to at least one first-line anti-TB drug. Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR TB) is resistant to more than one anti-TB drug and at least isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RIF). Treatment should be started with an empirical treatment of at least 4 drugs based on expert advice as soon as drug-resistant TB disease is suspected.

Drug-resistant tuberculosis

Type of Drug-Resistant TB

  • Rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB) is caused by TB bacteria that are resistant to at least rifampicin. These patients need second-line treatment similar to MDR-TB patients
  • Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) is caused by TB bacteria that are resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin. These patients need second-line treatment
  • Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) is a form of MDR-TB that is also resistant to any fluoroquinolone and any of the second–line anti-TB injectable agents such as amikacin, kanamycin, or capreomycin.

Cause of Drug-Resistant TB

Drug-resistant TB can occur when the drugs used to treat TB are misused or mismanaged. Examples of misuse or mismanagement include;

  • People do not complete a full course of TB treatment
  • Health care providers prescribe the wrong treatment (the wrong dose or length of time)
  • Drugs for proper treatment are not available
  • Drugs are of poor quality

Drug-resistant TB is more common in people who:

  • Do not take their TB drugs regularly
  • Do not take all of their TB drugs
  • Develop TB disease again, after being treated for TB disease in the past
  • Come from areas of the world where drug-resistant TB is common
  • Have spent time with someone known to have drug-resistant TB disease

Multiple Drug-Resistant (MDR) Tuberculosis[1]

  • MDR-TB is defined as resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin, with or without resistance to other first-line drugs.
  • Medical treatment for MDR-TB consists of 'at least 5 drugs that have shown effectiveness against MDR. Within these 5 drugs must be included at least one drug from each group.
  • Treatment duration will depend on the culture results. The duration of therapy should be > 18 months after the culture is negative.
  • Chronic cases with severe pulmonary disease may require more than 24 months of therapy.
  • WHO updated its treatment guidelines for drug-resistant TB in May 2016 and included a recommendation on the use of the shorter MDR-TB regimen under specific conditions.
A recommendation on the use of the shorter MDR-TB regimen[2]
  • Empirical treatment should start immediately and the regimen should be modified according to the DST (Drug susceptibility testing) results.
  • Drugs in each group must be used, in order of preference, as shown below.[3]
  • The following treatment regimens show daily dosing for each drug.

Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Tuberculosis Adapted from WHO 2013 Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines – 4th ed. [4]

Pretomanid

  • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved Pretomanid Tablets in combination with bedaquiline and linezolid for the treatment of a specific type of highly treatment-resistant tuberculosis (TB) of the lungs.
  • In a study of 109 patients with extensively drug-resistant, treatment intolerant, or non-responsive multidrug-resistant pulmonary TB (of the lungs). Of the 107 patients who were evaluated six months after the end of therapy, 95 (89%) were successes, which significantly exceeded the historical success rates for the treatment of extensively drug-resistant TB.
  • Adverse reactions observed in patients treated with Pretomanid in combination with bedaquiline and linezolid included peripheral neuropathy, acne, anemia, nausea, vomiting, headache, increased liver enzymes, dyspepsia, rash, increased pancreatic enzymes , visual impairment, hypoglycemia, and diarrhea.
  • Pretomanid used in combination with bedaquiline and linezolid should not be used in patients with hypersensitivity to bedaquiline or linezolid.

▸ Click on the following categories to expand treatment regimens.

XDR Tuberculosis

  ▸  Adults

  ▸  Children

XDR-TB Adults
Standard Regimen
Group 1: First-line oral drugs

Pyrazinamide 20–30 mg/kg
OR
Ethambutol 15–25 mg/kg
OR
Rifabutin 5 mg/kg

PLUS
Group 4:Oral bacteriostatic second-line drugs

Ethionamide 15-20 mg/kg
OR
Protionamide 15-20 mg/kg
OR
Cycloserine 10-15 mg/kg
OR
Terizidone 10-20 kg/mg
OR
Para-aminosalicylic acid 8-12 g/d divided q8-12h

PLUS
Group 5
Use at least 2 of the following:

Clofazimine 50 mg/d AND 300 mg once a month
OR
Amoxicillin/clavulanate 500 mg/125 mg q12h
OR
Linezolid 300-600 mg
OR
Imipenem 500mg q6h
OR
Clarithromycin 500-1000 mg q12h
OR
Thioacetazone 2.5 mg/kg
OR
Isoniazid (high-dose) 16–20 mg/kg

Table adapted from WHO 2013 Treatment of tuberculosis: guidelines – 4th ed.[4]
XDR-TB Children
Standard Regimen
Group 1: First-line oral drugs

Pyrazinamide 20-30 mg/kg (Max: 600 mg)
OR
Ethambutol 15 mg/kg
OR
Rifabutin 5 mg/kg

