Viral encephalitis causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Encephalitis}}
{{Viral encephalitis}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editors-In-Chief:''' [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, MBBS]] [mailto:psingh13579@gmail.com]
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Ochuko}}; [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, MBBS]] [mailto:psingh13579@gmail.com]; {{AG}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
 
Life-threatening causes of encephalitis include ''[[Balamuthia mandrillaris]]'' and [[Dengue fever]]. Common causes of encephalitis include infections with viruses such as [[arbovirus]]s, [[herpes simplex]], [[measles]], [[mumps]], [[polio]], and [[rabies]], which often lead to an autoimmune response. Less common causes of encephalitis include chronic autoimmune disorders and infections with [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and [[parasites]].
'''Encephalitis''' is an [[Acute (medical)|acute]] [[inflammation]] of the [[brain]], commonly caused by a [[virus|viral]] [[infection]]. Sometimes, encephalitis can result from a [[bacteria]]l infection, such as bacterial [[meningitis]], or it may be a complication of other infectious diseases like [[rabies]] (viral) or [[syphilis]] (bacterial). Certain [[parasitic]] or [[protozoa]]l infestations, such as [[toxoplasmosis]], [[malaria]], or [[primary amoebic meningoencephalitis]], can also cause encephalitis in people with [[immune deficiency|compromised]] [[immune system]]s. Additionally, fungal, and autoimmune disorders can also produce encephalitis


==Causes==
==Causes==
Encephalitis is a rare condition. It occurs more often in the first year of life and decreases with age. The very young and the elderly are more likely to have a severe case. Encephalitis is most often caused by a viral infection. The virus causes inflammation of brain tissue. The brain tissue swells (cerebral edema), which may destroy nerve cells, cause bleeding in the brain (intracerebral hemorrhage), and brain damage. Many types of viruses may cause it. Exposure to viruses can occur through:
===Life Threatening Causes===
 
Life-threatening causes include:<ref name="pmid24374438">{{cite journal| author=Matin A, Jung SY, Nawaz S| title=In vitro assessment of cytokines interactions with Balamuthia mandrillaris using human brain microvascular endothelial cells. | journal=Pak J Pharm Sci | year= 2014 | volume= 27 | issue= 1 | pages= 107-13 | pmid=24374438 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24374438  }} </ref>
* Breathing in respiratory droplets from an infected person
*[[Balamuthia mandrillaris]]
* Contaminated food or drink
*[[Dengue fever]]
* Mosquito, tick, and other insect bites
If left untreated, these conditions may result in subsequent [[mortality]] or permanent disability within 24 hours.
* Skin contact
 
Different viruses will occur in different locations. Many cases will tend to cluster in a certain season. Encephalitis caused by the herpes simplex virus is the leading cause of more severe cases in all ages, including newborns. A number of viruses for which there is now a vaccine may also cause encephalitis. These include:


* [[Measles (patient information)|Measles]]
===Common Causes===
* [[Mumps (patient information)|Mumps]]
*[[Arbovirus]]
* [[Poliomyelitis (patient information)|Polio]]
*[[Herpes simplex virus]]
* [[Rabies (patient information)|Rabies]]
*[[Measles]]
* [[Rubella (patient information)|Rubella]]
*[[Mumps]]
* Varicella ([[Chickenpox (patient information)|chickenpox]])
*[[Poliomyelitis|Polio]]
 
*[[Rabies]]
Other viruses that cause encephalitis include:
 
* [[Adenovirus]]
* [[Coxsackievirus]]
* [[Cytomegalovirus]]
* Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus
* [[Echovirus]]
* [[West Nile virus]]


