Thrombosis causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{Thrombosis}}
{{Thrombosis}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Ochuko}}
 
==Overview==
==Overview==
Thrombosis is caused by abnormalities in one or more of the following (Virchow's triad): the composition of the blood (hypercoagulability or thrombophilia), quality of the vessel wall (endothelial cell injury), and/or nature of the blood flow (stasis, turbulence).
Thrombosis is caused by abnormalities in one or more of the following (Virchow's triad): the composition of the blood (hypercoagulability or thrombophilia), quality of the vessel wall (endothelial cell injury), and/or nature of the blood flow (stasis, turbulence).


==Causes==
==Causes==
[[Rudolf Virchow]] noted several factors affecting the clot formation, which are as follows:
===Life Threatening Causes===
 
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
1) Alterations in blood flow ([[stasis]]): Blood flows throughout the circulatory system, without significantly stopping or slowing any where. In certain pathological conditions where the blood flow slows down or stops, it causes:
* Increase in platelet to endothelium contact
* Decrease the dilution of clotting factors
This increases the risk of clot formation and form microthrombi, which further grow and propagate.
 
2) Injury to the vascular endothelium: Intrinsic or secondary to external trauma (eg, catheterization) can cause [[Tunica intima|intimal]] damage and stimulates clot formation. See [[Coagulation]].
 
3) Alterations in the constitution of blood ([[hypercoagulability]]): It is the propensity to develop thrombosis due to an abnormality in the system of coagulation.
 
These three conditions are collectively known as [[Virchow's triad]] and lead to intravascular [[coagulation]], forming a mass of [[red blood cell]]s, [[leukocyte]]s, and [[fibrin]].
 
'''This video explains the process of thrombosis:'''
 
{{#ev:youtube|X_POCRsy7i4}}
 
 
===Other Causes===
High altitude,<ref name="pmid17896862">{{cite journal| author=Kuipers S, Cannegieter SC, Middeldorp S, Robyn L, Büller HR, Rosendaal FR| title=The absolute risk of venous thrombosis after air travel: a cohort study of 8,755 employees of international organisations. | journal=PLoS Med | year= 2007 | volume= 4 | issue= 9 | pages= e290 | pmid=17896862 | doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040290 | pmc=PMC1989755 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17896862  }} </ref> has also been known to induce thrombosis. Occasionally, abnormalities in [[coagulation]] are to blame.


===Life Threatening Causes===
*[[Abruptio placentae]]
*[[Aortic dissection]]
*[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
*[[Eclampsia]]


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
 
*[[Atherosclerosis]]


