Atrial flutter causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Atrial flutter is caused by a re-entrant rhythm in either the right or left atrium. Causes of atrial flutter can be grouped into two categories which are intrinsic diseases of the heart and extrinsic diseases that can affect the heart. The most common causes of atrial flutter are coronary artery disease, hypertensive heart disease and valve abnormalities of the heart.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Common Causes
- Acute coronary syndromes
- Cardiomyopathy
- Congenital heart disease
- Hypertensive heart disease
- Hyperthyroidism
- Mitral valve disease[1] [2]
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Alcohol
- Amoebiasis[3]
- Amphetamines
- Ankylosing spondylitis
- Anxiety
- Aortic regurgitation
- Aortic stenosis
- Atrial myxoma
- Binge drinking
- Caffeine
- Carbon monoxide poisoning
- Cardiac surgery[4]
- Cardiac transplantation[5]
- Cardiomyopathy
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Cocaine
- Congenital heart disease
- Congestive heart failure
- Coronary artery disease
- Crohn's disease
- Cyclophosphamide
- Digitalis toxicity[6]
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
- Disopyramide
- Emphysema
- Flecainide
- Heart bypass surgery
- Holiday heart syndrome
- Hypertensive heart disease
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- Hypoxia
- Incomplete ablation procedures
- Ischemic heart disease
- Ixabepilone
- Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
- Lithium
- Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome
- Lung cancer
- Mitral regurgitation
- Mitral valve prolapse
- Mitral valve stenosis
- Myocardial infarction[7]
- Myocardial ischemia
- Myotonic dystrophy
- Neonatal coxsackie myocarditis
- Nonimmune hydrops fetalis
- Obstructive sleep apnea
- Open heart surgery
- Orlistat
- Pericarditis
- Pheochromocytoma
- Pneumonia
- Procainamide
- Propafenone
- Psoriatic arthritis
- Pulmonary embolism
- Quinidine
- Reactive arthritis
- Rheumatic fever
- Rheumatic heart disease
- Sarcoidosis[8]
- Sick sinus syndrome[9]
- Spondyloarthritis[10]
- Stress
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage
- Temporary cardiac pacing
- Thyrotoxicosis
- Type Ia antiarrhythmic agents
- Type Ic antiarrhythmic agents
- Type III antiarrhythmic agents
- Ulcerative colitis
- Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
References
- ↑ Gutierrez SD, Earing MG, Singh AK, Tweddell JS, Bartz PJ (2012). "Atrial Tachyarrhythmias and the Cox-maze Procedure in Congenital Heart Disease". Congenit Heart Dis. doi:10.1111/chd.12031. PMID 23280242. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ Granada, J.; Uribe, W.; Chyou, PH.; Maassen, K.; Vierkant, R.; Smith, PN.; Hayes, J.; Eaker, E.; Vidaillet, H. (2000). "Incidence and predictors of atrial flutter in the general population". J Am Coll Cardiol. 36 (7): 2242–6. PMID 11127467. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ Murali, A.; Balu, K.; Paari, V.; Rajendiran, G. (2011). "Atrial flutter and pericarditis--a rare complication of right lobe amoebic liver abscess". Med J Malaysia. 66 (5): 499–500. PMID 22390111. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ Fukamizu S, Sakurada H, Hayashi T; et al. (2012). "Macroreentrant Atrial Tachycardia in Patients without Previous Atrial Surgery or Catheter Ablation: Clinical and Electrophysiological Characteristics of Scar-Related Left Atrial Anterior Wall Reentry". J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. doi:10.1111/jce.12059. PMID 23279349. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ Nevzorov, R.; Ben-Gal, T.; Strasberg, B.; Haim, M. (2012). "Atrial flutter in a post-transplant recipient". Isr Med Assoc J. 14 (7): 448–9. PMID 22953623. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ FRIEDBERG, CK.; DONOSO, E. (1960). "Arrhythmias and conduction disturbances due to digitalis". Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2: 408–31. PMID 13825021. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ JULIAN DG, VALENTINE PA, MILLER GG (1964). "DISTURBANCES OF RATE, RHYTHM AND CONDUCTION IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 100 CONSECUTIVE UNSELECTED PATIENTS WITH THE AID OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC MONITORING". Am J Med. 37: 915–27. PMID 14246092.
- ↑ Namboodiri N, Stiles MK, Young GD, Sanders P (2012). "Electrophysiological features of atrial flutter in cardiac sarcoidosis: a report of two cases". Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 12 (6): 284–9. PMC 3513242. PMID 23233762. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ Varma, N.; Helms, R.; Benson, DW.; Sanagala, T. (2011). "Congenital sick sinus syndrome with atrial inexcitability and coronary sinus flutter". Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 4 (5): e52–8. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.111.964213. PMID 22010118. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ Tolat, A.; Krishnan, S.; Lippman, N.; Dell'Orfano, J.; Berns, E. (2010). "Advanced heart block and atrial flutter in a patient with HLA B27 spondyloarthropathy". Europace. 12 (6): 903–4. doi:10.1093/europace/euq008. PMID 20118489. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help)