==Causes by Organ System==
==Causes by Organ System==
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{|style="width:75%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:75%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |[[Kawasaki disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arsenic]], [[heavy metal ingestion|heavy metal toxicity]], [[icaridin]], [[organophosphate poisoning]], [[poison hemlock]], [[thallium]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behcet disease]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acyclovir]], [[interferon]], [[kynurenic acid]], [[levodopa]], [[methamphetamine]], [[trimethobenzamide]], [[zanamivir]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cholesteatoma]], [[labyrinthitis]], [[sinusitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Myasthenia gravis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Porphyria]], [[Reye's syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aicardi-Goutières syndrome]], [[biotinidase deficiency]], [[familial histiocytic reticulosis]], [[hemophagocytic reticulosis]], [[ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency]], [[porphyria]], [[Smith-Magenis syndrome|Smith disease]], [[Tourette syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Vasculitic Neuropathy]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Familial histiocytic reticulosis]], [[hemophagocytic reticulosis]], [[autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome|lymphoproliferative syndrome]], [[porphyria]], [[x-linked agammaglobulinemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Botulism]], [[diphtheria]], [[Lyme disease]], [[poliomyelitis]], [[CMV]], paresis caused by [[West Nile fever]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[alkhurma virus]], [[Borrelia burgdorferi]], [[botulism]], [[brome mosaic virus]], [[California encephalitis virus]], [[campylobacter fetus]], [[capnocytophaga canimorsus]], [[cardiovirus]], [[cat scratch disease]], [[cercopithecine herpesvirus 1]], [[Chagas disease]], [[chandipura virus]], [[chicken pox]], [[coccidioides spp]], [[Colorado tick fever]], [[congenital herpes simplex]], [[congenital rubella syndrome]], [[congenital syphilis]], [[coxiella burnetii ]], [[coxsackievirus]], [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]], [[cryptococcosis]], [[cryptococcus neoformans]], [[cysticercosis]], [[cytomegalovirus]], [[dengue fever]], [[diphtheria]], [[duvenhage virus]], [[Eastern equine encephalitis virus]], [[Ebstein-Barr virus]], [[ehrlichia|ehrlichia chaffeensis]], [[ehrlichiosis]], [[elizabethkingia meningoseptica]], [[enterobacter sakazakii]], [[enterovirus 70]], [[enterovirus|enterovirus 71]], [[enteroviruses]], [[escherichia coli]], [[feline viral rhinotracheitis]], [[human parainfluenza viruses classification|fetal parainfluenza virus type 3]], [[flavivirus|flavivirus infections]], [[flu]], [[gnathostomiasis|gnathostoma hispidum infection]], [[gnathostoma spinigerum]], [[gnathostoma spinigerum|gnathostoma spinigerum infection]], [[gnathostomiasis]], [[group B streptococcal infection|streptococcus, group B]], [[haemophilus influenzae]], [[hand-foot-and-mouth disease]], [[hantavirosis ]], [[hemorrhagic fever]], [[hendra virus]], [[henipavirus]], [[hepatitis E virus]], [[herpes B virus]], [[herpes simplex virus]], [[histoplasma capsulatum]], [[HIV]], [[ehrlichiosis|human granulocytotrophic ehrlichiosis]], [[human herpesvirus 6]], [[ehrlichiosis|human monocytotrophic ehrlichiosis]], [[subacute sclerosing panencephalitis|immunosuppressive measles encephalitis]], [[infectious canine hepatitis]], [[influenza virus]], [[Japanese encephalitis]], [[JC virus]], [[klebsiella]], [[tick-borne encephalitis|kumlinge virus encephalitis]], [[kunjin virus]], [[La Crosse encephalitis]], [[labyrinthitis]], [[lassa fever]], [[listeria monocytogenes]], [[listeriosis ]], [[louping ill]], [[Lyme disease]], [[lymphocytic choriomeningitis]], [[lyssavirus]], [[malaria]], [[measles]], [[mokola virus]], [[mononucleosis ]], [[mumps ]], [[mumps virus]], [[Murray Valley encephalitis virus]], [[mycobacterium avium-intracellulare]], [[mycobacterium tuberculosis]], [[mycoplasma pneumoniae]], [[naegleria fowleri]], [[neisseria meningiditis]], [[neonatal herpes]], [[nipah virus]], [[nocardia]], [[pertussis]], [[phlebovirus]], [[pneumococcus]], [[poliomyelitis]], [[pontiac fever]], [[Powassan virus]], [[poxviridae disease]], [[primary amoebic meningoencephalitis ]], [[encephalitis classification|primary encephalitis]], [[progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy]], [[pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[psittacosis]], [[Q fever]], [[rickettsia|Queensland tick typhus]], [[rabies]], [[Rasmussen's encephalitis]], [[rickettsiae]], [[Rift Valley fever]], [[tropical disease|rocio encephalitis]], [[Rocky Mountain spotted fever]], [[rubella]], [[salmonella typhi]], [[schistosoma japonicum]], [[encephalitis classification|secondary encephalitis]], [[shingles]], [[polyomavirus|Simian B virus infection]], [[sinusitis]], [[St. Louis encephalitis]], [[staphylococcus aureus]], [[streptococcus pneumoniae]], [[streptococcus suis]], [[subacute sclerosing panencephalitis]], [[taenia solium]], [[tick-borne encephalitis]], [[togaviridae disease]], [[TORCH syndrome]], [[toxocariasis]], [[toxoplasma gondii]], [[toxoplasmosis]], [[trench fever]], [[treponema pallidum]], [[trichinella]], [[trichinosis]], [[tropheryma whipplei]], [[trypanosoma brucei gambiense]], [[trypanosomiasis]], [[typhoid fever]], [[vaccinia]], [[varicella zoster]], [[varicella zoster virus]], [[Venezuelan equine encephalitis]], [[viral encephalitis]], [[visna virus]], [[West Nile fever]], [[Western equine encephalitis]], [[Western equine encephalitis virus]], [[whooping cough]], [[yersinia pestis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[myopathy|Metabolic myopathies]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[skull fracture]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cauda equina syndrome]], [[Conus medullaris]], [[Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy]], [[Myasthenia Gravis]], [[Multiple Sclerosis]], acute myelopathies with chronic back pain and sphincter dysfunction
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aicardi-Goutières syndrome]], [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]], [[aseptic meningitis]], [[cauda equina syndrome]], [[cerebral palsy]], [[chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy]], [[conus medullaris]], [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]], [[Lennox-Gastaut syndrome]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome]], [[paraneoplastic syndrome|paraneoplastic neurologic disorders]], [[poliomyelitis]], [[progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy]], [[Rasmussen syndrome]], [[Schilder's disease]], [[St. Louis encephalitis]], [[status epilepticus]], [[subacute sclerosing panencephalitis]], [[temporal lobe epilepsy]], [[Tourette syndrome]], [[tourettism]], [[Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Metabolic Myopathies]], [[Nutritional Neuropathy]],
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Biotinidase deficiency]], [[myopathy|metabolic myopathies]], [[ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[TORCH syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[paraneoplastic syndrome|Paraneoplastic neurologic disorders]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Heavy Metal Toxicity]], poisonings with [[organophosphate]], poison hemlock, [[thallium]], or [[arsenic]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Heavy metal ingestion|Heavy metal toxicity]], [[Reye's syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy]], [[shaken baby syndrome]], [[Tourette syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Flu]], [[pertussis]], [[whooping cough]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behcet disease]], [[chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[x-linked agammaglobulinemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cauda equina syndrome]], [[shaken baby syndrome]], [[skull fracture]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[porphyria]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Porphyria]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{columns-list|
