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{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
{{Protein
|authorTag=<!--Overview-->
|Name=Somatostatin
|aOrAn=a
|image=somatostatin.png
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There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
 
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|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport======Condition1=====


* Dosing Information
{{SK}} GHIH; Growth hormone inhibiting hormone; somatotropin release-inhibiting factor; SRIF


:* Dosage
==Overview==


=====Condition2=====
'''Somatostatin''' (also known as '''growth hormone inhibiting hormone''' ('''GHIH''') or '''somatotropin release-inhibiting hormone''' ('''SRIF''')) is a [[peptide hormone]] that regulates the [[endocrine system]] and affects [[neurotransmission]] and [[cell proliferation]] via interaction with [[G-protein-coupled]] [[somatostatin receptors]] and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones.


There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
Somatostatin has two active forms produced by alternative cleavage of a single preproprotein: one of 14 [[amino acid]]s, the other of 28 amino acids.<ref name="GP5416">{{GeorgiaPhysiology|5/5ch4/s5ch4_16}}</ref>


<!--Contraindications-->
==Production==
|contraindications=* Condition1


<!--Warnings-->
===Digestive system===
|warnings=* Description


====Precautions====
Somatostatin is secreted in several locations in the digestive system:
* [[Stomach]]
* [[Intestine]]
* [[Delta cells]] of the [[pancreas]]<ref>Costanzo, LS. ''Board Review Series: Physiology'' 3rd Ed. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. 2003. p. 280.</ref>


* Description
===Brain===


<!--Adverse Reactions-->
Somatostatin is produced by [[neuroendocrine]] neurons of the [[periventricular nucleus]] of the [[hypothalamus]]. These neurons project to the [[median eminence]], where somatostatin is released from neurosecretory nerve endings into the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal circulation. These blood vessels carry somatostatin to the [[anterior pituitary gland]], where somatostatin inhibits the secretion of growth hormone from [[somatotrope]] cells. The somatostatin neurons in the periventricular nucleus mediate negative feedback effects of growth hormone on its own release; the somatostatin neurons respond to high circulating concentrations of growth hormone and [[somatomedin]]s by increasing the release of somatostatin, so reducing the rate of secretion of growth hormone.


<!--Clinical Trials Experience-->
Somatostatin is also produced by several other populations that project centrally - i.e. to other areas of the brain, and somatostatin receptors are expressed at many different sites in the brain. In particular, there are populations of somatostatin neurons in the [[arcuate nucleus]], the [[hippocampus]] and the brainstem [[nucleus of the solitary tract]].
|clinicalTrials=There is limited information regarding <i>Clinical Trial Experience</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.


=====Body as a Whole=====
==Actions==


[[Image:Control-of-stomach-acid-sec.png|thumb|left|250px|[[D cell (biology)|D cell]] is visible at upper right, and somatostatinis represented by middle arrow pointing left]]


Somatostatin is classified as an [[inhibitory]] hormone,<ref name="GP5416"> </ref> whose actions are spread to different parts of the body:


===Anterior pituitary===


=====Cardiovascular=====
In the [[anterior pituitary gland]], the effects of somatostatin are:
 
* Inhibit the release of [[growth hormone]] (GH) <ref name="Colorado"> http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/otherendo/somatostatin.html Colorado State University - Biomedical Hypertextbooks - Somatostatin </ref> (thus opposing the effects of [[Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone]] (GHRH))
 
* Inhibit the release of [[thyroid-stimulating hormone]] (TSH)
 
 
=====Digestive=====
 
 
 
 
=====Endocrine=====
 
 
 
 
=====Hematologic and Lymphatic=====
 
 
 
 
=====Metabolic and Nutritional=====
 
 
 
 
=====Musculoskeletal=====
 
 
 
 
=====Neurologic=====
 
 
 
 
=====Respiratory=====
 
 
 
 
=====Skin and Hypersensitivy Reactions=====
 
 
 
 
=====Special Senses=====
 
 
 
 
=====Urogenital=====
 
 
 
 
=====Miscellaneous=====
 
 
 
<!--Postmarketing Experience-->
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=====Body as a Whole=====
 
 
 
=====Cardiovascular=====
 
 
 
=====Digestive=====
 
 
 
=====Endocrine=====
 
 
 
=====Hematologic and Lymphatic=====
 
 
 
=====Metabolic and Nutritional=====
 
 
 
=====Musculoskeletal=====
 
 
 
=====Neurologic=====
 
 
 
=====Respiratory=====
 
 
 
