Sudden cardiac death epidemiology and demographics

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Sudden cardiac death Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Sudden Cardiac versus Non-Cardiac Death

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Definitions and Diagnosis

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Urgent Treatment

Post Arrest Care and Prevention

Ethical Issues

Sudden cardiac death epidemiology and demographics On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Sudden cardiac death epidemiology and demographics

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Sudden cardiac death epidemiology and demographics

CDC on Sudden cardiac death epidemiology and demographics

Sudden cardiac death epidemiology and demographics in the news

Blogs on Sudden cardiac death epidemiology and demographics

Directions to Hospitals Treating Sudden cardiac death

Risk calculators and risk factors for Sudden cardiac death epidemiology and demographics

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Zand, M.D.[2] Edzel Lorraine Co, DMD, MD[3] Nehal Eid, M.D.[4]

Overview

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) comprises almost 50% of all mortality due to cardiovascular problems [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]. Incidence of SCD increases proportionally with age [7] [8] [9] . Men are more commonly affected with sudden cardiac death than women in all age groups.[6] [10] [11] [12] Racial backgrounds have large effects [13] [14].

Epidemiology and demographics

  • The prevalence of sudden cardiac death is approximately 1.40 per 100,000 individuals in women to 6.68 per 100.000 individuals in men worldwide.[15]
  • In 2015, the incidence of adult in-hospital cardiac arrests was estimated to be 970 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.[16]
  • Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest incidence in apparently healthy adults younger than 40 years ranges from 4 to 14 per 100000 person-years worldwide.[17]
  • .Of an estimated 350,000 to 450,000 total annual out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the US,approximately 10% survive.[18]
  • Approximately 60% of young adults aged 18 through 39 years who experience cardiac arrest outside a hospital die before reaching the hospital. Overall, 9% to 16%survive, of whom 90% have favorable neurological outcomes[19]
  • In some middle-aged males, sports is related to SCD which occurs more frequently in a recreational setting than a competition [20] [21]. In these instances, coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cause [22] [23][24].
  • Few worldwide data exist on outcomes following an event specifically in young adults. However, among 206 individuals aged 18 to 44 years who had arrested outside the hospital in Taiwan from 2017 to 2021,approximately 60% had sudden death(ie,presumed sudden cardiac death) and approximately 40% were resuscitated to hospitalization.[25]

Age

  • There is a low incidence of SCD in infants and children which is approximately 1 per 100,000 person-years.
  • In adults younger than 40 years, the worldwide incidence of presumed sudden cardiac death is 4.2 to 7.8 per 100000 person-years.[26][27][28][29][30]
  • In adults aged 40 through 49 years, the worldwide incidence of presumed sudden cardiac death is 23 to 34 per 100000 person-years.[26][27][28][29][30]
  • The incidence of SCD in middle-aged people (50 to 60 years old) is around 50 per 1000,000 person-years.
  • Among people in their eight decade of life, incidence of SCD approximates about 200 per 100,000 person-years [2].
  • Among autopsy studies of persons younger than age 30 years who had sudden cardiac death, the most common cause was sudden arrhythmic death syndrome with normal heart on postmort emexamination (36%-49%).[31][32]
  • The proportion of cases attributable to CAD increased with age, from 6% to 14% in persons younger than 30 years and to 19% to 46% in persons aged 30 years or older.[31],[32],[7],[33]
  • Unexpected myocarditis is another relatively common underlying cause of sudden cardiac death in young adults.[31],[32],[7]
  • Autopsy-confirmed dilated cardiomyopathy was more frequently identified among individuals who were older than 30 years (10%) than individuals who were younger than 30 years (5%).[31],[32]
  • Autopsy-based studies of individuals with sudden cardiac death aged 18 to 50 years reported that 65% to 78% had at least one known cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor (ie, hypertension, diabetes,dyslipidemia,obesity,smoking) before death.[27],[34] In these studies, compared with the reported prevalence of individual risk factors in the general US population among those aged 20 through 44 years,[35] the reported prevalence of hypertension and diabetes was higher among those with sudden cardiac death (22%-24% vs 12% and 12% - 19% vs 4%, respectively).