*[[Acanthamoeba]]
*[[Actinomycosis]]
*[[Acyclovir]]
*[[Adenovirus]]
*[[African trypanosomiasis]]
*[[Aicardi-Goutières syndrome]] <ref name="pmid18343173">{{cite journal| author=Stephenson JB| title=Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS). | journal=Eur J Paediatr Neurol | year= 2008 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= 355-8 | pmid=18343173 | doi=10.1016/j.ejpn.2007.11.010 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18343173  }} </ref>
*[[Alkhurma virus]]
*[[Rocky Mountain spotted fever|American mountain fever]]
*[[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]
*[[Anaplasma phagocytophilum ]]
*[[Angiostrongyliasis]]
*[[arbovirus|Arboviral encephalitis]]
*[[Arsenic]]
*[[Aseptic meningitis]]
*[[Aspergillosis]]
*[[Bacteroides]]
*[[Balamuthia mandrillaris]]
*[[Bartonella henselae]]
*[[Bartonella quintana]]
*[[Bartonellosis]]
*[[baylisascaris|Baylisascaris procyonis]]
*[[Behcet disease]]
*[[Biotinidase deficiency]]
*[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]
*[[Botulism]]
*[[Brome mosaic virus]]
*[[California encephalitis virus]]
*[[Campylobacter fetus]]
*[[Capnocytophaga canimorsus]]
*[[Cardiovirus]]
*[[Cat scratch disease]]
*[[Cauda equina syndrome]]
*[[Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1]]
*[[Chagas disease]]
*[[Chandipura virus]]
*[[Chicken pox]]
*[[Cholesteatoma]]
*[[Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy]]
*[[Coccidioides spp]]
*[[Colorado tick fever]]
*[[Congenital herpes simplex ]]
*[[Congenital rubella syndrome]]
*[[Congenital syphilis]]
*[[Conus medullaris]]
*[[Coxiella burnetii]]
*[[Coxsackievirus]]
*[[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]]
*[[Cryptococcosis ]]
*[[Cryptococcus neoformans]]
*[[Cysticercosis]]
*[[Cytomegalovirus]]
*[[Dengue fever]] <ref name="pmid25848785">{{cite journal| author=Pancer K, Szkoda MT, Gut W| title=Imported cases of dengue in Poland and their diagnosis. | journal=Przegl Epidemiol | year= 2014 | volume= 68 | issue= 4 | pages= 651-5 | pmid=25848785 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25848785  }} </ref>
*[[Diphtheria]]
*[[Duvenhage virus]]
*[[Eastern equine encephalitis virus]]
*[[Ebstein-Barr virus]]
*[[Echovirus]]
*[[ehrlichia|Ehrlichia chaffeensis]]
*[[Ehrlichiosis]]
*[[Elizabethkingia meningoseptica]]
*[[Enterobacter sakazakii]]
*[[Enterovirus 70]]
*[[enterovirus|Enterovirus 71]]
*[[Enteroviruses ]]
*[[Escherichia coli]]
*[[Familial histiocytic reticulosis]]
*[[Feline viral rhinotracheitis]]
*[[human parainfluenza viruses classification|Fetal parainfluenza virus type 3 ]]
*[[flavivirus|Flavivirus infections]]
*[[Flu]]
*[[gnathostomiasis|Gnathostoma hispidum infection]]
*[[Gnathostoma spinigerum]]
*[[gnathostoma spinigerum|Gnathostoma spinigerum infection]]
*[[Gnathostomiasis]]
*[[Haemophilus influenzae]]
*[[Hand-foot-and-mouth disease]]
*[[Hantavirosis]]
*[[heavy metal ingestion|Heavy metal toxicity]]
*[[Hemophagocytic reticulosis]]
*[[Hemorrhagic fever]] <ref name="pmid16652309">{{cite journal| author=Paddock CD, Nicholson WL, Bhatnagar J, Goldsmith CS, Greer PW, Hayes EB et al.| title=Fatal hemorrhagic fever caused by West Nile virus in the United States. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2006 | volume= 42 | issue= 11 | pages= 1527-35 | pmid=16652309 | doi=10.1086/503841 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16652309  }} </ref>
*[[Hendra virus]]
*[[Hepatitis E virus]]
*[[Herpes B virus]]
*[[Herpes simplex virus]]
*[[Histoplasma capsulatum]]
*[[HIV]]
*[[ehrlichiosis|Human granulocytotrophic ehrlichiosis]]
*[[Human herpesvirus 6]]
*[[ehrlichiosis|Human monocytotrophic ehrlichiosis]]
*[[Icaridin]]
*[[subacute sclerosing panencephalitis|Immunosuppressive measles encephalitis ]]
*[[Infectious canine hepatitis]]