=====Skin and Hypersensitivy Reactions=====
 
 
 
=====Special Senses=====
 
 
 
=====Urogenital=====
 
 
 
=====Miscellaneous=====
 
 
 
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===Gastrointestinal system===


<!--Label Display Image-->
* Suppress the release of [[gastrointestinal hormone]]s
** [[Gastrin]]
** [[Cholecystokinin]] (CCK)
** [[Secretin]]
** [[Motilin]]
** [[Vasoactive intestinal peptide]] (VIP)
** [[Gastric inhibitory polypeptide]] (GIP)
** [[Enteroglucagon]]
* Lowers the rate of gastric emptying, and reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine<ref name="Colorado"> </ref>
* Suppress the release of pancreatic hormones
** Inhibit the release of [[insulin]]<ref name="GP5417">{{GeorgiaPhysiology|5/5ch4/s5ch4_17}}</ref>
** Inhibit the release of [[glucagon]]<ref name="GP5417"> </ref>
* Suppress the exocrine secretory action of [[pancreas]].


==Synthetic substitutes==


'''[[Octreotide]]''' (brand name ''Sandostatin'', [[Novartis|Novartis Pharmaceuticals]]) is an [[peptide|octopeptide]] that mimics natural somatostatin pharmacologically, though is a more potent inhibitor of [[growth hormone]], [[glucagon]], and [[insulin]] than the natural hormone.


==References==


{{reflist|2}}


<!--Category-->
{{Hormones}}
{{Gastrointestinal physiology}}
{{Neuropeptides}}
{{Pituitary and hypothalamic hormones and analogues}}


[[Category:Drug]]
[[Category:Antidiarrhoeals]]
[[Category:Hormonal agents]]
[[Category:Endocrine system]]
[[Category:Pancreatic hormones]]
[[Category:Hormones of the hypothalamus]]
[[Category:Somatotropic axis]]
[[Category:Neuropeptides]]
[[Category:Neuroendocrinology]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]

Revision as of 19:26, 19 December 2014

Somatostatin
Identifiers
SymbolSST
Entrez6750
HUGO11329
OMIM182450
RefSeqNM_001048
UniProtP61278
Other data
LocusChr. 3 q28

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Synonyms and keywords: GHIH; Growth hormone inhibiting hormone; somatotropin release-inhibiting factor; SRIF

Overview

Somatostatin (also known as growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or somatotropin release-inhibiting hormone (SRIF)) is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G-protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones.

Somatostatin has two active forms produced by alternative cleavage of a single preproprotein: one of 14 amino acids, the other of 28 amino acids.[1]

Production

Digestive system

Somatostatin is secreted in several locations in the digestive system:

Brain

Somatostatin is produced by neuroendocrine neurons of the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. These neurons project to the median eminence, where somatostatin is released from neurosecretory nerve endings into the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal circulation. These blood vessels carry somatostatin to the anterior pituitary gland, where somatostatin inhibits the secretion of growth hormone from somatotrope cells. The somatostatin neurons in the periventricular nucleus mediate negative feedback effects of growth hormone on its own release; the somatostatin neurons respond to high circulating concentrations of growth hormone and somatomedins by increasing the release of somatostatin, so reducing the rate of secretion of growth hormone.

Somatostatin is also produced by several other populations that project centrally - i.e. to other areas of the brain, and somatostatin receptors are expressed at many different sites in the brain. In particular, there are populations of somatostatin neurons in the arcuate nucleus, the hippocampus and the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract.

Actions

D cell is visible at upper right, and somatostatinis represented by middle arrow pointing left

Somatostatin is classified as an inhibitory hormone,[1] whose actions are spread to different parts of the body:

Anterior pituitary

In the anterior pituitary gland, the effects of somatostatin are:

Gastrointestinal system

Synthetic substitutes

Octreotide (brand name Sandostatin, Novartis Pharmaceuticals) is an octopeptide that mimics natural somatostatin pharmacologically, though is a more potent inhibitor of growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin than the natural hormone.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Essentials of Human Physiology by Thomas M. Nosek. Section 5/5ch4/s5ch4_16.
  2. ↑ Costanzo, LS. Board Review Series: Physiology 3rd Ed. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. 2003. p. 280.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/otherendo/somatostatin.html Colorado State University - Biomedical Hypertextbooks - Somatostatin
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Essentials of Human Physiology by Thomas M. Nosek. Section 5/5ch4/s5ch4_17.

Template:Pituitary and hypothalamic hormones and analogues

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