Nausea and vomiting natural history, complications and prognosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vishnu Vardhan Serla M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
Natural history, complications and prognosis
Natural history
- Nausea starts as an urge of vomiting. There is a diffuse sensation of unease and discomfort (often described as feeling sick or queasy feeling). Discomfort in chest, upper abdomen or back of throat might be present. It is often accompanied by excessive salivation. If vomiting follows, there is involuntary expulsion of stomach contents through mouth and sometimes nose. If nausea and vomiting are left untreated, the general feeing of distress can progress to life threatening complications.
Complications
- aspiration of gastric content [1]
- dehydration [2]
- electrolyte imbalance leading to metabolic alkalosis (increased blood pH), showing hypokalemia and hypochloremia [2] [1]
- cachexia due to loss of intake of food [2]
- antepartum hemorrhage of indeterminate origin in early pregnancy [3]
- callus formation and abrasions on skin of hands in case of self induced vomiting [1]
- pressure on ear, nose and eyes sometimes leading to subconjunctival hemorrhage and nose bleeds due to prolonged retching [1]
- dental erosion, discoloration and sensitivity of teeth, gum disease due to acidic gastric content [1]
- mucositis of hard palate and throat [1]
- salivary gland enlargement and parotid gland hypertrophy in bulimics [1] [4]
- Cardiovascular symptoms including hypotention, sinus tachycardia, arrythmias and orthostasis in bulimic patients [1]
Prognosis
Prognosis for nausea and vomiting depends on the underlying cause.
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 Brown, Carrie A.; Mehler, Philip S. (2013). "Medical Complications of Self-Induced Vomiting". Eating Disorders. 21 (4): 287–294. doi:10.1080/10640266.2013.797317. ISSN 1064-0266.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kim GH, Jung KW (December 2017). "[Vomiting]". Korean J Gastroenterol (in Korean). 70 (6): 283–287. doi:10.4166/kjg.2017.70.6.283. PMID 29277090.
- ↑ Chin RK (December 1989). "Antenatal complications and perinatal outcome in patients with nausea and vomiting-complicated pregnancy". Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 33 (3): 215–9. doi:10.1016/0028-2243(89)90132-9. PMID 2599251.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Metzger ED, Levine JM, McArdle CR, Wolfe BE, Jimerson DC (June 1999). "Salivary gland enlargement and elevated serum amylase in bulimia nervosa". Biol Psychiatry. 45 (11): 1520–2. doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00221-2. PMID 10356637.