Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma: Difference between revisions

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{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{MV}}
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{{SK}} Fibrolamellar carcinoma; FLC
{{SK}} Fibrolamellar carcinoma; FLC Eosinophilic hepatocellular carcinoma with lamellar fibrosis, Polygonal cell hepatocellular carcinoma with fibrous stroma, Hepatocellular carcinoma with increased stromal fibrosis, Eosinophilic glassy cell hepatoma, and fibrolamellar oncocytic hepatoma.


==Overview==
==Overview==


Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FLC) is a rare subtype of primary liver cancer. Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma was first described Edmondson in 1956.<ref name="fibrolamelar">Michael Torbenson. Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: 2012 Update. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/743790/ Access on April 15, 2016 </ref><ref name="pmid13282629">{{cite journal |vauthors=EDMONDSON HA |title=Differential diagnosis of tumors and tumor-like lesions of liver in infancy and childhood |journal=AMA J Dis Child |volume=91 |issue=2 |pages=168–86 |year=1956 |pmid=13282629 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma most commonly in children and young adults.
'''Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma''' (''FLC'') is a rare subtype of primary [[Liver mass|liver cancer]]. Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma was first described Edmondson in 1956.<ref name="fibrolamelar">Michael Torbenson. Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: 2012 Update. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/743790/ Access on April 15, 2016 </ref><ref name="pmid13282629">{{cite journal |vauthors=EDMONDSON HA |title=Differential diagnosis of tumors and tumor-like lesions of liver in infancy and childhood |journal=AMA J Dis Child |volume=91 |issue=2 |pages=168–86 |year=1956 |pmid=13282629 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is most commonly seen in children and young adults. The pathogenesis of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is characterized by the lack of cirrhosis.  Common causes of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include: active hepatic inflammation, [[hepatitis B]] or [[Hepatitis c|C viral]] infection, [[Liver disease|alcohol-related liver disease]], [[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease|nonalcoholic fatty liver disease]], and dietary [[Aflatoxin|aflatoxin B1]]. The majority of patients with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma remain asymptomatic for years. Early clinical features include [[abdominal pain]], [[weight loss]], and [[malaise]].  If left untreated, the majority of patients with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma  may progress to develop metastasis to abdominal [[Lymph node|lymph nodes]], peritoneum, and lung. Common complications of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma include: [[hepatic failure]], caval compression syndrome, [[gynecomastia]], and [[cold agglutinin disease]]. Surgical resection or transplantation is the standard of care for fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) for eligible patients. [[Embolization|Trans-arterial chemo-embolization]] ([[Therapeutic embolization|TACE]]) may be a useful option in patients who have unresectable disease.


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
*Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma was first described Edmondson in 1956.<ref name="fibrolamelar">Michael Torbenson. Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: 2012 Update. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/743790/ Access on April 15, 2016 </ref><ref name="pmid13282629">{{cite journal |vauthors=EDMONDSON HA |title=Differential diagnosis of tumors and tumor-like lesions of liver in infancy and childhood |journal=AMA J Dis Child |volume=91 |issue=2 |pages=168–86 |year=1956 |pmid=13282629 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma was first described by Edmondson in 1956.<ref name="fibrolamelar">Michael Torbenson. Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: 2012 Update. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/743790/ Access on April 15, 2016 </ref><ref name="pmid13282629">{{cite journal |vauthors=EDMONDSON HA |title=Differential diagnosis of tumors and tumor-like lesions of liver in infancy and childhood |journal=AMA J Dis Child |volume=91 |issue=2 |pages=168–86 |year=1956 |pmid=13282629 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


==Classification==
==Classification==
*There is no classification for fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma.  
There is no classification for fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma.<ref name="fibrolamelar">Michael Torbenson. Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: 2012 Update. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/743790/ Access on April 15, 2016 </ref>


