Dermatofibroma differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Deep penetrating dermatofibroma may be difficult to distinguish, even histologically, from rare malignant fibrohistocytic tumors e.g [[dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans]].
Dermatofibroma must be [[Differentiate|differentiated]] from other common [[causes]] of [[skin lesions]], such as [[basal cell carcinoma]], [[dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans]], and [[Kaposi sarcoma]].


==Differential Diagnosis==
==Differentiating dermatofibroma from other Diseases==
* Deep penetrating dermatofibroma may be difficult to distinguish, even histologically, from rare malignant fibrohistocytic tumors e.g [[dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hanly AJ, Jordà M, Elgart GW, Badiavas E, Nassiri M, Nadji M |title=High proliferative activity excludes dermatofibroma: report of the utility of MIB-1 in the differential diagnosis of selected fibrohistiocytic tumors |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=130 |issue=6 |pages=831–4 |year=2006 |month=June |pmid=16740036 |doi=10.1043/1543-2165(2006)130[831:HPAEDR]2.0.CO;2 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 17596171 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08033.x | volume=157 | issue=2 | title=Stromelysin-3 expression in the differential diagnosis of dermatofibroma and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: comparison with factor XIIIa and CD34 | year=2007 | month=August | author=Kim HJ, Lee JY, Kim SH, ''et al.'' | journal=Br. J. Dermatol. | pages=319–24}}</ref>
Dermatofibroma must be [[Differentiate|differentiated]] from other common [[causes]] of [[skin lesions]], such as [[basal cell carcinoma]], [[dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans]], and [[Kaposi sarcoma]].


===Immunohistochemical Staining===
<br />
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!  Neoplasm
!  [[CD34]]
!  [[Stromelysin-3]]
!  [[Factor XIIIa]]
|-
|  Dermatofibroma
|  +
|  +
|  +
|-
|  [[Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans]]
|  +
|  -
|  -
|}
 
==Overview==
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
 
OR
 
[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
 
==Differentiating [Disease name] from other Diseases==
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
 
OR
 
[Disease name] must be differentiated from [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
 
OR
 
As [disease name] manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype. [Subtype name 1] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], such as [differential dx1] and [differential dx2]. In contrast, [subtype name 2] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 2], such as [differential dx3] and [differential dx4].
 
===Differentiating [disease name] from other diseases on the basis of [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]===
 
