Diabetes mellitus type 1 causes: Difference between revisions
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{{Diabetes mellitus type 1}} | {{Diabetes mellitus type 1}} | ||
{{Diabetes mellitus}} | {{Diabetes mellitus}} | ||
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{VD}} | |||
==Overview== | |||
There are no established causes for [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]]. Studies have found that cause of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] is the result of interactions of [[Genetics|genetic]], [[Environmental Science|environmental]], and [[immunology|immunologic]] factors. There are at least 37 [[gene|genes]] associated with [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]]. Furthermore, certain [[infection|infections]], [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] and some maternal related factors are known to cause [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]]. | |||
==Causes== | |||
*The exact cause of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] remains unknown. Studies have found that cause of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] is the result of interactions of [[genetics|genetic]], environmental, and [[Immunity (medical)|immunologic]] factors:<ref name="pmid27302272">{{cite journal| author=Pociot F, Lernmark Å| title=Genetic risk factors for type 1 diabetes. | journal=Lancet | year= 2016 | volume= 387 | issue= 10035 | pages= 2331-9 | pmid=27302272 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30582-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27302272 }}</ref><ref name="pmid27625010">{{cite journal| author=Safari-Alighiarloo N, Taghizadeh M, Tabatabaei SM, Shahsavari S, Namaki S, Khodakarim S et al.| title=Identification of new key genes for type 1 diabetes through construction and analysis of protein-protein interaction networks based on blood and pancreatic islet transcriptomes. | journal=J Diabetes | year= 2016 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=27625010 | doi=10.1111/1753-0407.12483 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27625010 }}</ref><ref>Brorsson CA, Pociot F, Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium. Shared genetic basis for type 1 diabetes, islet autoantibodies, and autoantibodies associated with other immune-mediated diseases in families with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (suppl 3): S8–13.</ref><ref>Ahlqvist E, van Zuydam NR, Groop LC, McCarthy MI. The genetics of diabetic complications. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 11: 277–87.</ref><ref>Parkes M, Cortes A, van Heel DA, Brown MA. Genetic insights into common pathways and complex relationships among immune-mediated diseases. Nat Rev Genet 2013; 14: 661–73.</ref><ref name="pmid27545597">{{cite journal| author=Butalia S, Kaplan GG, Khokhar B, Rabi DM| title=Environmental Risk Factors and Type 1 Diabetes: Past, Present, and Future. | journal=Can J Diabetes | year= 2016 | volume= 40 | issue= 6 | pages= 586-593 | pmid=27545597 | doi=10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.05.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27545597 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26271890">{{cite journal| author=Jaberi-Douraki M, Pietropaolo M, Khadra A| title=Continuum model of T-cell avidity: Understanding autoreactive and regulatory T-cell responses in type 1 diabetes. | journal=J Theor Biol | year= 2015 | volume= 383 | issue= | pages= 93-105 | pmid=26271890 | doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.07.032 | pmc=4567915 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26271890 }}</ref><ref name="pmid24105410">{{cite journal| author=Rydén A, Ludvigsson J, Fredrikson M, Faresjö M| title=General immune dampening is associated with disturbed metabolism at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. | journal=Pediatr Res | year= 2014 | volume= 75 | issue= 1-1 | pages= 45-50 | pmid=24105410 | doi=10.1038/pr.2013.167 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24105410 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32694640">{{cite journal| author=Chen YG, Ciecko AE, Khaja S, Grzybowski M, Geurts AM, Lieberman SM| title=UBASH3A deficiency accelerates type 1 diabetes development and enhances salivary gland inflammation in NOD mice. | journal=Sci Rep | year= 2020 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 12019 | pmid=32694640 | doi=10.1038/s41598-020-68956-6 | pmc=7374577 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32694640 }} </ref><ref name="Safari-AlighiarlooTaghizadeh2017">{{cite journal|last1=Safari-Alighiarloo|first1=Nahid|last2=Taghizadeh|first2=Mohammad|last3=Tabatabaei|first3=Seyyed Mohammad|last4=Shahsavari|first4=Soodeh|last5=Namaki|first5=Saeed|last6=Khodakarim|first6=Soheila|last7=Rezaei-Tavirani|first7=Mostafa|title=Identification of new key genes for type 1 diabetes through construction and analysis of protein-protein interaction networks based on blood and pancreatic islet transcriptomes|journal=Journal of Diabetes|volume=9|issue=8|year=2017|pages=764–777|issn=17530393|doi=10.1111/1753-0407.12483}}</ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="2" |[[Type 1 Diabetes]] causes | |||
|- | |||
|[[Gene|Genes]] associated with [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] | |||
|Candidate [[gene|genes]] assoicated with [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] are: | |||
[[PTPN22]], [[Interleukin 10]], [[AFF3]], [[IFIH1]], [[STAT4]], [[CTLA-4]], [[CCR5]], [[Interleukin 21]], [[Interleukin 2]], [[Interleukin 7|Interleukin 7R]], [[BACH2]], [[TNFAIP3]], TAGAP, [[IKZF1]], GLIS3, [[IL2RA]], [[PRKCQ]], [[Neuropilin 1|NRP1]], INS ([[insulin]] [[gene]]), BAD, [[CD69]], [[ITGB7]], [[ERBB3]], [[25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase|CYP27B1]], [[SH2B3]], [[GPR183]], [[DLK1]], [[RASGRP1]], [[CTSH (gene)|CTSH]], [[CLEC16A]], [[Interleukin 27]], ORMDL3, [[PTPN2]], [[CD226]], [[Tyrosine kinase 2]], [[FUT2]], YBX1, [[SRPK1]], [[PSMA1]], XRCC6, [[Src (gene)|Src]], [[PIK3R1]], [[PLCG1]], [[UBE2N]] and [[UBASH3A]] | |||