*[[Influenza virus]]
*[[Interferon]]
*[[Japanese encephalitis]]
*[[JC virus]]
*[[Kawasaki disease]]
*[[Klebsiella]]
*[[tick-borne encephalitis|Kumlinge virus encephalitis]] <ref name="pmid2703799">{{cite journal| author=Wahlberg P, Saikku P, Brummer-Korvenkontio M| title=Tick-borne viral encephalitis in Finland. The clinical features of Kumlinge disease during 1959-1987. | journal=J Intern Med | year= 1989 | volume= 225 | issue= 3 | pages= 173-7 | pmid=2703799 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2703799  }} </ref>
*[[Kunjin virus]]
*[[Kynurenic acid]]
*[[La Crosse encephalitis]]
*[[Labyrinthitis]]
*[[Lassa fever]]
*[[Lennox-Gastaut syndrome]]
*[[Levodopa]]
*[[Listeria monocytogenes]]
*[[Listeriosis ]]
*[[Louping ill]]
*[[Lyme disease]]
*[[Lymphocytic choriomeningitis]]
*[[autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome|Lymphoproliferative syndrome]]
*[[Lyssavirus]]
*[[Malaria]]
*[[Measles]]
*[[myopathy|Metabolic myopathies]]
*[[Methamphetamine]]
*[[Mokola virus]]
*[[Mononucleosis ]]
*[[Multiple sclerosis]]
*[[Mumps]]
*[[Murray Valley encephalitis virus]]
*[[Myasthenia gravis]]
*[[Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare]]
*[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
*[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]
*[[Naegleria fowleri]]
*[[Neisseria meningiditis]]
*[[Neonatal herpes]]
*[[Nipah virus]]
*[[Nocardia]]
*[[Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome]]
*[[Organophosphate poisoning]]
*[[Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency]]
*[[paraneoplastic syndrome|Paraneoplastic neurologic disorders]]
*[[Pertussis]]
*[[Phlebovirus]]
*[[Plasmodium falciparum]]
*[[Pneumococcus]]
*[[Poison hemlock]]
*[[Poliomyelitis]]
*[[Pontiac fever]]
*[[Porphyria]]
*[[Powassan virus]]
*[[Poxviridae disease]]
*[[Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis]]
*[[encephalitis classification|Primary encephalitis]]
*[[Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy]]
*[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
*[[Psittacosis]]
*[[Q fever]]
*[[rickettsia|Queensland tick typhus]]
*[[Rabies]]
*[[Rasmussen syndrome]]
*[[Rasmussen's encephalitis]]
*[[Reye's syndrome]]
*[[Rickettsiae]]
*[[Rift Valley fever]]
*[[tropical disease|Rocio encephalitis]]
*[[Rocky Mountain spotted fever]]
*[[Rubella]]
*[[Salmonella typhi]]
*[[Schilder's disease]]
*[[Schistosoma japonicum]]
*[[encephalitis classification|Secondary encephalitis]]
*[[Shaken baby syndrome]]
*[[Shingles]]
*[[picornavirus|Simian B virus infection]]
*[[Sinusitis]]
*[[Skull fracture]]
*[[Smith-Magenis syndrome|Smith disease]]
*[[St. Louis encephalitis ]]
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
*[[Status epilepticus]]
*[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]
*[[Streptococcus suis]]
*[[group B streptococcal infection|Streptococcus, group B]]
*[[Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Taenia solium ]]
*[[Temporal lobe epilepsy]]
*[[Thallium]]
*[[Tick-borne encephalitis]]
*[[Togaviridae disease]]
*[[TORCH syndrome]]
*[[Tourette syndrome]]
*[[Tourettism]]
*[[Toxocariasis]]
*[[Toxoplasma gondii]]
*[[Toxoplasmosis]]
*[[Trench fever]]
*[[Treponema pallidum]]
*[[Trichinella]]
*[[Trichinosis]]
*[[Trimethobenzamide]]
*[[Tropheryma whipplei]]
*[[Trypanosoma brucei gambiense]]
*[[Trypanosomiasis ]]
*[[Typhoid fever]]
*[[Vaccinia]]
*[[Varicella zoster]]
*[[Varicella zoster virus]]
*[[Venezuelan equine encephalitis]]
*[[Viral encephalitis]]
*[[Visna virus]]
*[[Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome]]
*[[West Nile fever]]
*[[Western equine encephalitis]]
*[[Western equine encephalitis virus]]
*[[Whooping cough]]
*[[X-linked agammaglobulinemia]]
*[[Yersinia pestis]]
*[[Zanamivir]]
}}
==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image: Flavivirus06.jpeg| This image reveals some of the cytoarchitectural features seen in a lymph node specimen that had been extracted from a patient suspected of a Hantavirus illness. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
</gallery>