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Antithrombin III deficiency]], [[aortic dissection]], [[arteritis]], [[atheroma]], [[atherosclerosis]], [[atrial fibrillation]], [[atrioventricular septal defect]], [[cholesterol embolization]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[coronary artery thrombus|coronary artery thrombosis]], [[deep vein thrombosis]], [[defibrination syndrome]], [[disseminated intravascular coagulation]], [[Eisenmenger syndrome]], [[lipoprotein(a)|elevated lipoprotein a]], [[hypercholesterolemia]], [[hyperlipidemia]], [[hypertension]], [[hypertriglyceridemia]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[left ventricular failure]], [[mesenteric vein thrombosis|mesenteric venous thrombosis]], [[obesity]], [[Paget-Schroetter disease]], [[venous thrombosis|pelvic vein thrombosis]], [[peripheral vascular disease]], [[plasminogen|plasminogen deficiency type I]], [[plasminogen|plasminogen deficiency type II]], [[postphlebitic syndrome]], [[central venous catheter|presence of a central venous catheter]], [[stent]], [[stroke]], [[subclavian vein thrombosis]], [[thrombophlebitis|superficial thrombophlebitis]], [[superior vena cava syndrome]], [[vasculitis]]
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
Line 46: Line 32:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behcet's disease]], [[Klippel Trenaunay syndrome]], [[vasculitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol]]
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Aflibercept]], [[Asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi]], [[asparaginase]], [[chemotherapy]], [[coagulation factor IX]], [[coagulation factor XIII A-subunit]], [[conestat alfa]], [[desmopressin]], [[elspar]], [[eltrombopag]], [[estramustine]], [[estrogen replacement therapy]], [[ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol]], [[femara]], [[glucocorticoids]], [[hormone replacement therapy]], [[iodixanol]], [[lenalidomide]], [[letrozole]], [[L-asparaginase|leunase]], [[meclofenamate]], [[oral contraceptives]], [[pegaspargase]], [[rapamune]], [[romiplostim]],[[sirolimus]], [[tamoxifen]], [[thalidomide]], [[tromethamine]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Mastoiditis]], [[superior vena cava syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Diabetes mellitus]], [[obesity]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Budd-Chiari syndrome]], [[chronic pancreatitis]], [[hemorrhoids]], [[hepatic vein thrombosis]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], [[liver cirrhosis]], [[liver disease]], [[mucormycosis]], [[obesity]], [[pancreatic cancer]], [[zygomycosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[familial dysfibrinogenemia|Ales dysfibrinogenemia]], [[fibronectin|elevated plasma fibronectin levels]], [[factor V Leiden mutation]], [[Marchiafava-Micheli disease]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[familial dysfibrinogenemia|Ales dysfibrinogenemia]], [[antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[antithrombin III deficiency]], [[cavernous sinus thrombosis]], [[heparin cofactor II|decreased heparin cofactor II]], [[thrombomodulin|decreased thrombomodulin]], [[tissue factor pathway inhibitor|decreased tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)]], [[tissue plasminogen activator|decreased tissue plasminogen activator deficiency]], [[deep vein thrombosis]], [[defibrination syndrome]], [[disseminated intravascular coagulation]], [[familial dysfibrinogenemia|dysfibrinogenemia]], [[fibrinogen|elevated fibrinogen]], [[fibronectin|elevated plasma fibronectin levels]], [[thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor|elevated thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI)]], [[essential thrombocythemia]], [[factor XII|factor XII deficiency]], [[heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]], [[hypercoagulability|hypercoagulability syndrome]], [[hyperviscosity syndrome]], [[factor IX|increased factor IX]], [[factor VII|increased factor VII]], [[factor VIII|increased factor VIII]], [[factor XI|increased factor XI]], [[plasminogen activator inhibitor-1|increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)]], [[Klippel Trenaunay syndrome]], [[hyperviscosity syndrome|leukostasis syndrome]], [[Marchiafava-Micheli disease]], [[multiple myeloma]], [[myeloproliferative disorders]], [[Osler-Vaquez disease]], [[Paget-Schroetter disease]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]], [[venous thrombosis|pelvic vein thrombosis]], [[plasminogen|plasminogen deficiency type I]], [[plasminogen|plasminogen