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| | '''Neurologic''' | | | '''Neurologic''' |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia ]], [[Acute meningitis]], [[Eclampsia]], [[Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome ]], [[Pseudo-torch syndrome]], [[Sotos syndrome]], [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Zellweger syndrome]], [[Lissencephalic syndromes]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome ]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome ]], [[Trisomy 18]] | | |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Septo-optic dysplasia|Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia ]], [[Acute meningitis]], [[Eclampsia]], [[Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome ]], [[Pseudo-torch syndrome]], [[Sotos syndrome]], [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Zellweger syndrome]], [[Lissencephalic syndromes]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome ]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome ]], [[Trisomy 18]] |
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| | '''Opthalmologic''' | | | '''Opthalmologic''' |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Goldstein-Hutt syndrome ]], [[Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate ]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome ]], [[Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia ]], [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Alagille syndrome]] | | |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Goldstein-Hutt syndrome ]], [[Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate ]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome ]], [[Septo-optic dysplasia|Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia ]], [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Alagille syndrome]] |
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Template:DiseaseDisorder infobox
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Jaundice, also known as icterus (attributive adjective: "icteric"), is yellowish discoloration of the skin, conjunctiva (a clear covering over the sclera, or whites of the eyes) and mucous membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia (increased levels of bilirubin in red blooded animals). Usually the concentration of bilirubin in the blood must exceed 2–3 mg/dL for the coloration to be easily visible.
Historical Perspective
Jaundice comes from the French word jaune, meaning yellow.
Classification
Neonatal jaundice
Neonatal jaundice can be physiological or pathological. Neonatal physiological jaundice is usually harmless: this condition is often seen in infants around the second day after birth, lasting until day 8 in normal births, or to around day 14 in premature births. Serum bilirubin normally drops to a low level without any intervention required: the jaundice is presumably a consequence of metabolic and physiological adjustments after birth. In extreme cases, a brain-damaging condition known as kernicterus can occur; there are concerns that this condition has been rising in recent years due to inadequate detection and treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Neonatal jaundice is a risk factor for hearing loss.[1]
Pathophysiology
- Bilirubin is the major breakdown product of hemoglobin that is released from dying or damaged erythrocytes
- The normal bilirubin range is 0.3-1.0 mg/dL
- Jaundice is visible in conjunctiva, skin and mucosa when the serum bilirubin level rises above 2 mg/dL
Causes
When red blood cells die, the heme in their haemoglobin is converted to bilirubin in the spleen and in the hepatocytes in the liver. The bilirubin is processed by the liver, enters bile and is eventually excreted through feces.
Consequently, there are three different classes of causes for jaundice. Pre-hepatic or hemolytic causes, where too many red blood cells are broken down, hepatic causes where the processing of bilirubin in the liver does not function correctly, and post-hepatic or extrahepatic causes, where the removal of bile is disturbed.
Common Causes
Causes by Organ System
Cardiovascular
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Eclampsia, Alagille syndrome, Infective endocarditis , Lupus, Trisomy 18
|
Chemical / poisoning
|