==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
*The pathogenesis of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is characterized by the lack of cirrhosis.  
*The pathogenesis of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is characterized by the lack of cirrhosis.<ref name="fibrolamelar">Michael Torbenson. Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: 2012 Update. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/743790/ Access on April 15, 2016 </ref>
*The overexpression of DNAJB1-PRKACA gene has been associated with the development of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma.
*The overexpression of [[DNAJB1]]-[[PRKACA]] gene has been associated with the development of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma.
*On gross pathology characteristic findings of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include:  
*On gross pathology characteristic findings of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma include:  
:*Hard, scirrhous, and well-circumscribed
:*Hard, [[cirrhosis]], and well-circumscribed
:*Tumor bulging
:*Tumor bulging
:* white-brown tumor with fibrous bands throughout and central stellate scar
:* White-brown tumor with fibrous bands throughout and central satellite scar
*On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include:
*On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include:
:*Tumor cells grow in sheets
:*Tumor cells growing in sheets
:*Trabeculae that are separated by collagen bundles (lamellar pattern)
:*[[Trabeculae]] that are separated by collagen bundles (lamellar pattern)
:*Large cells that contain abundant mitochondria
:*Large cells that contain abundant [[mitochondria]]
:*Coarsely granular cytoplasm
:*Coarsely granular cytoplasm
*On immunohistochemistry, characteristic findings of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include:
*On immunohistochemistry, characteristic findings of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include:
:*Positive staining for hepatocyte paraffin 1 (HepPar1)
:*Positive staining for hepatocyte paraffin 1 (HepPar1)
:*Positive staining for glypican-3 (GPC3)
:*Positive staining for [[glypican 3]] ([[Glypican 3|GPC3]])
:*Positive staining polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen (pCEA)
:*Positive staining polyclonal [[carcinoembryonic antigen]] ([[CEA|pCEA]])
:*CD10 positivity
:*[[CD10]] positivity


==Causes==
==Causes==
* Common causes of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include:
* Common causes of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include:<ref name="fibrolamelar">Michael Torbenson. Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: 2012 Update. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/743790/ Access on April 15, 2016 </ref>
:*Active hepatic inflammation
:*[[Acute hepatic injury|Active hepatic inflammation]]
:*Hepatitis B or C viral infection
:*[[Hepatitis B]] or [[Hepatitis C|C]] viral infection
:*Alcohol-related liver disease
:*[[Alcohol]]-related [[liver]] disease
:*Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease  
:*[[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease|Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease]]
:*Dietary aflatoxin B1
:*Dietary [[Aflatoxin|aflatoxin B1]]