Gender

  • Men commonly affected with sudden cardiac death than women in all age groups.[36]
  • In a study of sudden cardiac death in young adults (n =2006,median age, 28 years), CAD was more common in males (44%) than in females (27%), whereas unspecified cardiomyopathy (5% males vs 7% females, P = .04), myocarditis (9% males vs 14% females,P < .001), and valvular heart disease (2% males vs 7% females,P < .001) were more common in young females.[37]

Race

  • Black individuals are more likely to develop cardiac arrest.[38]
  • Incidence of presumed sudden cardiac death among adults younger than 40 years in Cameroon was higher at 12 to 42 per 100000 person-years.[39]
  • In a US study from 1999 through 2015 (n = 31492), Black individuals younger than 34 years had a higher incidence of presumed sudden cardiac deaths (1.88 per 100000 person-years in 2015) than Hispanic individuals (0.66 per 100000 person-years),and White individuals (1.17 per 100000 person-years),[40] which may be due to inequitable access to care [41] and racial disparities among out-of hospital resuscitation attempts.
  • White individuals were more likely to receive bystander CPR after a witnessed cardiac arrest and postresuscitation care than were Black and Hispanic persons in several US based studies.[42][43]

Cardiac arrest in young athletes:

  • Commotio cordis is cardiac arrest precipitated by chest blunt force sufficient to trigger VF.[44],[45] Although commotio cordis incidence is unknown, more than 90% of cases in the US occur among individuals younger than 25 years.[46] Commotio cordis is common in baseball, softball, and football in the US, whereas soccer, cricket, and hockey were the sports most commonly associated with it in non-US populations.[46]