deficiency type II]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[polycythemia]], [[postphlebitic syndrome]], [[protein C deficiency]], [[protein S deficiency]], [[prothrombin gene mutation G20210A|prothrombin gene mutation]], [[sickle cell disease]], [[sticky platelet syndrome]], [[superior vena cava syndrome]], [[thrombophilia]], [[thrombotic microangiopathy]], [[Von Willebrand factor]], [[Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia]], [[familial dysfibrinogenemia|Wiesbaden dysfibrinogenemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 82: Line 68:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Mastoiditis]], [[meningococcal meningitis]], [[mucormycosis]], [[nipah virus encephalitis]], [[sepsis]], [[zygomycosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arthroscopy]], [[fracture]], [[hip replacement surgery|hip surgery]], [[immobility]], [[knee pain/swelling surgery|knee surgery]], [[Maffucci syndrome]], [[orthopedic surgery]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[cavernous sinus thrombosis]], [[cerebral venous sinus thrombosis]], [[idiopathic intracranial hypertension]], [[meningococcal meningitis]], [[nipah virus encephalitis]], [[stroke]], [[thoracic inlet|thoracic inlet syndrome]], [[thoracic outlet syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[lipoprotein(a)|Elevated lipoprotein a]], [[glycosylphosphatidylinositol|glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency]], [[hyperhomocysteinemia|homocystinemia]], [[hyperhomocysteinemia]], [[hyperlipidemia]], [[hypertriglyceridemia]], [[obesity]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abruptio placentae]], [[antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[eclampsia]], [[leiomyoma]], [[pre-eclampsia]], [[pregnancy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cancer]], [[leukemia]], [[Maffucci syndrome]], [[malignancy]], [[multiple myeloma]], [[myeloproliferative disorders]], [[Osler-Vaquez disease]], [[pancreatic cancer]], [[paraneoplastic syndrome]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[superior vena cava syndrome]], [[Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[central retinal artery|Retinal artery thrombosis]], [[central retinal vein occlusion|retinal vein thrombosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 122: Line 108:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute kidney injury]], [[chronic renal disease]], [[nephrotic syndrome]], [[renal vein thrombosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[Behcet's disease]], [[interleukin 8|elevated interleukin 8]], [[Klippel Trenaunay syndrome]], [[polyarteritis nodosa]], [[vasculitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Trauma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Fournier gangrene]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[General surgery]], [[high altitude]], [[radiation]], [[smoking]], [[varicose veins]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{columns-list|
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Abruptio placentae]]
* [[Ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol]]
*[[Acute kidney injury]]
*[[Aflibercept]]
*[[familial dysfibrinogenemia|Ales dysfibrinogenemia]]
*[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]]
*[[Antithrombin III deficiency]]
*[[Aortic dissection]]
*[[Arteritis]]
*[[Arthroscopy]]
*[[Asparaginase]]
*[[Asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi]]
*[[Atheroma]]
*[[Atherosclerosis]]
*[[Atrial fibrillation]]
*[[Atrioventricular septal defect]]
*[[Behcet's disease]]
*[[Budd-Chiari syndrome]]
*[[Cancer]]
*[[Cavernous sinus thrombosis]]
*[[Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis]]
*[[Chemotherapy]]
*[[Cholesterol embolization]]
*[[Chronic pancreatitis]]
*[[Chronic renal disease]]
*[[Coagulation factor IX]]
*[[Coagulation factor XIII A-subunit]]
*[[Conestat alfa]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[coronary artery thrombus|Coronary artery thrombosis]]
*[[heparin cofactor II|Decreased heparin cofactor II]]
*[[thrombomodulin|Decreased thrombomodulin]]
*[[tissue factor pathway inhibitor|Decreased tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)]]
*[[tissue plasminogen activator|Decreased tissue plasminogen activator deficiency]]
*[[Deep vein thrombosis]]
*[[Defibrination syndrome]]
*[[Desmopressin]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
*[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
*[[familial dysfibrinogenemia|Dysfibrinogenemia]]
*[[Eclampsia]]
*[[Eisenmenger syndrome]]
*[[fibrinogen|Elevated fibrinogen]]