On the basis [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3], [disease name] must be differentiated from [disease 1], [disease 2], [disease 3], [disease 4], [disease 5], and [disease 6].
{|
{|
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
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! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dermoscopic Findings
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dermoscopic Findings
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Histopathology
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Histopathology
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Dermatofibroma'''<ref name="LeeLee2015">{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=MiWoo|last2=Lee|first2=WooJin|last3=Jung|first3=JoonMin|last4=Won|first4=ChongHyun|last5=Chang|first5=SungEun|last6=Choi|first6=JeeHo|last7=Moon|first7=KeeChan|title=Clinical and histological patterns of dermatofibroma without gross skin surface change: A comparative study with conventional dermatofibroma|journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology|volume=81|issue=3|year=2015|pages=263|issn=0378-6323|doi=10.4103/0378-6323.154795}}</ref><ref name="MentzelWiesner2012">{{cite journal|last1=Mentzel|first1=Thomas|last2=Wiesner|first2=Thomas|last3=Cerroni|first3=Lorenzo|last4=Hantschke|first4=Markus|last5=Kutzner|first5=Heinz|last6=Rütten|first6=Arno|last7=Häberle|first7=Michael|last8=Bisceglia|first8=Michele|last9=Chibon|first9=Frederic|last10=Coindre|first10=Jean-Michel|title=Malignant dermatofibroma: clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular analysis of seven cases|journal=Modern Pathology|volume=26|issue=2|year=2012|pages=256–267|issn=0893-3952|doi=10.1038/modpathol.2012.157}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Nodule]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Hyperpigmentation|Hyperpigmented]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Firm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*0.3- 1 [[Centimetre|cm]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Mostly seen in [[extremities]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Localized [[nodular]] [[proliferation]] of [[spindle]]-shaped [[fibrous]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]] in a [[mixture]] of [[Histiocyte|histocytoid]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]] inside the [[dermis]]
* Spiculated margin of cells
* “Storiform” [[pattern]]
*[[Collagen]] bundles
* "Grenz zone"
*[[Epidermal]] [[hyperplasia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Slow [[growth]] over the years
!
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans]]'''<ref name="BernardPoulalhon2013">{{cite journal|last1=Bernard|first1=J.|last2=Poulalhon|first2=N.|last3=Argenziano|first3=G.|last4=Debarbieux|first4=S.|last5=Dalle|first5=S.|last6=Thomas|first6=L.|title=Dermoscopy of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: a study of 15 cases|journal=British Journal of Dermatology|volume=169|issue=1|year=2013|pages=85–90|issn=00070963|doi=10.1111/bjd.12318}}</ref><ref name="AcostaVélez2017">{{cite journal|last1=Acosta|first1=Alvaro E.|last2=Vélez|first2=Catalina Santa|title=Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans|journal=Current Treatment Options in Oncology|volume=18|issue=9|year=2017|issn=1527-2729|doi=10.1007/s11864-017-0498-5}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Patched|Patch]]
*[[Plaque]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Skin]]-[[Color|colored]], [[Violet (plant)|violet]] or [[Red-Al|reddish]]-[[brown]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Firm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*1-5 [[Centimetre|cm]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Mostly seen in [[trunk]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Presence of [[vessels]]
*[[Pigmentation|pigmented]] network
*pinkish [[background]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Highly [[cellular]] with [[Cells (biology)|cells]] having following [[Characteristic function (probability theory)|characteristics]]:
** Monomorphic
** Thin
** [[Spindle cells|Spindly]]
** Scant [[eosinophilic]] [[cytoplasm]]
** Hyperchromatic [[nuclei]] (resembling [[neurofibroma]])
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
!
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Kaposi sarcoma]]'''<ref name="CesarmanDamania2019">{{cite journal|last1=Cesarman|first1=Ethel|last2=Damania|first2=Blossom|last3=Krown|first3=Susan E.|last4=Martin|first4=Jeffrey|last5=Bower|first5=Mark|last6=Whitby|first6=Denise|title=Kaposi sarcoma|journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers|volume=5|issue=1|year=2019|issn=2056-676X|doi=10.1038/s41572-019-0060-9}}</ref><ref name="HuKe2009">{{cite journal|last1=Hu|first1=S C-S|last2=Ke|first2=C-L K|last3=Lee|first3=C-H|last4=Wu|first4=C-S|last5=Chen|first5=G-S|last6=Cheng|first6=S-T|title=Dermoscopy of Kaposi's sarcoma: Areas exhibiting the multicoloured ‘rainbow pattern’|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=23|issue=10|year=2009|pages=1128–1132|issn=09269959|doi=10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03239.x}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Macule]]
*[[Patched|Patch]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Red/violaceous
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Smooth
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Variable]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Mucus membrane]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Rainbow pattern
* scaly [[Surface area|surface]]
* Small brown globules
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Spindle cells]] with minimal [[nuclear]] [[atypia]]
* Excessive [[vascular]] [[proliferation]]
* Abundant [[Red blood cell|red blood cells]]
*[[RBC]] and [[hemosiderin]] [[extravasation]]
* Abundant [[Lymphocyte|lymphocytes]] and [[monocytes]]
* Premonitory sign
* Intracytoplasmic [[PAS stain|PAS]] +ve [[hyaline]] globules
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Kaposi's sarcoma is commonly associated with [[AIDS|acquired immune deficiency syndrome]] ([[AIDS]])
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma]]'''<ref name="pmid10848931">{{cite journal| author=Petter G, Haustein UF| title=Histologic subtyping and malignancy assessment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. | journal=Dermatol Surg | year= 2000 | volume= 26 | issue= 6 | pages= 521-30 | pmid=10848931 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10848931  }}</ref>
| rowspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma]]'''<ref name="pmid10848931">{{cite journal| author=Petter G, Haustein UF| title=Histologic subtyping and malignancy assessment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. | journal=Dermatol Surg | year= 2000 | volume= 26 | issue= 6 | pages= 521-30 | pmid=10848931 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10848931  }}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Squamous cell carcinoma in situ of skin|'''SCC in situ (Bowen's disease''')]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Squamous cell carcinoma in situ of skin|'''SCC in situ (Bowen's disease''')]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Patch
*[[Patched|Patch]]
* [[Plaque]]
*[[Plaque]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Erythematous]]
*[[Erythematous]]
* Skin colored
* Skin colored
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* In black individuals: [[Leg|legs]], [[anus]], and areas of [[chronic inflammation]]
* In black individuals: [[Leg|legs]], [[anus]], and areas of [[chronic inflammation]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Presence of dotted and/or glomerular [[vessels]]
* Presence of dotted and/or [[glomerular]] [[vessels]]
* White to yellowish surface scales
* White to yellowish [[Surface area|surface]] scales
* Red-yellowish background  
* Red-yellowish [[background]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Keratinocyte|Keratinocytic]] [[dysplasia]] of the [[epidermis]]  
*[[Keratinocyte|Keratinocytic]] [[dysplasia]] of the [[epidermis]]
* No infiltration into [[dermis]]
* No [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]] into [[dermis]]
 