References

  1. ↑ Myerburg RJ, Junttila MJ (2012). "Sudden cardiac death caused by coronary heart disease". Circulation. 125 (8): 1043–52. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.023846. PMID 22371442.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Stecker EC, Reinier K, Marijon E, Narayanan K, Teodorescu C, Uy-Evanado A; et al. (2014). "Public health burden of sudden cardiac death in the United States". Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 7 (2): 212–7. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.113.001034. PMC 4041478. PMID 24610738.
  3. ↑ Chen LY, Sotoodehnia N, Bůžková P, Lopez FL, Yee LM, Heckbert SR; et al. (2013). "Atrial fibrillation and the risk of sudden cardiac death: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study and cardiovascular health study". JAMA Intern Med. 173 (1): 29–35. doi:10.1001/2013.jamainternmed.744. PMC 3578214. PMID 23404043.
  4. ↑ Marijon E, Uy-Evanado A, Dumas F, Karam N, Reinier K, Teodorescu C; et al. (2016). "Warning Symptoms Are Associated With Survival From Sudden Cardiac Arrest". Ann Intern Med. 164 (1): 23–9. doi:10.7326/M14-2342. PMC 5624713. PMID 26720493.
  5. ↑ Glinge C, Jabbari R, Risgaard B, Lynge TH, Engstrøm T, Albert CM; et al. (2015). "Symptoms Before Sudden Arrhythmic Death Syndrome: A Nationwide Study Among the Young in Denmark". J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 26 (7): 761–7. doi:10.1111/jce.12674. PMID 25807988.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ågesen FN, Lynge TH, Blanche P, Banner J, Prescott E, Jabbari R; et al. (2021). "Temporal trends and sex differences in sudden cardiac death in the Copenhagen City Heart Study". Heart. 107 (16): 1303–1309. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318881. PMID 34021040 Check |pmid= value (help).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Winkel BG, Holst AG, Theilade J, Kristensen IB, Thomsen JL, Ottesen GL; et al. (2011). "Nationwide study of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1-35 years". Eur Heart J. 32 (8): 983–90. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq428. PMID 21131293.
  8. ↑ Pilmer CM, Kirsh JA, Hildebrandt D, Krahn AD, Gow RM (2014). "Sudden cardiac death in children and adolescents between 1 and 19 years of age". Heart Rhythm. 11 (2): 239–45. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.11.006. PMID 24239636.
  9. ↑ Risgaard B, Winkel BG, Jabbari R, Behr ER, Ingemann-Hansen O, Thomsen JL; et al. (2014). "Burden of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1 to 49 years: nationwide study in Denmark". Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 7 (2): 205–11. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.113.001421. PMID 24604905.
  10. ↑ Deo R, Albert CM (2012). "Epidemiology and genetics of sudden cardiac death". Circulation. 125 (4): 620–37. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.023838. PMC 3399522. PMID 22294707.
  11. ↑ Gerber Y, Jacobsen SJ, Frye RL, Weston SA, Killian JM, Roger VL (2006). "Secular trends in deaths from cardiovascular diseases: a 25-year community study". Circulation. 113 (19): 2285–92. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.590463. PMID 16682616.
  12. ↑ Krahn AD, Connolly SJ, Roberts RS, Gent M, ATMA Investigators (2004). "Diminishing proportional risk of sudden death with advancing age: implications for prevention of sudden death". Am Heart J. 147 (5): 837–40. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2003.12.017. PMID 15131539.
  13. ↑ Becker LB, Han BH, Meyer PM, Wright FA, Rhodes KV, Smith DW; et al. (1993). "Racial differences in the incidence of cardiac arrest and subsequent survival. The CPR Chicago Project". N Engl J Med. 329 (9): 600–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM199308263290902. PMID 8341333.
  14. ↑ Zhao D, Post WS, Blasco-Colmenares E, Cheng A, Zhang Y, Deo R; et al. (2019). "Racial Differences in Sudden Cardiac Death". Circulation. 139 (14): 1688–1697. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036553. PMC 6443438. PMID 30712378.
  15. ↑ Priori, Silvia G.; Blomström-Lundqvist, Carina; Mazzanti, Andrea; Blom, Nico; Borggrefe, Martin; Camm, John; Elliott, Perry Mark; Fitzsimons, Donna; Hatala, Robert; Hindricks, Gerhard; Kirchhof, Paulus; Kjeldsen, Keld; Kuck, Karl-Heinz; Hernandez-Madrid, Antonio; Nikolaou, Nikolaos; Norekvål, Tone M.; Spaulding, Christian; Van Veldhuisen, Dirk J. (2015). "2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death". European Heart Journal. 36 (41): 2793–2867. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv316. ISSN 0195-668X.
  16. ↑ Holmberg, Mathias J.; Ross, Catherine E.; Fitzmaurice, Garrett M.; Chan, Paul S.; Duval-Arnould, Jordan; Grossestreuer, Anne V.; Yankama, Tuyen; Donnino, Michael W.; Andersen, Lars W.; Chan, Paul; Grossestreuer, Anne V.; Moskowitz, Ari; Edelson, Dana; Ornato, Joseph; Berg, Katherine; Peberdy, Mary Ann; Churpek, Matthew; Kurz, Michael; Starks, Monique Anderson; Girotra, Saket; Perman, Sarah; Goldberger, Zachary; Guerguerian, Anne-Marie; Atkins, Dianne; Foglia, Elizabeth; Fink, Ericka; Lasa, Javier J.; Roberts, Joan; Bembea, Melanie; Gaies, Michael; Kleinman, Monica; Gupta, Punkaj; Sutton, Robert; Sawyer, Taylor (2019). "Annual Incidence of Adult and Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the United States". Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 12 (7). doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005580. ISSN 1941-7713.
  17. ↑ Meyer L,Stubbs B,Fahrenbruch C,et al. Incidence, causes, and survival trends from cardiovascular-related sudden cardiac arrest in children and youngadults 0 to 35 years of age: a 30 year review.Circulation. 2012;126(11):1363-1372. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.076810
  18. ↑ Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, et al; American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2023 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023;147(8):e93-e621. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001123
  19. ↑ Tseng ZH, Nakasuka K. Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Apparently Healthy, Young Adults. JAMA. 2025;333(11):981–996. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.27916
  20. ↑ Marijon E, Tafflet M, Celermajer DS, Dumas F, Perier MC, Mustafic H; et al. (2011). "Sports-related sudden death in the general population". Circulation. 124 (6): 672–81. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.008979. PMID 21788587.
  21. ↑ Heidbuchel H, Willems R, Jordaens L, Olshansky B, Carre F, Lozano IF; et al. (2019). "Intensive recreational athletes in the prospective multinational ICD Sports Safety Registry: Results from the European cohort". Eur J Prev Cardiol. 26 (7): 764–775. doi:10.1177/2047487319834852. PMID 30813818.