==Differentiating Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma from Other Diseases==
==Differentiating Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma from Other Diseases==
*Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma must be differentiated from other diseases that cause abdominal pain, weight loss, and malaise such as:
Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[abdominal pain]], [[weight loss]], and [[malaise]] such as:<ref name="fibrolamelar">Michael Torbenson. Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: 2012 Update. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/743790/ Access on April 15, 2016 </ref>
:*Hepatocellular carcinoma  
:*[[Hepatocellular carcinoma]]
:*Focal nodular hyperplasia  
:*[[Focal nodular hyperplasia]]
:*Hepatic adenoma
:*[[Hepatocellular adenoma|Hepatic adenoma]]
:*Hepatic metastasis
:*[[Metastasis|Hepatic metastasis]]
'''Abbreviations:'''
'''[[RUQ]]'''= Right upper quadrant of the abdomen, '''LUQ'''= Left upper quadrant, '''LLQ'''= Left lower quadrant, '''RLQ'''= Right lower quadrant, '''LFT'''= Liver function test, SIRS= [[Systemic inflammatory response syndrome]], '''[[ERCP]]'''= [[Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography]], '''IV'''= Intravenous, '''N'''= Normal, '''AMA'''= Anti mitochondrial antibodies, '''[[LDH]]'''= [[Lactate dehydrogenase]], '''GI'''= Gastrointestinal, '''CXR'''= Chest X ray, '''IgA'''= [[Immunoglobulin A]], '''IgG'''= [[Immunoglobulin G]], '''IgM'''= [[Immunoglobulin M]], '''CT'''= [[Computed tomography]], '''[[PMN]]'''= Polymorphonuclear cells, '''[[ESR]]'''= [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], '''[[CRP]]'''= [[C-reactive protein]], TS= [[Transferrin saturation]], SF= Serum [[Ferritin]], SMA= [[Superior mesenteric artery]], SMV= [[Superior mesenteric vein]], ECG= [[Electrocardiogram]]
<small>
{| class="wikitable" style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 5px;" align="center"
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" rowspan="3" |Disease
| style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="13" align="center" rowspan="1" |'''Clinical manifestations'''
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="2" |Diagnosis
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" rowspan="3" |Comments
|-
| style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="9" align="center" rowspan="1" |'''Symptoms'''
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="4" align="center" rowspan="1" | Signs
|-
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal Pain
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="1" align="center" rowspan="1" | Fever
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Rigors and chills
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Nausea or vomiting
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Jaundice
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Constipation
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI bleeding
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hypo-
tension
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="1" align="center" rowspan="1" | Guarding
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Rebound Tenderness
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bowel sounds
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="1" align="center" rowspan="1" | Lab Findings
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Imaging
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |'''[[Hepatocellular carcinoma]]/[[Metastasis]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[RUQ]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Normal
* Hyperactive if obstruction present
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* High levels of [[Alpha-fetoprotein|AFP]] in serum
* Abnormal [[Liver function test|liver function tests]]
*[[Thrombocytopenia]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Ultrasound|US]]
* [[Computed tomography|CT]]
* [[MRI]]
* [[Liver biopsy]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
Other symptoms:
* [[Splenomegaly]]
* [[Variceal bleeding]]
* [[Ascites]]
* [[Spider nevi]]
* [[Asterixis]]
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" colspan="1" align="center" rowspan="1" |[[Cholangiocarcinoma]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[RUQ]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Normal
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Elevated [[CA-19-9|CA 19-9]]
* Increased [[amylase]] / [[lipase]]
* Increased [[Steatorrhea|stool fat]] content
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
*[[Contrast-enhanced ultrasound]]
*[[Computed tomography|CT scan]]
**[[Calcification]]
**[[Pseudocyst]]
**Dilation of main pancreatic duct
*[[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Predisposes to pancreatic cancer
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Pancreatic carcinoma]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Mid[[Epigastric]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Normal
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* ↑ [[Alkaline phosphatase]]
* ↑ [[Bilirubin|serum bilirubin]]
* ↑ [[gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase]]
* ↑ [[CA-19-9|CA 19-9]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Computed tomography|MDCT]] with  [[Positron emission tomography|PET]]/[[Computed tomography|CT]]
* MRI
* [[Endoscopic ultrasound|EUS]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
[[Skin]] manifestations may include:
* [[Bullous pemphigoid]]
* [[Mucous membrane pemphigoid|Cicatricial pemphigoid]]
* [[Thrombophlebitis|Migratory superficial thrombophlebitis]] (classic [[Trousseau's syndrome]])
* [[Panniculitis|Pancreatic panniculitis]]
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Focal nodular hyperplasia]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Diffuse
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Normal
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Normal Liver function tests
* Normal AFP
*Minor elevations of
**[[Aspartate]]
**[[Alanine aminotransferase]]
**[[Alkaline phosphatase]]
**[[Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Us
* Multiphasic [[helical CT scan]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Open [[biopsy]] if diagnosis can not be established
|-
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Disease
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal Pain
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Rigors and chills
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Nausea or vomiting
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Jaundice
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Constipation
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI bleeding
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hypo-
tension
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Guarding
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Rebound Tenderness
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bowel sounds
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Lab Findings
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Imaging
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Comments
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Gallbladder cancer]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Mid[[Epigastric|epigastric]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | Normal
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* ↑ [[Alkaline phosphatase]]
* ↑ [[CA-19-9|CA 19-9]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Ultrasonography|US]]
* CT
* MRI
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Liver hemangioma]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Intermittent [[RUQ]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>−</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Normal
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Abnormal LFTs
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* US
* [[Single photon emission computed tomography|Single-photon emission computerized tomography(SPECT]])
* MRI
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* US will reveal hypoechoic [[lesions]]
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Liver abscess]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |RUQ
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Normal
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Hypoalbuminemia
* Abnormal [[Liver function test|liver function tests]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* US
* CT
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Cirrhosis|Cirrhosis]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[RUQ]]+Bloating
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Normal
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
* Prolonged PT
* Abnormal LFTs
* [[Hyponatremia]]
* [[Thrombocytopenia]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |US
* Nodular, shrunken liver
* [[Ascites]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Stigmata of liver disease
* Cruveilhier- Baumgarten murmur
|- style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |Inflammatory lesions
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[RUQ]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>−</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Normal
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
* Prolonged PT
* Abnormal LFTs
* [[Hyponatremia]]
* [[Thrombocytopenia]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |US
* Nodular,shrunken or coarse liver
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Stigmata of liver disease
|-
 
|}
<small>


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
* In 2012, the incidence of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma was estimated to be 0.02 cases per 100,000 individuals in United States.
* In 2012, the incidence of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma was estimated to be 0.02 cases per 100,000 individuals in United States.<ref name="fibrolamelar">Michael Torbenson. Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: 2012 Update. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/743790/ Access on April 15, 2016 </ref>
* FLC is a very rare tumor, although the incidence varies geographically. In the United States and Thailand, less than 1 percent of all primary liver tumors are FLC [3,4], while in Mexico, FLC represents 5.8 percent of all primary liver cancers
*