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Latest revision as of 00:40, 30 July 2020

Viral encephalitis Microchapters

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Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

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Differentiating Viral Encephalitis from Other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

MRI

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Future or Investigational Therapies

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Case #1

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]; Priyamvada Singh, MBBS [3]; Anthony Gallo, B.S. [4]

Overview

Life-threatening causes of encephalitis include Balamuthia mandrillaris and Dengue fever. Common causes of encephalitis include infections with viruses such as arboviruss, herpes simplex, measles, mumps, polio, and rabies, which often lead to an autoimmune response. Less common causes of encephalitis include chronic autoimmune disorders and infections with bacteria, fungi, and parasites.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include:[1]

If left untreated, these conditions may result in subsequent mortality or permanent disability within 24 hours.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Kawasaki disease
Chemical / poisoning Arsenic, heavy metal toxicity, icaridin, organophosphate poisoning, poison hemlock, thallium
Dermatologic Behcet disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome
Drug Side Effect Acyclovir, interferon, kynurenic acid, levodopa, methamphetamine, trimethobenzamide, zanamivir
Ear Nose Throat Cholesteatoma, labyrinthitis, sinusitis
Endocrine Myasthenia gravis
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Porphyria, Reye's syndrome
Genetic Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, biotinidase deficiency, familial histiocytic reticulosis, hemophagocytic reticulosis, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, porphyria, Smith disease, Tourette syndrome
Hematologic Familial histiocytic reticulosis, hemophagocytic reticulosis, lymphoproliferative syndrome, porphyria, x-linked agammaglobulinemia
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease alkhurma virus, Borrelia burgdorferi, botulism, brome mosaic virus, California encephalitis virus, campylobacter fetus, capnocytophaga canimorsus, cardiovirus, cat scratch disease, cercopithecine herpesvirus 1, Chagas disease, chandipura virus, chicken pox, coccidioides spp, Colorado tick fever, congenital herpes simplex, congenital rubella syndrome, congenital syphilis, coxiella burnetii , coxsackievirus, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, cryptococcosis, cryptococcus neoformans, cysticercosis, cytomegalovirus, dengue fever, diphtheria, duvenhage virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Ebstein-Barr virus, ehrlichia chaffeensis, ehrlichiosis, elizabethkingia meningoseptica, enterobacter sakazakii, enterovirus 70, enterovirus 71, enteroviruses, escherichia coli, feline viral rhinotracheitis, fetal parainfluenza virus type 3, flavivirus infections, flu, gnathostoma hispidum infection, gnathostoma spinigerum, gnathostoma spinigerum infection, gnathostomiasis, streptococcus, group B, haemophilus influenzae, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, hantavirosis , hemorrhagic fever, hendra virus, henipavirus, hepatitis E virus, herpes B virus, herpes simplex virus, histoplasma capsulatum, HIV, human granulocytotrophic ehrlichiosis, human herpesvirus 6, human monocytotrophic ehrlichiosis, immunosuppressive measles encephalitis, infectious canine hepatitis, influenza virus, Japanese encephalitis, JC virus, klebsiella, kumlinge virus encephalitis, kunjin virus, La Crosse encephalitis, labyrinthitis, lassa fever, listeria monocytogenes, listeriosis , louping ill, Lyme disease, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, lyssavirus, malaria, measles, mokola virus, mononucleosis , mumps , mumps virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, naegleria fowleri, neisseria meningiditis, neonatal