1,2-Dibromoethane , 2-acetylamino-fluorene , 2-Nitropropane , 3,3-Dichlorobenzidine , 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene , 8-Hydroxyquinolone , Acer rubrum, Acetates , Acetonitrile , Acetylene Tetrabromide , Acrylonitrile , Aflatoxin , Albitocin, Alicyclic Hydrocarbons , Aliphatic Amines , Aliphatic Hydrocarbons , Aliphatic hydrogenated hydrocarbons , Allyl alcohol , Amanita phalloides, Aromatic amines , Aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons , Aromatic Hydrocarbons , Arsenic , Arsine , Benzene , Benzyl chloride , Beryllium , Biliary colic, Bipyridyl pesticides , Black nightshade poisoning , Boron , Cadmium , Carbarsone , Carbolic Acids and Anhydrides , Carbon Disulfide , Carbon Tetrachloride , Chloramphenicol , Chlorate salts , Chlordane, Chlorinated benzenes , Chlorinated naphthalene , Chlorodiphenyls and derivatives , Chloroform, Chloromethane , Chloroprene , Chromium , Comfrey , Copper , Cresol , Cycasin, Cyclochlorotine , Dibromochloropropane , Diethylene Glycol , Dimethyl sulfate , Dimethylnitrosamine , Dinitrobenzene , Dinitrocresol , Dinitrophenol , Dinitrotoluene , Ethanolamines , Ethyl Acetate , Ethyl alcohol , Ethyl benzene , Ethyl Ether , Ethyl Salicylate , Ethylene chlorohydrin , Ethylene Dibromide , Ethylene dichloride , Ethylene oxide , Ethylenediamine , Germander , Germanium , Gold , Hafnium , Horse nettle , Hydrogen bromides , Hydrogen Cyanide , Icterogenin, Indospicine, Isopropyl acetate , Kepone pesticides , Lanthanides , Lead , Mercaptans , Mercury , Methoxyflurane , Methyl acetate , Methyl Bromide , Methy, Chloride , Methylene chloride , Methylene Dianiline , Metolachlor, Monomethylhydrazine, N,N-Dimethylformamide , Naphthalene, Naphthol , N-butyl acetate , Ngaione, Nickel , Niobium , Nitriles , Nitrobenzene , Nitromethane , Nitroparaffins , N-N-Dimethylacetamide , N-Nitrosodimethylamine , N-propyl acetate , Ochratoxin , Para-Dichlorobenzene , Phosphine , Phosphorus, Phthalic Anhydride , Picric Acid , Polybrominated biphenyls , Polychlorinated biphenyls , Polygonum multiflorum , Propylene dichloride , Psoralea Corylifolia , Pyrogallol , Pyrrolidizine, Ragwort, Rubratoxin , Safrole, Solanine, Solder , Sterigmatocystin , Stibine , Tellurium, Tetrachloroethane, Tetrachloroethylene , Tetramethylthiuram disulfide , Thallium, Thioxanthene, Thorium dioxide , Thorotrast , Toluene , Trichloroethylene , Trinitrotoluene , Uranium , Vicia faba, Vinyl Chloride , White Phosphorus , Xylene ,Favism
|
Dermatologic
|
Griscelli disease , NISCH syndrome , Hashimoto-Pritzker syndrome , Kawasaki disease , Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome , Lupus, Hemochromatosis
|
Drug Side Effect
|
5-Fluorocytosine , Allopurinol , Alprazolam, Amineptine, Amiodarone, Amlodipine, Amodiaquine , Amphotericin , Anabolic C-17 , Bicalutamide, Bromazepam, Buprenorphine, Butyrophenones, Cefaclor, Cephalosporins, Cimetidine , Clarithromycin, Clavulanic acid, Clindamycin, Co-amoxiclav, Colchicine , Cyclopropane , Cycloserine , Cytarabine , Dantrolene , Dapsone, Daptomycin, Deracoxib, Diazepam, Diflunisal , Diphenoxylate and Atropine, Disulfiram , Docetaxel, Doxepine, Duloxetine, Dydrogesterone, Erythromycin estolate , Erythromycin Ethyl succinate , Estrogen and Progestin, Ethionamide , Fenoprofen , Flucloxacillin, Framycetin, Fusidic acid, Griseofulvin , Halothane , Hycanthone , Ibuprofen , Idoxuridine , Imipramine, Indomethacin , Isoniazid , Itraconazole, Ketoconazole , Loprazolam, Lorazepam, Lormetazepam, Mepacrine , Mephenytoin , Methimazole, Methyldopa, Metronidazole , Minocycline, Mirtazapine, Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, Naproxen , Nitrofurantoin, Nitrous Oxide , Novobiocin , Oxycodone, p-aminosalicylic acid , Papaverine, Paroxetine, Penicillin , Phenol , Phenothiazine, Phenylbutazone , Phenytoin , Pyridine , Quinidine-induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia, Quinolone , Ranitidine , Rifampicin, Salicylate , Sibutramine, Spectinomycin , Sulindac , Sulphonamides, Tamoxifen, Tegaserod, Telithromycin, Tetracycline , Thiabendazole , Trazodone, Valproic acid, Vidarabine , Zoxazolamine ,
|
Ear Nose Throat
|
Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome
|
Endocrine
|
Gestational diabetes, Growth hormone deficiency, Hypopituitarism, Hypothyroidism, Thyroid agenesis
|
Environmental
|
No underlying causes
|
Gastroenterologic
|
Accessory pancreas, Acinic cell carcinoma, Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis , Acute Cholecystitis, Acute fatty liver of pregnancy, Acute hepatitis, Acute liver failure, Addison-Gull syndrome, Alagille syndrome, Alcoholic Hepatitis, Alcoholic liver disease, Angiosarcoma of the liver , Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome , Ascending cholangitis, Autoimmune Hepatitis , Baber's syndrome , Banti's syndrome, Bile duct cancer, Bile duct paucity, non syndromic form , Bile plug syndrome , Biliary atresia, Biliary cirrhosis , Budd-Chiari syndrome, Byler Disease , Caroli's Disease, Chlorpropamide, Cholangiocarcinoma, Cholangitis, Choledochal cyst, hand malformation , Choledochal cysts, Choledocholithiasis, Cholestasis , Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate , Chronic cholecystitis, Chronic Hepatitis , Cirrhosis o, liver , Colorectal