===Age===
===Age===
*The median age of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis is 33 years
*The median age of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis is 33 years.<ref name="fibrolamelar">Michael Torbenson. Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: 2012 Update. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/743790/ Access on April 15, 2016 </ref>
*Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is more commonly observed among patients aged 15 to 40 years old.<ref name="pmid16334779">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aramaki M, Kawano K, Sasaki A, Ohno T, Tahara K, Kai S, Iwashita Y, Kitano S |title=Hepatocellular carcinoma in young adults |journal=Hepatogastroenterology |volume=52 |issue=66 |pages=1795–7 |year=2005 |pmid=16334779 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is more commonly observed among patients aged 15 to 40 years old.<ref name="pmid16334779">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aramaki M, Kawano K, Sasaki A, Ohno T, Tahara K, Kai S, Iwashita Y, Kitano S |title=Hepatocellular carcinoma in young adults |journal=Hepatogastroenterology |volume=52 |issue=66 |pages=1795–7 |year=2005 |pmid=16334779 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is more commonly observed among young patients.<ref name="pmid16334779">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aramaki M, Kawano K, Sasaki A, Ohno T, Tahara K, Kai S, Iwashita Y, Kitano S |title=Hepatocellular carcinoma in young adults |journal=Hepatogastroenterology |volume=52 |issue=66 |pages=1795–7 |year=2005 |pmid=16334779 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is more commonly observed among young patients.<ref name="pmid16334779">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aramaki M, Kawano K, Sasaki A, Ohno T, Tahara K, Kai S, Iwashita Y, Kitano S |title=Hepatocellular carcinoma in young adults |journal=Hepatogastroenterology |volume=52 |issue=66 |pages=1795–7 |year=2005 |pmid=16334779 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
Line 60: Line 356:


===Race===
===Race===
*There is a racial predilection for Caucasian race in patients with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma.
*There is a racial predilection for Caucasian race.<ref name="fibrolamelar">Michael Torbenson. Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: 2012 Update. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/743790/ Access on April 15, 2016 </ref>


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
*There are no risk factors for the development of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma.
There are no risk factors for the development of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma.
 
== Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
== Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
*The majority of patients with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma remain asymptomatic for years.  
*The majority of patients with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma remain asymptomatic for years.  
*Early clinical features include abdominal pain, weight loss, and malaise.  
*Early clinical features include abdominal pain, weight loss, and malaise.<ref name="fibrolamelar">Michael Torbenson. Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: 2012 Update. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/743790/ Access on April 15, 2016 </ref>
*If left untreated, the majority of patients with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma  may progress to develop metastasis to abdominal lymph nodes, peritoneum, and lung.
*If left untreated, the majority of patients with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma  may progress to develop metastasis to abdominal lymph nodes, peritoneum, and lung.
*Common complications of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include:
*Common complications of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include:
Line 78: Line 373:
== Diagnosis ==
== Diagnosis ==
===Diagnostic Criteria===
===Diagnostic Criteria===
*The diagnosis of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is made with the following diagnostic criteria:
*The diagnosis of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is made with the following diagnostic criteria:<ref name="fibrolamelar">Michael Torbenson. Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: 2012 Update. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/743790/ Access on April 15, 2016 </ref>
:*Positive imaging findings
:*Positive imaging findings
::*Central scar
::*Central scar
Line 89: Line 384:
=== Symptoms ===
=== Symptoms ===
*Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is usually asymptomatic.
*Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is usually asymptomatic.
*Symptoms of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma may include the following:
*Symptoms of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma may include the following:<ref name="fibrolamelar">Michael Torbenson. Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: 2012 Update. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/743790/ Access on April 15, 2016 </ref>
:*Fatigue
:*Fatigue
:*Weight loss
:*Weight loss
Line 96: Line 391:


=== Physical Examination ===
=== Physical Examination ===
*Patients with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma may be well-appearing, or cachectic.
*Patients with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma may be well-appearing or cachectic.
*Physical examination of the abdomen may be remarkable for:
*Physical examination of the abdomen may be remarkable for:<ref name="fibrolamelar">Michael Torbenson. Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: 2012 Update. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/743790/ Access on April 15, 2016 </ref>
'''Auscultation'''  
'''Auscultation'''  
*Positive liver scratch test for enlarged liver size.  
*Positive liver scratch test for enlarged liver size.  
Line 106: Line 401:
*Tenderness in right upper quadrant   
*Tenderness in right upper quadrant   
*[[Hepatomegaly]]
*[[Hepatomegaly]]
*Other physical signs for fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma,  may include:
*Other physical signs for fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma,  may include:<ref name="fibrolamelar">Michael Torbenson. Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: 2012 Update. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/743790/ Access on April 15, 2016 </ref>
*[[Pallor]]
**[[Pallor]]
*[[Jaundice]]
**[[Jaundice]]
* Plantar and [[palmar erythema]]
** Plantar and [[palmar erythema]]