|- | |||
|Envirnomental triggers associated with [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] | |||
| | |||
* [[Congenital rubella]] | |||
* Maternal entero-viral [[infection]] | |||
* [[Cesarean section]] | |||
* Higher [[birth weight]] | |||
* Older maternal age | |||
* Low maternal intake of vegetables | |||
* [[Enterovirus|Enteroviral infection]] | |||
* Frequent [[Respiratory tract infection|respiratory]] or enteric [[infection|infections]] | |||
* Abnormal [[microbiome]] | |||
* Early exposure to cereals, root vegetables, eggs and cow's milk | |||
* [[Infant]] [[weight gain]] | |||
* Serious life events | |||
* Persistent or recurrent entero-viral [[infection|infections]] | |||
* [[Overweight]] or increased height velocity | |||
* High glycemic load, [[fructose]] intake | |||
* [[Diet (nutrition)|Dietary]] [[nitrates]] or [[nitrosamines]] | |||
* [[Puberty]] | |||
* [[Steroid]] [[treatment]] | |||
* [[Insulin resistance]] | |||
* [[Stress (medicine)|Psychological stress]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[Immunology|Immunologic]] factors associated with [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] | |||
| | |||
* [[Islets of Langerhans|Islet cell]] [[autoantibody|autoantibodies]] | |||
* Activated [[lymphocyte|lymphocytes]] in the [[Islets of Langerhans|islets]], peripancreatic [[lymph node|lymph nodes]], and [[systemic circulation]] | |||
* [[T lymphocytes]] that proliferate when stimulated with [[Islets of Langerhans|islet]] [[protein|proteins]] | |||
* Release of [[cytokines]] within the insulitis | |||
|} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | |||
{{WS}} | |||
[[Category:Needs content]] | [[Category:Needs content]] | ||
[[Category:Endocrinology]] | [[Category:Endocrinology]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] | ||
Latest revision as of 15:17, 9 September 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vishal Devarkonda, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
There are no established causes for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Studies have found that cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus is the result of interactions of genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors. There are at least 37 genes associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, certain infections, diet and some maternal related factors are known to cause type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Causes
- The exact cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus remains unknown. Studies have found that cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus is the result of interactions of genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
References
- ↑ Pociot F, Lernmark Å (2016). "Genetic risk factors for type 1 diabetes". Lancet. 387 (10035): 2331–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30582-7. PMID 27302272.
- ↑ Safari-Alighiarloo N, Taghizadeh M, Tabatabaei SM, Shahsavari S, Namaki S, Khodakarim S; et al. (2016). "Identification of new key genes for type 1 diabetes through construction and analysis of protein-protein interaction networks based on blood and pancreatic islet transcriptomes". J Diabetes. doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12483. PMID 27625010.
- ↑ Brorsson CA, Pociot F, Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium. Shared genetic basis for type 1 diabetes, islet autoantibodies, and autoantibodies associated with other immune-mediated diseases in families with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (suppl 3): S8–13.
- ↑ Ahlqvist E, van Zuydam NR, Groop LC, McCarthy MI. The genetics of diabetic complications. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 11: 277–87.
- ↑ Parkes M, Cortes A, van Heel DA, Brown MA. Genetic insights into common pathways and complex relationships among immune-mediated diseases. Nat Rev Genet 2013; 14: 661–73.
- ↑ Butalia S, Kaplan GG, Khokhar B, Rabi DM (2016). "Environmental Risk Factors and Type 1 Diabetes: Past, Present, and Future". Can J Diabetes. 40 (6): 586–593. doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.05.002. PMID 27545597.
- ↑ Jaberi-Douraki M, Pietropaolo M, Khadra A (2015). "Continuum model of T-cell avidity: Understanding autoreactive and regulatory T-cell responses in type 1 diabetes". J Theor Biol. 383: 93–105. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.07.032. PMC 4567915. PMID 26271890.
- ↑ Rydén A, Ludvigsson J, Fredrikson M, Faresjö M (2014). "General immune dampening is associated with disturbed metabolism at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes". Pediatr Res. 75 (1–1): 45–50. doi:10.1038/pr.2013.167. PMID 24105410.
- ↑ Chen YG, Ciecko AE, Khaja S, Grzybowski M, Geurts AM, Lieberman SM (2020). "UBASH3A deficiency accelerates type 1 diabetes development and enhances salivary gland inflammation in NOD mice". Sci Rep. 10 (1): 12019. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-68956-6. PMC 7374577 Check
|pmc=
value (help). PMID 32694640 Check|pmid=
value (help). - ↑ Safari-Alighiarloo, Nahid; Taghizadeh, Mohammad; Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad; Shahsavari, Soodeh; Namaki, Saeed; Khodakarim, Soheila; Rezaei-Tavirani, Mostafa (2017). "Identification of new key genes for type 1 diabetes through construction and analysis of protein-protein interaction networks based on blood and pancreatic islet transcriptomes". Journal of Diabetes. 9 (8): 764–777. doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12483. ISSN 1753-0393.