cancer, Crigler-Najjar syndrome, Eosinophilic gastroenteritis, Esophageal cancer, Gallbladder cancer, Gallstones , Gilbert's syndrome, Hemosuccus pancreaticus, Hepatic amyloidosis with intrahepatic cholestasis , Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome , Hepatoma , Hyperemesis gravidarum, Idiopathic liver cirrhosis , Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma , Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, Islet Cell adenoma, Liver cancer , Mirizzi's syndrome, Mosse syndrome , Neonatal hepatitis , Neuroma biliary tract , Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Obliterative portal venopathy , Pancreatic adenoma, Pancreatic cancer, Pancreatitis, Pancreatoblastoma, Papillary stenosis, Peliosis hepatis, Portal hypertension, Primary biliary cirrhosis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Sarcoma botryoides of common bile duct, Secondary Biliary Cirrhosis, Spleen Cance, , Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, Xanthomatous biliary cirrhosis, Zieve's syndrome, NISCH syndrome , Benign intrahepatic cholestasis , Dubin-Johnson syndrome, Familial progressive intrahepatic cholestasis , Familial Selective Vitamin B12 Malabsorption , Hemochromatosis , Imerslund-Najman-Grasbeck Syndrome , Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) , Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup syndrome, HELLP syndrome , Heptaosplenic T-cell Lymphoma , Pernicious anemia, Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency , Viral Hepatitis A, Viral Hepatitis B, Viral Hepatitis C, Viral Hepatitis D, Viral Hepatitis E, Viral hepatitis X (non-A,-B,-C,-D,-E), Reynolds syndrome, Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome , Aagenaes syndrome , Infectious mononucleosis, Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism , Wilson's Disease, Cholesteryl ester storage disease, Chediak-Higashi syndrome , Weil's disease, Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis , Zellweger syndrome, Trisomy 18
|
Genetic
|
Aagenaes syndrome , Aldolase A deficiency , Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome , Benign intrahepatic cholestasis , Chediak-Higashi syndrome , Cholesteryl ester storage disease, Dubin-Johnson syndrome, Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis , Familial progressive intrahepatic cholestasis , Familial Selective Vitamin B12 Malabsorption , Galactosemia , Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, Glutaric aciduria , Hemochromatosis , Hereditary elliptocytosis , Hereditary fructose intolerance, Hereditary xerocytosis, Imerslund-Najman-Grasbeck Syndrome , Lucey-Driscoll syndrome, Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal, Niemann-Pick disease , Porphyria, Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) , Pseudo-torch syndrome, Rotor syndrome, Sotos syndrome, Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup syndrome, Trichomegaly cataract hereditary spherocytosis, Tyrosinemia, , [Wilson's Disease]], Wolman disease, X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X), X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome, X-linked sideroblastic anaemia, Zellweger syndrome, Griscelli disease , Hemoglobin C homozygous (CC) , Hereditary spherocytosis, Thalassemia, Fructose intolerance, Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency , Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis , Pyruvate kinase deficiency, Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome , Alagille syndrome, Trisomy 18
|
Hematologic
|
Achrestic anemia, Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Evans syndrome, Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism , Favism , Hashimoto-Pritzker syndrome , HELLP syndrome , Hemoglobin C homozygous (CC) , Hemolytic anemia, Hemolytic disease of the newborn, Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis familial ,Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency , Heptaosplenic T-cell Lymphoma , Hereditary spherocytosis, HLH (Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis), Hodgkin's Disease , Kawasaki disease , Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis , Lymphoma , Myelofibrosis-osteosclerosis ,Pernicious anemia, Rh deficiency syndrome, Thalassemia, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis , Mosse syndrome , Zieve's syndrome, Aagenaes syndrome , Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis , Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, Hereditary elliptocytosis , Hereditary xerocytosis, Porphyria, Trichomegaly cataract hereditary spherocytosis, X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome, X-linked sideroblastic anaemia, Pyruvate kinase deficiency, Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma , Goldstein-Hutt syndrome , Infectious mononucleosis, Rh disease, Kawasaki disease , Griscelli disease , Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal, Aldolase A deficiency , X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X), Lupus