*[[Pleomorphism|Pleomorphic]] [[Keratinocyte|keratinocytes]]
* [[Pleomorphism|Pleomorphic]] [[Keratinocyte|keratinocytes]]
* Hyperchromatic [[nuclei]]
* Hyperchromatic [[nuclei]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Slow growth over the years
* Slow [[growth]] over the years
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Invasive squamous cell carcinoma'''
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Invasive squamous cell carcinoma'''
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* Soft + [[ulceration]] (poorly [[Cellular differentiation|differentiated]])
* Soft + [[ulceration]] (poorly [[Cellular differentiation|differentiated]])
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* 0.5 to 1.5 cm
* 0.5 to 1.5 [[Centimetre|cm]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Fair-skinned individuals: sun-exposed areas
* Fair-skinned individuals: sun-exposed areas
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* White circles
* White circles
* White structureless areas
* White structureless areas
* Masses of [[keratin]]
*[[Mass|Masses]] of [[keratin]]
* Hairpin and linear-irregular [[vessels]]
*[[Hairpin]] and linear-irregular [[vessels]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Keratinocyte|Keratinocytic]] [[dysplasia]] of the [[epidermis]]  
* [[Keratinocyte|Keratinocytic]] [[dysplasia]] of the [[epidermis]]  
* No infiltration into [[dermis]]
* No [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]] into [[dermis]]