  22. ↑ Risgaard B, Winkel BG, Jabbari R, Glinge C, Ingemann-Hansen O, Thomsen JL; et al. (2014). "Sports-related sudden cardiac death in a competitive and a noncompetitive athlete population aged 12 to 49 years: data from an unselected nationwide study in Denmark". Heart Rhythm. 11 (10): 1673–81. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.05.026. PMID 24861446.
  23. ↑ Marijon E, Bougouin W, Périer MC, Celermajer DS, Jouven X (2013). "Incidence of sports-related sudden death in France by specific sports and sex". JAMA. 310 (6): 642–3. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.8711. PMID 23942684.
  24. ↑ Marijon E, Uy-Evanado A, Reinier K, Teodorescu C, Narayanan K, Jouven X; et al. (2015). "Sudden cardiac arrest during sports activity in middle age". Circulation. 131 (16): 1384–91. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011988. PMC 4406826. PMID 25847988.
  25. ↑ Chen CY, Fan CY, Chen IC,et al.The interaction of sex and age on outcomes in emergency medical services-treated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a 5-year multicenter retrospective analysis. Resusc Plus. 2024;17:100552. doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2024.100552
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Zhang J, Zhou X, Xing Q,et al.Epidemiological investigation of sudden cardiac death in multiethnic Xinjiang Uyghur autonomousregion in Northwest China. BMCPublicHealth. 2019;19(1):116. doi:10. 1186/s12889-019-6435-8
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Tseng ZH, Olgin JE, Vittinghoff E, et al. Prospective countywide surveillance and autopsy characterization of sudden cardiac death: POST SCDstudy.Circulation. 2018;137(25):2689-2700. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.033427
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Empana JP, Lerner I, Valentin E, et al; ESCAPE-NET Investigators. Incidence of sudden cardiac death in the EuropeanUnion.JAmColl Cardiol. 2022;79(18):1818-1827. doi:10.1016/j.jacc. 2022.02.041
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Hua W, Zhang LF, Wu YF, et al.Incidence of sudden cardiac death in China:analysis of 4 regional populations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54 (12):1110-1118. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.06.016
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Hendrix A, Vaartjes I, Mosterd A, et al. Regional differences in incidence of sudden cardiac death in the young.NethJMed.2010;68(6):274-279.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 Bagnall RD, Weintraub RG, Ingles J, et al. A prospective study of sudden cardiac death among children and young adults. NEnglJMed.2016;374 (25):2441-2452. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1510687
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 Wisten A, Krantz P, Stattin EL. Sudden cardiac death among the young in Sweden from 2000 to 2010: an autopsy-based study. Europace.2017;19 (8):1327-1334.
  33. ↑ Lynge TH, Nielsen JL, Risgaard B, van der Werf C, Winkel BG, Tfelt-Hansen J. Causes of sudden cardiac death according to age and sex in persons aged1-49 years. HeartRhythm.2023;20(1):61-68. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.08.036
  34. ↑ Vähätalo J, Holmström L, Pakanen L, et al. Coronary artery disease as the cause of sudden cardiac death among victims <50 years of age.Am J Cardiol. 2021;147:33-38. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard. 2021.02.012
  35. ↑ Aggarwal R, Yeh RW, Joynt Maddox KE, Wadhera RK. Cardiovascular risk factor prevalence, treatment, and control in us adults aged 20 to 44 years, 2009 to March 2020.JAMA.2023;329(11): 899-909.doi:10.1001/jama.2023.2307
  36. ↑ Eckart, Robert E.; Shry, Eric A.; Burke, Allen P.; McNear, Jennifer A.; Appel, David A.; Castillo-Rojas, Laudino M.; Avedissian, Lena; Pearse, Lisa A.; Potter, Robert N.; Tremaine, Ladd; Gentlesk, Philip J.; Huffer, Linda; Reich, Stephen S.; Stevenson, William G. (2011). "Sudden Death in Young Adults". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 58 (12): 1254–1261. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.01.049. ISSN 0735-1097.
  37. ↑ Ha FJ, Han HC, Sanders P, et al. Sudden cardiac death in the young:incidence, trends, and risk factors in a nationwide study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2020;13(10):e006470.doi:10.1161/ CIRCOUTCOMES.119.006470
  38. ↑ Becker, Lance B.; Han, Ben H.; Meyer, Peter M.; Wright, Fred A.; Rhodes, Karin V.; Smith, David W.; Barrett, John (1993). "Racial Differences in the Incidence of Cardiac Arrest and Subsequent Survival". New England Journal of Medicine. 329 (9): 600–606. doi:10.1056/NEJM199308263290902. ISSN 0028-4793.
  39. ↑ Bonny A,Tibazarwa K, Mbouh S, et al; PanAfrican Society of Cardiology (PASCAR) Task Force on Sudden Cardiac Death.Epidemiology of sudden cardiac death in Cameroon:the first population-based cohort survey in sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(4):1230-1238. doi:10.1093/ije/dyx043
  40. ↑ El-AssaadI, Al-Kindi SG, Aziz PF. Trends of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac death among children and youngadults. Pediatrics. 2017;140(6): e20171438. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-1438
  41. ↑ Noonan AS, Velasco-Mondragon HE, Wagner FA. Improving the health of African Americans in the USA: an overdue opportunity for social justice. Public Health Rev. 2016;37:12. doi:10. 1186/s40985-016-0025-4
  42. ↑ Toy J, Bosson N, Schlesinger S,Gausche-Hill M. Racial and ethnic disparities in the provision of bystander CPR after witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the United States. Resuscitation. 2023;190:109901. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023. 109901
  43. ↑ Casey SD, Mumma BE.Sex,race,and insurance status differences in hospital treatment and outcomes following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2018;126:125-129. doi:10.1016/j. resuscitation.2018.02.027
  44. ↑ Maron BJ, Estes NA III. Commotio cordis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(10):917-927.doi:10.1056/ NEJMra0910111
  45. ↑ Peng T, Derry LT, Yogeswaran V, Goldschlager NF. Commotio cordis in 2023. SportsMed.2023;53 (8):1527-1536. doi:10.1007/s40279-023-01873-6
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Maron BJ, Ahluwalia A, Haas TS, Semsarian C, Link MS, Estes NA III. Global epidemiology and JAMA March18,2025 Volume 333,Number11 (Reprinted) demographics of commotio cordis. HeartRhythm. 2011;8(12):1969-1971. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.07. 014

Template:WH Template:WS

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Sudden_cardiac_death_epidemiology_and_demographics&oldid=1743930"