=== Laboratory Findings ===
=== Laboratory Findings ===
*Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include
*Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include:<ref name="fibrolamelar">Michael Torbenson. Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: 2012 Update. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/743790/ Access on April 15, 2016 </ref>
:*Elevated serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST)  
:*Elevated serum levels of [[aspartate aminotransferase]] (AST)  
:*Elevated serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
:*Elevated serum levels of [[alanine aminotransferase]] (ALT)
:*Elevated serum levels  of alpha-fetoprotein (unspecific)  
:*Elevated serum levels  of [[alpha-fetoprotein]] (unspecific)  
:*Elevated transcobalamin I level
:*Elevated [[Transcobalamin|transcobalamin I]] level


===Imaging Findings===
===Imaging Findings===
*CT is the imaging modality of choice for fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma  
*CT is the imaging modality of choice for fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma  
*On CT,  findings of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include:
*On CT,  findings of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include:
*On MRI, findings of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include:  
:*Single large tumors
:*T1: typically iso to hypointense to the liver
:*Central scar (seen in ~75% of cases)
:*T2: hypo to slightly hyperintense
:*Central scar shows persistent enhancement on delayed contrast-enhanced CT.
:*T1C+: arterial phase: heterogeneous enhancement/ portal delayed phase: iso to hypointense
*On MRI, findings of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include:<ref name="fibrolamelar">Michael Torbenson. Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: 2012 Update. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/743790/ Access on April 15, 2016 </ref>
:*T1: typically iso- to hypointense to the liver
:*T2: hypo- to slightly hyperintense
:*T1C+: arterial phase: heterogeneous enhancement/portal delayed phase: iso- to hypointense


=== Other Diagnostic Studies ===
=== Other Diagnostic Studies ===
*Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma may also be diagnosed using PET.  
*Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma may also be diagnosed using PET.<ref name="fibrolamelar">Michael Torbenson. Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: 2012 Update. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/743790/ Access on April 15, 2016 </ref>
*Findings on PET scan, include:  
*Findings on PET scan, include:  
:*Technetium-99m sulphur colloid scans (taken up by Kupffer cells) are useful as these tumours will not accumulate the agent, whereas FNH does.
:*Technetium-99m sulphur colloid scans (taken up by Kupffer cells) are useful as these tumors will not accumulate the agent, whereas FNH does.


== Treatment ==
== Treatment ==
* Surgical resection or transplantation is the standard of care for fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) for eligible patients.
* Trans-arterial chemo-embolization (TACE) may be a useful option in patients who have unresectable disease.
* FLC is not typically responsive to chemotherapy.
* In addition to systemic chemotherapy, recent research has focused on taking advantage of the new understanding of the pathogenesis and molecular genetics of FLC.
=== Medical Therapy ===
=== Medical Therapy ===
*The medical therapies for fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include:
* Chemotherapy is recommended for metastatic fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC).
:*
* Single-agent chemotherapy or combinations of chemotherapeutic drugs give responses of no more than 25%, with questionable benefit for overall survival.
:*
'''<u>Sorafenib</u>'''
:*
* Sorafenib is an orally delivered small molecule that inhibits several different protein kinases, including Raf-1 and B-Raf, platelet-derived growth factor β (PDGFR-β), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) 1, 2, and 3.
* Sorafenib targets both tumor growth (Raf-MEK-ERK pathway) and neoangiogenesis (VEGFRs, PDGFR-β), both of which are thought to be important in the pathogenesis of typical HCC.


=== Surgery ===
=== Surgical Therapy ===
*Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma
* Optimal management for most hepatic malignancies, including typical hepatocellular carcinoma and fibrolamellar carcinoma, is complete surgical resection
** Wedge Resection
** Anatomic liver resection
** Total hepatectomy with orthotopic liver transplantation.
* There may be occasional utility in treating fibrolamellar carcinoma with neoadjuvant chemotherapy or trans-arterial chemo-embolization (TACE) with the goal of downstaging the tumor to allow resection.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Procedure
!Description
|-
|Hepatic resection
|
* Cirrhosis often limits the feasibility of liver resection in patients with typical hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) because cirrhotic patients have increased perioperative risk and require a larger future liver remnant to be left behind to allow adequate liver function.
* In contrast, fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) is rarely associated with cirrhosis, and patients are often young and otherwise healthy (For this reason, aggressive liver resections can be more readily undertaken in patients with FLC than in those with typical HCC.)
 