*[[interleukin 8|Elevated interleukin 8]]
*[[lipoprotein(a)|Elevated lipoprotein A]]
*[[fibronectin|Elevated plasma fibronectin levels]]
*[[thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor|Elevated thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI)]]
*[[Elspar]]
*[[Eltrombopag]]
*[[Essential thrombocythemia]]
*[[Estramustine]]
*[[Estrogen replacement therapy]]
*[[Ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol]]
*[[Factor V Leiden mutation]]
*[[factor XII|Factor XII deficiency]]
*[[Femara]]
*[[Fournier gangrene]]
*[[Fracture]]
*[[General surgery]]
*[[Glucocorticoids]]
*[[glycosylphosphatidylinositol|Glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency]]
*[[Hemorrhoids]]
*[[Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]]
*[[Hepatic vein thrombosis]]
*[[High altitude ]]
*[[High altitude]] <ref name="pmid17896862">{{cite journal| author=Kuipers S, Cannegieter SC, Middeldorp S, Robyn L, Büller HR, Rosendaal FR| title=The absolute risk of venous thrombosis after air travel: a cohort study of 8,755 employees of international organisations. | journal=PLoS Med | year= 2007 | volume= 4 | issue= 9 | pages= e290 | pmid=17896862 | doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040290 | pmc=PMC1989755 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17896862  }} </ref>
*[[hip replacement surgery|Hip surgery]]
*[[hyperhomocysteinemia|Homocystinemia]]
*[[Hormone replacement therapy]]
*[[Hypercholesterolemia]]
*[[hypercoagulability|Hypercoagulability syndrome]]
*[[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]
*[[Hyperlipidemia]]
*[[Hypertension]]
*[[Hypertriglyceridemia]]
*[[Hyperviscosity syndrome]]
*[[Idiopathic intracranial hypertension]]
*[[Immobility]]
*[[factor IX|Increased factor IX]]
*[[factor VII|Increased factor VII]]
*[[factor VIII|Increased factor VIII]]
*[[factor XI|Increased factor XI]]
*[[plasminogen activator inhibitor-1|Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)]]
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
*[[Iodixanol]]
*[[Kawasaki disease]]
*[[Klippel Trenaunay syndrome]]
*[[knee pain/swelling surgery|Knee surgery]]
*[[Left ventricular failure]]
*[[Leiomyoma]]
*[[Lenalidomide]]
*[[Letrozole]]
*[[Leukemia]]
*[[hyperviscosity syndrome|Leukostasis syndrome]]
*[[L-asparaginase|Leunase]]
*[[Liver cirrhosis]]
*[[Liver disease]]
*[[Maffucci syndrome]]
*[[Malignancy]]
*[[Marchiafava-Micheli disease]]
*[[Mastoiditis]]
*[[Meclofenamate]]
*[[Meningococcal meningitis]]
*[[mesenteric vein thrombosis|Mesenteric venous thrombosis]]
*[[Mucormycosis]]
*[[Multiple myeloma]]
*[[Myeloproliferative disorders]]
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
*[[Nipah virus encephalitis]]
*[[Obesity]]
*[[Oral contraceptives]]
*[[Orthopedic surgery]]
*[[Osler-Vaquez disease]]
*[[Paget-Schroetter disease]]
*[[Pancreatic cancer]]
*[[Paraneoplastic syndrome]]
*[[Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]]
*[[Pegaspargase]]
*[[venous thrombosis|Pelvic vein thrombosis]]
*[[Peripheral vascular disease]]
*[[plasminogen|Plasminogen deficiency type I]]
*[[plasminogen|Plasminogen deficiency type II]]
*[[Polyarteritis nodosa]]
*[[Polycythemia]]
*[[Polycythemia vera]]
*[[Postphlebitic syndrome]]
*[[Pre-eclampsia]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[central venous catheter|Presence of a central venous catheter]]
*[[Protein C deficiency]]
*[[Protein S deficiency]]
*[[prothrombin gene mutation G20210A|Prothrombin gene mutation]]
*[[Radiation]]
*[[Rapamune]]
*[[Renal vein thrombosis]]
*[[central retinal artery|Retinal artery thrombosis]]
*[[central retinal vein occlusion|Retinal vein thrombosis]]
*[[Romiplostim]]
*[[Sepsis]]
*[[Sickle cell disease]]
*[[Sirolimus]]
*[[Smoking]]
*[[Stent]]
*[[Sticky platelet syndrome]] <ref name="pmid10548069">{{cite journal| author=Mammen EF| title=Sticky platelet syndrome. | journal=Semin Thromb Hemost | year= 1999 | volume= 25 | issue= 4 | pages= 361-5 | pmid=10548069 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-994939 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10548069  }} </ref>
*[[Stroke]]
*[[Subclavian vein thrombosis]]
*[[thrombophlebitis|Superficial thrombophlebitis]]
*[[Superior vena cava syndrome]]
*[[Tamoxifen]]
*[[Thalidomide]]
*[[thoracic inlet|Thoracic inlet syndrome]]
*[[Thoracic outlet syndrome]]
*[[Thrombophilia]]
*[[Thrombotic microangiopathy]]
*[[Trauma]]
*[[Tromethamine]]
*[[Varicose veins]]
*[[Vasculitis]]
*[[Von Willebrand factor]]
*[[Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia]]
*[[familial dysfibrinogenemia|Wiesbaden dysfibrinogenemia]]
*[[Zygomycosis]]
}}