herpes, nipah virus, nocardia, pertussis, phlebovirus, pneumococcus, poliomyelitis, pontiac fever, Powassan virus, poxviridae disease, primary amoebic meningoencephalitis , primary encephalitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, pseudomonas aeruginosa, psittacosis, Q fever, Queensland tick typhus, rabies, Rasmussen's encephalitis, rickettsiae, Rift Valley fever, rocio encephalitis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, rubella, salmonella typhi, schistosoma japonicum, secondary encephalitis, shingles, Simian B virus infection, sinusitis, St. Louis encephalitis, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus suis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, taenia solium, tick-borne encephalitis, togaviridae disease, TORCH syndrome, toxocariasis, toxoplasma gondii, toxoplasmosis, trench fever, treponema pallidum, trichinella, trichinosis, tropheryma whipplei, trypanosoma brucei gambiense, trypanosomiasis, typhoid fever, vaccinia, varicella zoster, varicella zoster virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, viral encephalitis, visna virus, West Nile fever, Western equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis virus, whooping cough, yersinia pestis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Metabolic myopathies, multiple sclerosis, skull fracture
Neurologic Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, aseptic meningitis, cauda equina syndrome, cerebral palsy, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, conus medullaris, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, multiple sclerosis, opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome, paraneoplastic neurologic disorders, poliomyelitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Rasmussen syndrome, Schilder's disease, St. Louis encephalitis, status epilepticus, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, temporal lobe epilepsy, Tourette syndrome, tourettism, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic Biotinidase deficiency, metabolic myopathies, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic TORCH syndrome
Oncologic Paraneoplastic neurologic disorders
Opthalmologic Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome
Overdose / Toxicity Heavy metal toxicity, Reye's syndrome
Psychiatric Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, shaken baby syndrome, Tourette syndrome
Pulmonary Flu, pertussis, whooping cough
Renal / Electrolyte Systemic lupus erythematosus
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Behcet disease, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, x-linked agammaglobulinemia
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Cauda equina syndrome, shaken baby syndrome, skull fracture
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Porphyria

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Gallery

References

  1. ↑ Matin A, Jung SY, Nawaz S (2014). "In vitro assessment of cytokines interactions with Balamuthia mandrillaris using human brain microvascular endothelial cells". Pak J Pharm Sci. 27 (1): 107–13. PMID 24374438.
  2. ↑ Stephenson JB (2008). "Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS)". Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 12 (5): 355–8. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2007.11.010. PMID 18343173.
  3. ↑ Pancer K, Szkoda MT, Gut W (2014). "Imported cases of dengue in Poland and their diagnosis". Przegl Epidemiol. 68 (4): 651–5. PMID 25848785.
  4. ↑ Paddock CD, Nicholson WL, Bhatnagar J, Goldsmith CS, Greer PW, Hayes EB; et al. (2006). "Fatal hemorrhagic fever caused by West Nile virus in the United States". Clin Infect Dis. 42 (11): 1527–35. doi:10.1086/503841. PMID 16652309.
  5. ↑ Wahlberg P, Saikku P, Brummer-Korvenkontio M (1989). "Tick-borne viral encephalitis in Finland. The clinical features of Kumlinge disease during 1959-1987". J Intern Med. 225 (3): 173–7. PMID 2703799.
  6. ↑ "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".

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