Diabetes mellitus type 1 history and symptoms

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Case #1

Diabetes mellitus Main page
Patient Information Type 1 Type 2
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Classification Diabetes mellitus type 1 Diabetes mellitus type 2 Gestational diabetes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vishal Devarkonda, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Type 1 DM has 2 forms of presentations 1) Classic new onset, which commonly present with persistent thirst, frequent urination, and dehydration 2) Diabetic ketoacidosis, which commonly presents with abdominal pain, vomiting and flu-like symptoms.

History

• Type 1 DM has different ways of presentation. Obtaining the history is the most important aspect of making a diagnosis of type 1 DM.
• Specific areas of focus when obtaining history include:
• Increase frequency of urination
• Unusually wet diapers
• Persistent thirst
• Weight loss

Symptoms

Infants

Symptoms of type 1 DM include:

• Increase frequency of urination
• Persistent thirst
• Dehydration

Young children

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus can have one of the following presentations
Classic new onset	Diabetic ketoacidosis
Most common presentation of type 1 DM: Patient present with symptoms of Frequent urination Excessive thirst Unexplained weight loss Extreme hunger Sudden vision changes/Difficulty in vision Tingling or numbness in hands or feet Fatigue Very dry skin Sores that are slow to heal More infection than usual. Nausea, vomiting, or stomach pain Oral Thrush or yeast infections; Which typically fails to go away without treatment and it is due to unbalance of normal flora and fungal in oral cavity or cervix Microorganisms easily feast on high sugar and in dry mouth (from Polyuria). Early Symptoms Sluggish, extreme tiredness Fruity smell to breath/compare to nail polish remover, similar to pear drops Extreme thirst, despite large fluid intake Constant urination Extreme weight-loss * Oral Thrush or yeast infections; Which typically fails to go away without treatment and it is due to unbalance of normal flora and fungal in oral cavity or cervix Microorganisms easily feast on high sugar and in dry mouth (from Polyuria). Agitation / Irritation / Aggression / Confusion Late Symptoms At this point, DKA is life-threatening and medical attention should be sought immediately. Emesis (vomiting), although this is not always a sign of late-stage ketoacidosis, and can occur both in early-stage ketoacidosis and in non-ketoacidic hyperglycaemia. Confusion Abdominal pain Loss of appetite Flu-like symptoms Lethargy and apathy Extreme weakness Kussmaul breathing ("air hunger"). Patients breathe more deeply and/or rapidly. Unconsciousness (diabetic coma) after prolonged DKA. At this stage, speedy medical attention is imperative.