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{{Nephrotic syndrome}}
{{Nephrotic syndrome}}


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==Overview==
Multiple risk factors may be involved in the nephrotic syndrome, such as family history, gender, and [[obesity]]. Also, diseases such as [[Hodgkin's lymphoma|Hodgkin lymphoma]], [[leukemia]], [[Virus|viral]] diseases, and medications such as [[lithium]], [[D-penicillamine]] can be risk factors for developing different types of nephrotic syndromes.
==Risk factors==
Risk factors of nephrotic syndrome depend on the type of syndromes, as below:
=== Common risk factors ===
Risk factors of development of [[minimal change disease]] include:<ref name="IijimaHamahira20022">{{cite journal|last1=Iijima|first1=Kazumoto|last2=Hamahira|first2=Kiyoshi|last3=Tanaka|first3=Ryojiro|last4=Kobayashi|first4=Akiko|last5=Nozu|first5=Kandai|last6=Nakamura|first6=Hajime|last7=Yoshikawa|first7=Norishige|title=Risk factors for cyclosporine-induced tubulointerstitial lesions in children with minimal change nephrotic syndrome|journal=Kidney International|volume=61|issue=5|year=2002|pages=1801–1805|issn=00852538|doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00303.x}}</ref>
* Children within the Age >1 year but <8 years
* [[Hodgkin's lymphoma|Hodgkin lymphoma]]
* [[Leukemia]]
* Recent viral illness
* Toxins such as [[Mercury (element)|mercury]], [[gold]], bee stings, fire coral exposure.
* Medication such as<ref name="pmid279404603">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vivarelli M, Massella L, Ruggiero B, Emma F |title=Minimal Change Disease |journal=Clin J Am Soc Nephrol |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=332–345 |date=February 2017 |pmid=27940460 |pmc=5293332 |doi=10.2215/CJN.05000516 |url=}}</ref>
**Salazopyrin
**[[Tiopronin]]
** [[Lithium]]
** [[D-penicillamine]]
** Tyrosine-kinase inhibitor
The following are considered risk factors for the development of [[focal segmental glomerulosclerosis]] ([[Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis|FSGS]]):<ref name="FSGS">{{cite web |url= http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/22820/InTech-Focal_segmental_glomerulosclerosis.pdf|title= Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.|last1= Sohal |first1= DS |last2= Prabhakar |first2= SS |date=November 02, 2011|website= Interchopen |publisher= InTech |accessdate=3 December 2013}}</ref>
* Male gender
* Black race
* Family history
* [[Heroin]] abuse
* Drugs known to be associated with [[Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis|FSGS]]
* Chronic viral infection
* Single kidney status
* [[Obesity]]
=== Less common risk factors ===
Below conditions and toxins can be a risk factor for nephrotic syndrome<ref name="pmid12944064">{{cite journal| author=Eddy AA, Symons JM| title=Nephrotic syndrome in childhood. | journal=Lancet | year= 2003 | volume= 362 | issue= 9384 | pages= 629-39 | pmid=12944064 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14184-0 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12944064 }}</ref>
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
*Adaptation to [[nephron]] reduction
*[[Amyloidosis]]
*[[Bee sting]]
*[[Castleman's disease]]
*[[Chronic interstitial nephritis]]
*[[Dermatomyositis]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
*[[Endocarditis]]
*[[Fabry's disease]]
*[[Food allergens]]
*[[Gold]]
*[[Goodpasture's syndrome]]
*[[Graft vs. host disease]]
*[[Henoch-Schonlein purpura]]
*[[Heroin]]
*[[HIV]]
*[[Infectious mononucleosis]]
*[[Interferon]]
*[[Kimura's disease]]
*[[Leukemia]]
*[[Lipoatrophy]]
*[[Lithium]]
*[[Lymphomas]]
*[[Malaria]]
*[[Mercury]]
*[[Mixed connective tissue disease]]
*[[Multiple myeloma]]
*[[NSAID]]
*[[Obesity]]
*Oligomeganephronia
*[[Orthostatic proteinuria]]
*[[Penicillamine]]
*[[Polyarteritis nodosa]]
*[[Pre-eclampsia]]
*[[Probenecid]]
*[[Renal vein thrombosis]]
*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Sickle cell anemia]]
*[[Sjogren's syndrome]]
*[[Sorafenib]]
*[[Streptococcal Infection]]
*[[Syphillis]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Thyroid disease]]
*[[Toxoplasmosis]]
*[[Vasculitis]]
*[[Viral hepatitis]]
</div>
====Drug Induced====
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
*[[Agalsidase beta]]
*[[Certolizumab pegol]]
*[[coagulation factor IX]]
*[[Olsalazine]]
*[[Sodium aurothiomalate]]
*[[Trimethadione]]
*[[Ziv-aflibercept]]
</div>
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 22:58, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mehrian Jafarizade, M.D [2]

Overview

Multiple risk factors may be involved in the nephrotic syndrome, such as family history, gender, and obesity. Also, diseases such as Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, viral diseases, and medications such as lithium, D-penicillamine can be risk factors for developing different types of nephrotic syndromes.

Risk factors

Risk factors of nephrotic syndrome depend on the type of syndromes, as below:

Common risk factors

Risk factors of development of minimal change disease include:[1]

The following are considered risk factors for the development of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS):[3]

  • Male gender
  • Black race
  • Family history
  • Heroin abuse
  • Drugs known to be associated with FSGS
  • Chronic viral infection
  • Single kidney status
  • Obesity

Less common risk factors

Below conditions and toxins can be a risk factor for nephrotic syndrome[4]

Drug Induced

References

  1. ↑ Iijima, Kazumoto; Hamahira, Kiyoshi; Tanaka, Ryojiro; Kobayashi, Akiko; Nozu, Kandai; Nakamura, Hajime; Yoshikawa, Norishige (2002). "Risk factors for cyclosporine-induced tubulointerstitial lesions in children with minimal change nephrotic syndrome". Kidney International. 61 (5): 1801–1805. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00303.x. ISSN 0085-2538.
  2. ↑ Vivarelli M, Massella L, Ruggiero B, Emma F (February 2017). "Minimal Change Disease". Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 12 (2): 332–345. doi:10.2215/CJN.05000516. PMC 5293332. PMID 27940460.
  3. ↑ Sohal, DS; Prabhakar, SS (November 02, 2011). "Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis" (PDF). Interchopen. InTech. Retrieved 3 December 2013. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ↑ Eddy AA, Symons JM (2003). "Nephrotic syndrome in childhood". Lancet. 362 (9384): 629–39. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14184-0. PMID 12944064.
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