|
Iatrogenic
|
Post operative jaundice
|
Infectious Disease
|
Alveolar Hydatid Disease ., Aspergillosis, Congenital TORCH infections, Fascioliasis , Infective endocarditis , Malignant boutonneuse fever, Nanukayami , Neonatal sepsis , Omphalitis, Pneumonia, Sepsis, Tuberculosis, Q fever, Relapsing fever, Syphilis, Weil's disease, Histoplasmosis, Malaria , Cytomegalovirus, Hepadnaviruses , Herpes, Infectious mononucleosis, Lábrea fever, Marburg virus, Viral Hepatitis A, Viral Hepatitis B, Viral Hepatitis C, Viral Hepatitis D, Viral Hepatitis E, Viral hepatitis X (non-A,-B,-C,-D,-E), Ascending cholangitis, Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal, Acute meningitis
|
Musculoskeletal / Ortho
|
Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome , Choledochal cyst, hand malformation , X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X), Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism , Myelofibrosis-osteosclerosis , Lupus, Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis , Sotos syndrome, Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate , Alagille syndrome, Hemochromatosis , Aldolase A deficiency , Lupus, Trisomy 18, Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome
|
Neurologic
|
Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia , Acute meningitis, Eclampsia, Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome , Pseudo-torch syndrome, Sotos syndrome, Wilson's Disease, Zellweger syndrome, Lissencephalic syndromes, Chediak-Higashi syndrome , Alagille syndrome, Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome , Trisomy 18
|
Nutritional / Metabolic
|
Breast feeding jaundice, Breast milk jaundice , Congenital disorders of glycosylation, Fructose intolerance, Manganese deficiency, Molybdenum deficiency, Organic acidemia, Pyruvate kinase deficiency, Selenium deficiency, Vitamin A overdose, Vitamin B12 Deficiency, Crigler-Najjar syndrome, Gilbert's syndrome, Cholesteryl ester storage disease, Galactosemia , Glutaric aciduria , Hereditary fructose intolerance, Lucey-Driscoll syndrome, Niemann-Pick disease , Tyrosinemia, Wolman disease, Acute fatty liver of pregnancy, Aldolase A deficiency
|
Obstetric/Gynecologic
|
HELLP syndrome, Acute fatty liver of pregnancy, Eclampsia
|
Oncologic
|
[Breast cancer]], Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma , Acinic cell carcinoma, Angiosarcoma of the liver , Bile duct cancer, Cholangiocarcinoma, Colorectal cancer, Esophageal cancer, Gallbladder cancer, Hepatoma , Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma , Islet Cell adenoma, Liver cancer , Neuroma biliary tract , Pancreatic adenoma, Pancreatic cancer, Pancreatoblastoma, Spleen Cancer, Lymphoma , Trichomegaly cataract hereditary spherocytosis, Zellweger syndrome, Mesothelioma
|
Opthalmologic
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Goldstein-Hutt syndrome , Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate , Chediak-Higashi syndrome , Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia , Wilson's Disease, Alagille syndrome
|
Overdose / Toxicity
|
Acetaminophen, Iron , Vitamin C , Vitamin A
|
Psychiatric
|
No underlying causes
|
Pulmonary
|
Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency , Mesothelioma, Sarcoidosis, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis
|
Renal / Electrolyte
|
Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome , Weil's disease, Alagille syndrome, Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome , Lupus
|
Rheum / Immune / Allergy
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Autoimmune Hepatitis , Primary biliary cirrhosis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Evans syndrome, Hemolytic disease of the newborn, Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency , Sarcoidosis, Lupus
|
Sexual
|
X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X), Lupus, Hemochromatosis
|
Trauma
|
Cephalhematoma, Hepatic trauma
|
Urologic
|
No underlying causes
|
Dental
|
No underlying causes
|
Miscellaneous
|
Brown Recluse spider bite , Neonatal adrenal hemorrhage, Neonatal physiological jaundice, Premature birth, Reye's syndrome
|
Causes in Alphabetical Order
Diagnosis
Symptoms
Jaundice typically appears in a 'top to bottom' progression (starting with the face, progressing toward the feet), and resolves in a 'bottom to top' manner. It was once believed persons suffering from the medical condition jaundice saw everything as yellow, but this is not true. By extension, the jaundiced eye came to mean a prejudiced view, usually rather negative or critical. Alexander Pope, in 'An Essay on Criticism' (1711), wrote: "All seems infected that the infected spy, As all looks yellow to the jaundiced eye." [2]