* [[Pleomorphism|Pleomorphic]] [[Keratinocyte|keratinocytes]]
* [[Pleomorphism|Pleomorphic]] [[Keratinocyte|keratinocytes]]
* Hyperchromatic [[nuclei]]
* Hyperchromatic [[nuclei]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* May be painful or [[Itch|pruritic]]
* May be [[painful]] or [[Itch|pruritic]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Keratoacanthoma]]'''<ref name="pmid26853179">{{cite journal| author=Kwiek B, Schwartz RA| title=Keratoacanthoma (KA): An update and review. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2016 | volume= 74 | issue= 6 | pages= 1220-33 | pmid=26853179 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2015.11.033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26853179  }}</ref>
| colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Keratoacanthoma]]'''<ref name="pmid26853179">{{cite journal| author=Kwiek B, Schwartz RA| title=Keratoacanthoma (KA): An update and review. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2016 | volume= 74 | issue= 6 | pages= 1220-33 | pmid=26853179 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2015.11.033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26853179  }}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Macule
*[[Macule]]
* Papule
*[[Papule]]
* May have telangiectasias
* May have [[telangiectasias]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Skin-colored
*[[Skin]]-colored
* Mildly erythematous
* Mildly [[erythematous]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Prominent keratinous core in the center of the nodule
* Prominent [[keratinous]] [[Core (anatomy)|core]] in the center of the [[nodule]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* 1 to 2.5 cm
* 1 to 2.5 [[Centimetre|cm]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Sun-exposed areas
* Sun-exposed areas
* Face, neck, hands, and arms
*[[Face]], [[neck]], [[hands]], and [[Arm|arms]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* White circles
* White circles
* Keratin
*[[Keratin]]
* Blood spots
*[[Blood]] spots
* White structureless zones
* White structureless zones
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Well-[[Cellular differentiation|differentiated]] [[squamous epithelium]]  
* Well-[[Cellular differentiation|differentiated]] [[squamous epithelium]]  
* Central [[keratin]] core
* Central [[keratin]] core
* Epidermal hyperplasia + large [[eosinophilic]] [[Keratinocyte|keratinocytes]]
*[[Epidermal]] [[hyperplasia]] + large [[eosinophilic]] [[Keratinocyte|keratinocytes]]


* Dermal inflammatory infiltrate
*[[Dermal]] [[inflammatory]] [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltrate]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Rapid growth (within weeks)
* Rapid [[growth]] (within weeks)
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Merkel cell carcinoma]]'''<ref name="pmid19638070">{{cite journal| author=Albores-Saavedra J, Batich K, Chable-Montero F, Sagy N, Schwartz AM, Henson DE| title=Merkel cell carcinoma demographics, morphology, and survival based on 3870 cases: a population based study. | journal=J Cutan Pathol | year= 2010 | volume= 37 | issue= 1 | pages= 20-7 | pmid=19638070 | doi=10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01370.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19638070  }}</ref>
| colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Merkel cell carcinoma]]'''<ref name="pmid19638070">{{cite journal| author=Albores-Saavedra J, Batich K, Chable-Montero F, Sagy N, Schwartz AM, Henson DE| title=Merkel cell carcinoma demographics, morphology, and survival based on 3870 cases: a population based study. | journal=J Cutan Pathol | year= 2010 | volume= 37 | issue= 1 | pages= 20-7 | pmid=19638070 | doi=10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01370.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19638070  }}</ref>
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* Firm
* Firm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* < 1 cm
* < 1 [[Centimetre|cm]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Sun-exposed areas
* Sun-exposed areas
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* Milky red areas
* Milky red areas
* Linear
* Linear
* Irregular vessels
* Irregular [[vessels]]
* Polymorphous [[vessels]]
*[[Polymorphic|Polymorphous]] [[vessels]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Uniform [[cells]] with large [[basophilic]] [[nuclei]]
* Uniform [[cells]] with large [[basophilic]] [[nuclei]]
* Single-cell [[necrosis]]
* Single-cell [[necrosis]]
* Frequent [[mitoses]]
* Frequent [[mitoses]]
* Lymphovascular invasion
* Lymphovascular [[Invasive (medical)|invasion]]
* Perineural invasion
*[[Perineurium|Perineural]] [[invasion]]
* [[Epidermal]] involvement via [[pagetoid]] spread
* [[Epidermal]] involvement via [[pagetoid]] spread
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Older individuals with light skin tones
* Older individuals with light [[skin]] tones
* Rapidly growing
* Rapidly [[Growth|growing]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Basal cell carcinoma]]'''<ref name="pmid22759209">{{cite journal| author=Wolberink EA, Pasch MC, Zeiler M, van Erp PE, Gerritsen MJ| title=High discordance between punch biopsy and excision in establishing basal cell carcinoma subtype: analysis of 500 cases. | journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol | year= 2013 | volume= 27 | issue= 8 | pages= 985-9 | pmid=22759209 | doi=10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04628.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22759209  }}</ref>
| rowspan="3" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Basal cell carcinoma]]'''<ref name="pmid22759209">{{cite journal| author=Wolberink EA, Pasch MC, Zeiler M, van Erp PE, Gerritsen MJ| title=High discordance between punch biopsy and excision in establishing basal cell carcinoma subtype: analysis of 500 cases. | journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol | year= 2013 | volume= 27 | issue= 8 | pages= 985-9 | pmid=22759209 | doi=10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04628.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22759209  }}</ref>
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* Flesh-colored
* Flesh-colored
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Small bump
* Small [[Bumps on skin|bump]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Variable
* Variable
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* Loosely arranged blue-gray dots
* Loosely arranged blue-gray dots
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Nest-like infiltration with basaloid [[cells]]
* Nest-like [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]] with [[Basal cell|basaloid]] [[cells]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* May have a "rolled" border
* May have a "rolled" [[Borderline|border]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Superficial basal cell carcinoma '''
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Superficial basal cell carcinoma '''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Patch
*[[Patched|Patch]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Erythematous]]
* [[Erythematous]]
Line 213: Line 249:
* Scaly
* Scaly
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* 1 to > 10 cm
* 1 to > 10 [[Centimetre|cm]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Sun-exposed areas
* Sun-exposed areas
Line 219: Line 255:
* [[Trunk]]
* [[Trunk]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Superficial fine [[Telangiectasias|telangiectasia]]
*[[Superficial]] fine [[Telangiectasias|telangiectasia]]
* Shiny white to red, translucent or opaque structureless areas
* Shiny white to red, [[translucent]] or opaque structureless areas
* Multiple small erosions
* Multiple small erosions
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
Line 231: Line 267:
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Sclerosing basal cell carcinoma (morpheaform)'''<ref name="pmid8959949">{{cite journal| author=Wrone DA, Swetter SM, Egbert BM, Smoller BR, Khavari PA| title=Increased proportion of aggressive-growth basal cell carcinoma in the Veterans Affairs population of Palo Alto, California. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 1996 | volume= 35 | issue= 6 | pages= 907-10 | pmid=8959949 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8959949  }}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Sclerosing basal cell carcinoma (morpheaform)'''<ref name="pmid8959949">{{cite journal| author=Wrone DA, Swetter SM, Egbert BM, Smoller BR, Khavari PA| title=Increased proportion of aggressive-growth basal cell carcinoma in the Veterans Affairs population of Palo Alto, California. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 1996 | volume= 35 | issue= 6 | pages= 907-10 | pmid=8959949 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8959949  }}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Papule
*[[Papule]]