* Several factors are associated with a better prognosis following surgery, including younger age at diagnosis, earlier tumor stage at diagnosis, and absence of large vessel invasion or thrombosis.
* The ability to perform complete resection has been reported to be one of the most important and well-described prognostic factors for FLC.
*  Factors associated with a particularly poor prognosis include lymph node metastasis, multiple tumors, metastatic disease at presentation, and vascular invasion.
* Patients with resected FLC generally have a prognosis similar to that for noncirrhotic patients with resected typical HCC.
* Aggressive surgical approaches, even for recurrent disease, can be undertaken with good results.
|-
|Orthotopic liver transplantation
|
* Total hepatectomy followed by orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) should be considered in patients with unresectable FLC that is confined to the liver. 
 
* Even among patients who develop tumor recurrence, the time to recurrence is significantly longer in patients with FLC than in those with typical HCC. This may be a result of more indolent behavior by FLC versus typical HCC.
* Alternatively, it may result from the fact that accompanying cirrhosis in typical HCC increases the risk of recurrence (including development of a second primary tumor) via a field effect.
* Orthotopic liver transplantation can result in long-term survival but is a resource-intensive treatment approach.
* In typical HCC, orthotopic liver transplantation confers the advantage of removing the at-risk cirrhotic liver in addition to the tumor itself.
* In FLC, this theoretical advantage is likely not present because no such field effect is present (due to the lack of cirrhosis in most cases).
* As such, it is not clear that the use of donor organs in patients with FLC is an appropriate use of this scarce resource.
* Newer innovative approaches (eg, adult living-related donations, split-liver techniques, and potential use of marginal donor organs) may allow for a future increase in the use of orthotopic liver transplantation for FLC.
|}


=== Prevention ===
=== Prevention ===
*There are no primary preventive measures available for fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma.
*There are no primary preventive measures available for fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma.
*Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma are followed-up every 3, 6 or 12 months.
*Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma are followed-up every 3, 6 or 12 months.<ref name="fibrolamelar">Michael Torbenson. Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: 2012 Update. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/743790/ Access on April 15, 2016 </ref>
*Follow-up testing include ultrasound, physical exam, and laboratory testing.
*Follow-up testing include ultrasound, physical exam, and laboratory testing.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
 
[[Category: Oncology]]
[[Category: Oncology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Latest revision as of 12:54, 2 May 2019

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Evidence Based Medicine

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Clinical Trials

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maria Fernanda Villarreal, M.D. [2]

Synonyms and keywords: Fibrolamellar carcinoma; FLC Eosinophilic hepatocellular carcinoma with lamellar fibrosis, Polygonal cell hepatocellular carcinoma with fibrous stroma, Hepatocellular carcinoma with increased stromal fibrosis, Eosinophilic glassy cell hepatoma, and fibrolamellar oncocytic hepatoma.

Overview

Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FLC) is a rare subtype of primary liver cancer. Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma was first described Edmondson in 1956.[1][2] Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is most commonly seen in children and young adults. The pathogenesis of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is characterized by the lack of cirrhosis. Common causes of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include: active hepatic inflammation, hepatitis B or C viral infection, alcohol-related liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and dietary aflatoxin B1. The majority of patients with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma remain asymptomatic for years. Early clinical features include abdominal pain, weight loss, and malaise. If left untreated, the majority of patients with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma may progress to develop metastasis to abdominal lymph nodes, peritoneum, and lung. Common complications of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma include: hepatic failure, caval compression syndrome, gynecomastia, and cold agglutinin disease. Surgical resection or transplantation is the standard of care for fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) for eligible patients. Trans-arterial chemo-embolization (TACE) may be a useful option in patients who have unresectable disease.

Historical Perspective

Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma was first described by Edmondson in 1956.[1][2]

Classification

There is no classification for fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma.[1]

Pathophysiology

  • The pathogenesis of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is characterized by the lack of cirrhosis.[1]
  • The overexpression of DNAJB1-PRKACA gene has been associated with the development of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • On gross pathology characteristic findings of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma include:
  • Hard, cirrhosis, and well-circumscribed
  • Tumor bulging
  • White-brown tumor with fibrous bands throughout and central satellite scar
  • On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include:
  • Tumor cells growing in sheets
  • Trabeculae that are separated by collagen bundles (lamellar pattern)
  • Large cells that contain abundant mitochondria
  • Coarsely granular cytoplasm
  • On immunohistochemistry, characteristic findings of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include:

Causes

  • Common causes of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include:[1]

Differentiating Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma from Other Diseases

Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma must be differentiated from other diseases that cause abdominal pain, weight loss, and malaise such as:[1]