The caregiver should ask questions regarding
- Alcohol/hepatotoxic medication use
Various Symptoms
- Alcohol Hepatitis
- Aspartate aminotransferase:alanine aminotransferase ratio > 2 (AST:ALT)
- Fever
- Leukocytosis
- Viral Hepatitis
Physical Examination
- Complete physical exam including evidence of:
Appearance of the Patient
Skin
- Jaundice is visible in conjunctiva, skin and mucosa when the serum bilirubin level rises above 2 mg/dL
Eyes
- Jaundice is usually best seen in the periphery of the ocular conjunctivae
Abdomen
- Hepatomegaly may be present
Neurologic
Laboratory Findings
- Total and unconjugated bilirubin
- Aspartate aminotransferase
- Alanine aminotransferase
- Albumin
- Alkaline phosphatase
- HIV serologies
- Hepatitis serologies
- Antinuclear antibody (ANA)
- Antimitochondrial antibodies
- Haptoglobin
- Reticulocyte count
- Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)
'Pre-hepatic' -(or hemolytic) jaundice is caused by anything which causes an increased rate of hemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells). In tropical countries, malaria can cause jaundice in this manner. Certain genetic diseases, such assickle cell anemia and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency can lead to increased red cell lysis and therefore hemolytic jaundice. Commonly, diseases of the kidney, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome, can also lead to coloration. Defects in bilirubin metabolism also present as jaundice. Jaundice usually comes with high fevers.
The laboratory findings include
- Urine: no bilirubin present, urobilirubin > 2 units (except in infants where gut flora has not developed).
- Serum: increased unconjugated bilirubin.
'Hepatic causes' include acute hepatitis, hepatotoxicity and alcoholic liver disease, whereby cell necrosis reduces the liver's ability to metabolise and excrete bilirubin leading to a buildup in the blood. Less common causes include primary biliary cirrhosis,Gilbert's syndrome (a genetic disorder of bilirubin metabolism which can result in mild jaundice, which is found in about 5% of the population) and metastatic carcinoma. Jaundice seen in the newborn, known as neonatal jaundice, is common, occurring in almost every newborn as hepatic machinery for the conjugation and excretion of bilirubin does not fully mature until approximately two weeks of age..
Laboratory Findings: Urine: bilirubin present, Urobilirubin > 2 units but variable (Except in children)
'Post-hepatic' (or obstructive) jaundice, also called cholestasis, is caused by an interruption to the drainage of bile in the biliary system. The most common causes are gallstones in the common bile duct, and pancreatic cancer in the head of the pancreas. Also, a group of parasites known as "liver flukes" live in the common bile duct, causing obstructive jaundice. Other causes include strictures of the common bile duct, biliary atresia, ductal carcinoma, pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocysts. A rare cause of obstructive jaundice is Mirizzi's syndrome.
The presence of pale stools and dark urine suggests an obstructive or post-hepatic cause as normal feces get their color from bile pigments.
Patients also can present with elevated serum cholesterol.
Patients often complain of severe itching or "pruritus".
MRI and CT
- Abdominal CT scan may be helpful
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
Other Diagnostic Studies
- Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP)
Treatment
- Discontinue (and avoid) use of hepatotoxic medications
- Rehydrate
- Treat underlying etiologies
Acute Pharmacotherapies
Surgery and Device Based Therapy
See also
References
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Hemorrhage | |
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Abnormalities of breathing | |
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Other | |
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Chest, general | |
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Template:Skin and subcutaneous tissue symptoms and signs
Template:Nervous and musculoskeletal system symptoms and signs
Template:Urinary system symptoms and signs
Template:Cognition, perception, emotional state and behaviour symptoms and signs
Template:Speech and voice symptoms and signs
Template:General symptoms and signs
ar:يرقان
bs:Žutica
ca:Icterícia
cs:Žloutenka
da:Gulsot
de:Ikterus
eo:Iktero
it:Ittero
he:צהבת
la:Icterus
lt:Gelta
ml:മഞ്ഞപ്പിത്തം
ms:Demam kuning jaundis
nl:Geelzucht
no:Gulsott
nn:Gulsot
sk:Žltačka
sl:Zlatenica
fi:Keltaisuus
sv:Gulsot
te:పచ్చకామెర్లు
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