PLUS
Group 4:Oral bacteriostatic second-line drugs

Ethionamide 15-20 mg/kg (Max: 1000 mg)
OR
Protionamide 15-20 mg/kg (Max: 1000 mg)
OR
Cycloserine 10-20 mg/kg (Max: 1000 mg)
OR
Terizidone 10-20 mg/kg (Max: 1000 mg)
OR
Para-aminosalicylic acid 150 mg/kg/d divided q8-12h

PLUS
Group 5
Use at least 2 of the following:

Clofazimine 50 mg/d AND 300 mg once a month
OR
Amoxicillin/clavulanate
OR
Linezolid 300-600 mg
OR
Imipenem 500mg q6h
OR
Clarithromycin 500-1000 mg q12h
OR
Thioacetazone 2.5 mg/kg
OR
Isoniazid (high-dose) 16–20 mg/kg

Table adapted from WHO 2013 Treatment of tuberculosis: guidelines – 4th ed.[4] and WHO Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children [6]

Extremely Drug-Resistant (XXDR) Tuberculosis

  • XXDR-TB or TDR-TB (totally drug-resistant TB) is defined as resistance to all first-line (Group 1) and second-line (Groups 2-4) tuberculosis drugs.
  • Cases of XXDR-TB have been reported in Italy, India and Iran.[7][8][9]
  • There is no drug regimen for patients with extremely drug-resistant TB that has shown successful response.

Drugs Used in Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis

  • In patients with RR-TB or MDR-TB, a regimen with at least five effective TB medicines during the intensive phase is recommended including:
    • Pyrazinamide and four core second-line TB medicines (one chosen from Group A, one from Group B, and at least two from Group C2)
    • If the minimum number of effective TB medicines cannot be composed as given above, an agent from Group D2 and other agents from Group D3 may be added to bring the total to five
  • In patients with RR-TB or MDR-TB, it is recommended that the regimen be further strengthened with high-dose isoniazid and/or ethambutol (conditional recommendation, very low certainty in the evidence).
  • It is recommended that any patient child or adult with RR-TB in whom isoniazid resistance is absent or unknown be treated with a recommended MDR-TB regimen. It could either be a shorter MDR-TB regimen, or a longer MDR-TB regimen to which isoniazid is added.
Groups Drugs
Group A

Fluoroquinolones

Group B

Second-line injectable agents

Group C

Other core second-line agents

NOTE: In children with non- severe disease Group B medicines may be excluded

Group D2

Add-on agents (not part of the core MDR-TB regimen)

Note: The WHO policy on the role of D2 agents, including their potential use in children, was under review

Group D3

Add-on agents (not part of the core MDR-TB regimen)

WHO treatment guidelines for drug- resistant tuberculosis

2016 update [10]

Medical therapy

  • 1. RR-TB or MDR-TB Tuberculosis
  • 1.1 Adult
  • Preferred regimen: At least 5 agents combination
  • 1.2 Pediatric
  • Preferred regimen: At least 5 agents combination

References

  1. WHO treatment guidelines for drug- resistant tuberculosis 2016 update. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/250125/1/9789241549639-eng.pdf?ua=1Accessed on October 14, 2016
  2. World Health Organization. THE SHORTER MDR-TB REGIMEN. http://www.who.int/tb/Short_MDR_regimen_factsheet.pdf Accessed on October 14, 2016
  3. Caminero, José A; Sotgiu, Giovanni; Zumla, Alimuddin; Migliori, Giovanni Battista (2010). "Best drug treatment for multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 10 (9): 621–629. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70139-0. ISSN 1473-3099.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 "2013 WHO Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines for National Programmes (4th Edition)".
  5. Bonilla CA, Crossa A, Jave HO, Mitnick CD, Jamanca RB, Herrera C; et al. (2008). "Management of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Peru: cure is possible". PLoS One. 3 (8): e2957. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002957. PMC 2495032. PMID 18698423.
  6. "WHO Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children, 2014" (PDF).
  7. Udwadia, Z. F.; Amale, R. A.; Ajbani, K. K.; Rodrigues, C. (2011). "Totally Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 54 (4): 579–581. doi:10.1093/cid/cir889. ISSN 1058-4838.
  8. G. B. Migliori, G. De Iaco, G. Besozzi, R. Centis & D. M. Cirillo (2007). "First tuberculosis cases in Italy resistant to all tested drugs". Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin. 12 (5): E070517. PMID 17868596. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. Velayati, Ali Akbar (2009). "Emergence of New Forms of Totally Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Bacilli". CHEST Journal. 136 (2): 420. doi:10.1378/chest.08-2427. ISSN 0012-3692.
  10. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/250125/1/9789241549639-eng.pdf?ua=1 }}