Abbreviations: RUQ= Right upper quadrant of the abdomen, LUQ= Left upper quadrant, LLQ= Left lower quadrant, RLQ= Right lower quadrant, LFT= Liver function test, SIRS= Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, ERCP= Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, IV= Intravenous, N= Normal, AMA= Anti mitochondrial antibodies, LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase, GI= Gastrointestinal, CXR= Chest X ray, IgA= Immunoglobulin A, IgG= Immunoglobulin G, IgM= Immunoglobulin M, CT= Computed tomography, PMN= Polymorphonuclear cells, ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP= C-reactive protein, TS= Transferrin saturation, SF= Serum Ferritin, SMA= Superior mesenteric artery, SMV= Superior mesenteric vein, ECG= Electrocardiogram

Disease Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Comments
Symptoms Signs
Abdominal Pain Fever Rigors and chills Nausea or vomiting Jaundice Constipation Diarrhea Weight loss GI bleeding Hypo-

tension

Guarding Rebound Tenderness Bowel sounds Lab Findings Imaging
Hepatocellular carcinoma/Metastasis RUQ + + + + + + + + +
  • Normal
  • Hyperactive if obstruction present

Other symptoms:

Cholangiocarcinoma RUQ + + + + + Normal
  • Predisposes to pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic carcinoma MidEpigastric + + + + + Normal

Skin manifestations may include:

Focal nodular hyperplasia Diffuse ± ± + + Normal
  • Open biopsy if diagnosis can not be established
Disease Abdominal Pain Fever Rigors and chills Nausea or vomiting Jaundice Constipation Diarrhea Weight loss GI bleeding Hypo-

tension

Guarding Rebound Tenderness Bowel sounds Lab Findings Imaging Comments
Gallbladder cancer Midepigastric + + + + Normal
Liver hemangioma Intermittent RUQ + + Normal
  • Abnormal LFTs
Liver abscess RUQ + + + + Normal
  • US
  • CT
Cirrhosis RUQ+Bloating + + + + Normal US
  • Stigmata of liver disease
  • Cruveilhier- Baumgarten murmur
Inflammatory lesions RUQ ± + + Normal US
  • Nodular,shrunken or coarse liver
  • Stigmata of liver disease

Epidemiology and Demographics

  • In 2012, the incidence of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma was estimated to be 0.02 cases per 100,000 individuals in United States.[1]
  • FLC is a very rare tumor, although the incidence varies geographically. In the United States and Thailand, less than 1 percent of all primary liver tumors are FLC [3,4], while in Mexico, FLC represents 5.8 percent of all primary liver cancers

Age

  • The median age of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis is 33 years.[1]
  • Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is more commonly observed among patients aged 15 to 40 years old.[3]
  • Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is more commonly observed among young patients.[3]

Gender

  • Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma affects men and women equally.

Race

  • There is a racial predilection for Caucasian race.[1]

Risk Factors

There are no risk factors for the development of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma.

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

  • The majority of patients with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma remain asymptomatic for years.
  • Early clinical features include abdominal pain, weight loss, and malaise.[1]
  • If left untreated, the majority of patients with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma may progress to develop metastasis to abdominal lymph nodes, peritoneum, and lung.
  • Common complications of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include:
  • Hepatic failure
  • Caval compression syndrome
  • Gynecomastia
  • Cold agglutinin disease
  • Prognosis will depend on stage at diagnosis. The average survival of patients with fibrolamellar carcinoma in the United States is 73% at 1 year and 32% at 5 years.

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

  • The diagnosis of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is made with the following diagnostic criteria:[1]
  • Positive imaging findings
  • Central scar
  • Small calcifications
  • Single large tumor
  • Clinical criteria:
  • Young onset
  • No previous history of liver disease

Symptoms

  • Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is usually asymptomatic.
  • Symptoms of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma may include the following:[1]
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
  • Abdominal distension
  • Nausea

Physical Examination

  • Patients with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma may be well-appearing or cachectic.
  • Physical examination of the abdomen may be remarkable for:[1]

Auscultation

  • Positive liver scratch test for enlarged liver size.

Percussion

  • Dull percussion

Palpation

Laboratory Findings

  • Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include:[1]

Imaging Findings

  • CT is the imaging modality of choice for fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma
  • On CT, findings of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include:
  • Single large tumors
  • Central scar (seen in ~75% of cases)
  • Central scar shows persistent enhancement on delayed contrast-enhanced CT.
  • On MRI, findings of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, include:[1]
  • T1: typically iso- to hypointense to the liver
  • T2: hypo- to slightly hyperintense
  • T1C+: arterial phase: heterogeneous enhancement/portal delayed phase: iso- to hypointense

Other Diagnostic Studies

  • Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma may also be diagnosed using PET.[1]
  • Findings on PET scan, include:
  • Technetium-99m sulphur colloid scans (taken up by Kupffer cells) are useful as these tumors will not accumulate the agent, whereas FNH does.