{{col-break|width=33%}}
==References==
*
{{Reflist|2}}


{{col-break|width=33%}}
*
{{col-end}}


==References==
{{reflist|2}}


{{Circulatory system pathology}}
{{Circulatory system pathology}}
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[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]




Latest revision as of 23:04, 10 January 2020

Thrombosis Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

Overview

Thrombosis is caused by abnormalities in one or more of the following (Virchow's triad): the composition of the blood (hypercoagulability or thrombophilia), quality of the vessel wall (endothelial cell injury), and/or nature of the blood flow (stasis, turbulence).

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Antithrombin III deficiency, aortic dissection, arteritis, atheroma, atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, atrioventricular septal defect, cholesterol embolization, congestive heart failure, coronary artery thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, defibrination syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, Eisenmenger syndrome, elevated lipoprotein a, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, Kawasaki disease, left ventricular failure, mesenteric venous thrombosis, obesity, Paget-Schroetter disease, pelvic vein thrombosis, peripheral vascular disease, plasminogen deficiency type I, plasminogen deficiency type II, postphlebitic syndrome, presence of a central venous catheter, stent, stroke, subclavian vein thrombosis, superficial thrombophlebitis, superior vena cava syndrome, vasculitis
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Behcet's disease, Klippel Trenaunay syndrome, vasculitis
Drug Side Effect Aflibercept, Asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi, asparaginase, chemotherapy, coagulation factor IX, coagulation factor XIII A-subunit, conestat alfa, desmopressin, elspar, eltrombopag, estramustine, estrogen replacement therapy, ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol, femara, glucocorticoids, hormone replacement therapy, iodixanol, lenalidomide, letrozole, leunase, meclofenamate, oral contraceptives, pegaspargase, rapamune, romiplostim,sirolimus, tamoxifen, thalidomide, tromethamine
Ear Nose Throat Mastoiditis, superior vena cava syndrome
Endocrine Diabetes mellitus, obesity
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Budd-Chiari syndrome, chronic pancreatitis, hemorrhoids, hepatic vein thrombosis, inflammatory bowel disease, liver cirrhosis, liver disease, mucormycosis, obesity, pancreatic cancer, zygomycosis
Genetic Ales dysfibrinogenemia, elevated plasma fibronectin levels, factor V Leiden mutation, Marchiafava-Micheli disease, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Hematologic Ales dysfibrinogenemia, antiphospholipid syndrome, antithrombin III deficiency, cavernous sinus thrombosis, decreased heparin cofactor II, decreased thrombomodulin, decreased tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), decreased tissue plasminogen activator deficiency, deep vein thrombosis, defibrination syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, dysfibrinogenemia, elevated fibrinogen, elevated plasma fibronectin levels, elevated thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), essential thrombocythemia, factor XII deficiency, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, hypercoagulability syndrome, hyperviscosity syndrome, increased factor IX, increased factor VII, increased factor VIII, increased factor XI, increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), Klippel Trenaunay syndrome, leukostasis syndrome, Marchiafava-Micheli disease, multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, Osler-Vaquez disease, Paget-Schroetter disease, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, pelvic vein thrombosis, plasminogen deficiency type I, plasminogen deficiency type II, polycythemia vera, polycythemia, postphlebitic syndrome, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, prothrombin gene mutation, sickle cell disease, sticky platelet syndrome, superior vena cava syndrome, thrombophilia, thrombotic microangiopathy, Von Willebrand factor, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, Wiesbaden dysfibrinogenemia
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Mastoiditis, meningococcal meningitis, mucormycosis, nipah virus encephalitis, sepsis, zygomycosis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Arthroscopy, fracture, hip surgery, immobility, knee surgery, Maffucci syndrome, orthopedic surgery
Neurologic Antiphospholipid syndrome, cavernous sinus thrombosis, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, meningococcal meningitis, nipah virus encephalitis, stroke, thoracic inlet syndrome, thoracic outlet syndrome
Nutritional/Metabolic Elevated lipoprotein a, glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency, homocystinemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity
Obstetric/Gynecologic Abruptio placentae, antiphospholipid syndrome, eclampsia, leiomyoma, pre-eclampsia, pregnancy
Oncologic Cancer, leukemia, Maffucci syndrome, malignancy, multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, Osler-Vaquez disease, pancreatic cancer, paraneoplastic syndrome, polycythemia vera, superior vena cava syndrome, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
Ophthalmologic Retinal artery thrombosis, retinal vein thrombosis
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte Acute kidney injury, chronic renal disease, nephrotic syndrome, renal vein thrombosis
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Antiphospholipid syndrome, Behcet's disease, elevated interleukin 8, Klippel Trenaunay syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa, vasculitis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Trauma
Urologic Fournier gangrene
Miscellaneous General surgery, high altitude, radiation, smoking, varicose veins

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Kuipers S, Cannegieter SC, Middeldorp S, Robyn L, Büller HR, Rosendaal FR (2007). "The absolute risk of venous thrombosis after air travel: a cohort study of 8,755 employees of international organisations". PLoS Med. 4 (9): e290. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040290. PMC 1989755. PMID 17896862.
  2. ↑ Mammen EF (1999). "Sticky platelet syndrome". Semin Thromb Hemost. 25 (4): 361–5. doi:10.1055/s-2007-994939. PMID 10548069.



cs:Trombóza de:Thrombose eo:Trombozo it:Trombosi he:תרומבוס ms:Trombotik nl:Trombose fi:Verihiutale

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