Treatment

  • Surgical resection or transplantation is the standard of care for fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) for eligible patients.
  • Trans-arterial chemo-embolization (TACE) may be a useful option in patients who have unresectable disease.
  • FLC is not typically responsive to chemotherapy.
  • In addition to systemic chemotherapy, recent research has focused on taking advantage of the new understanding of the pathogenesis and molecular genetics of FLC.

Medical Therapy

  • Chemotherapy is recommended for metastatic fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC).
  • Single-agent chemotherapy or combinations of chemotherapeutic drugs give responses of no more than 25%, with questionable benefit for overall survival.

Sorafenib

  • Sorafenib is an orally delivered small molecule that inhibits several different protein kinases, including Raf-1 and B-Raf, platelet-derived growth factor β (PDGFR-β), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) 1, 2, and 3.
  • Sorafenib targets both tumor growth (Raf-MEK-ERK pathway) and neoangiogenesis (VEGFRs, PDGFR-β), both of which are thought to be important in the pathogenesis of typical HCC.

Surgical Therapy

  • Optimal management for most hepatic malignancies, including typical hepatocellular carcinoma and fibrolamellar carcinoma, is complete surgical resection
    • Wedge Resection
    • Anatomic liver resection
    • Total hepatectomy with orthotopic liver transplantation.
  • There may be occasional utility in treating fibrolamellar carcinoma with neoadjuvant chemotherapy or trans-arterial chemo-embolization (TACE) with the goal of downstaging the tumor to allow resection.
Procedure Description
Hepatic resection
  • Cirrhosis often limits the feasibility of liver resection in patients with typical hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) because cirrhotic patients have increased perioperative risk and require a larger future liver remnant to be left behind to allow adequate liver function.
  • In contrast, fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) is rarely associated with cirrhosis, and patients are often young and otherwise healthy (For this reason, aggressive liver resections can be more readily undertaken in patients with FLC than in those with typical HCC.)
  • Several factors are associated with a better prognosis following surgery, including younger age at diagnosis, earlier tumor stage at diagnosis, and absence of large vessel invasion or thrombosis.
  • The ability to perform complete resection has been reported to be one of the most important and well-described prognostic factors for FLC.
  • Factors associated with a particularly poor prognosis include lymph node metastasis, multiple tumors, metastatic disease at presentation, and vascular invasion.
  • Patients with resected FLC generally have a prognosis similar to that for noncirrhotic patients with resected typical HCC.
  • Aggressive surgical approaches, even for recurrent disease, can be undertaken with good results.
Orthotopic liver transplantation
  • Total hepatectomy followed by orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) should be considered in patients with unresectable FLC that is confined to the liver. 
  • Even among patients who develop tumor recurrence, the time to recurrence is significantly longer in patients with FLC than in those with typical HCC. This may be a result of more indolent behavior by FLC versus typical HCC.
  • Alternatively, it may result from the fact that accompanying cirrhosis in typical HCC increases the risk of recurrence (including development of a second primary tumor) via a field effect.
  • Orthotopic liver transplantation can result in long-term survival but is a resource-intensive treatment approach.
  • In typical HCC, orthotopic liver transplantation confers the advantage of removing the at-risk cirrhotic liver in addition to the tumor itself.
  • In FLC, this theoretical advantage is likely not present because no such field effect is present (due to the lack of cirrhosis in most cases).
  • As such, it is not clear that the use of donor organs in patients with FLC is an appropriate use of this scarce resource.
  • Newer innovative approaches (eg, adult living-related donations, split-liver techniques, and potential use of marginal donor organs) may allow for a future increase in the use of orthotopic liver transplantation for FLC.

Prevention

  • There are no primary preventive measures available for fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma are followed-up every 3, 6 or 12 months.[1]
  • Follow-up testing include ultrasound, physical exam, and laboratory testing.

References

  1. 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 Michael Torbenson. Fibrolamellar Carcinoma: 2012 Update. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/743790/ Access on April 15, 2016
  2. 2.0 2.1 EDMONDSON HA (1956). "Differential diagnosis of tumors and tumor-like lesions of liver in infancy and childhood". AMA J Dis Child. 91 (2): 168–86. PMID 13282629.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Aramaki M, Kawano K, Sasaki A, Ohno T, Tahara K, Kai S, Iwashita Y, Kitano S (2005). "Hepatocellular carcinoma in young adults". Hepatogastroenterology. 52 (66): 1795–7. PMID 16334779.