* Plaque
*[[Plaque]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Flesh-colored
* Flesh-colored
Line 240: Line 276:
* Firm  
* Firm  
* [[Induration|Indurated]]  
* [[Induration|Indurated]]  
* Indistinct borders
* Indistinct [[Borderline|borders]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Variable
* Variable
Line 246: Line 282:
* Sun-exposed areas
* Sun-exposed areas
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Whitish backround
* Whitish [[background]]
* Few fine arborizing [[vessels]]
* Few fine arborizing [[vessels]]
* Multiple brown dots
* Multiple brown dots
Line 266: Line 302:
* Firm
* Firm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Few millimeters to several centimeters
* Variable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Extensor surfaces of the arms and legs and on the trunk
*[[Extensor]] [[Surface area|surfaces]] of the [[Arm|arms]] and [[Leg|legs]] and on the [[trunk]]


* Upper back, abdomen, and sacrum
* Upper [[back]], [[abdomen]], and [[sacrum]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* White "starburst pattern" surrounding red/brown/yellow crusts  
* White "starburst pattern" surrounding red/brown/yellow crusts  
* Erosions  
*[[Erosion (dental)|Erosions]]
* Hyperkeratosis
*[[Hyperkeratosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Thick and compact orthohyperkeratosis
* Thick and compact orthohyperkeratosis
* Irregular epidermal hyperplasia
* Irregular [[epidermal]] [[hyperplasia]]
* Focal parakeratosis with irregular acanthosis
* Focal parakeratosis with irregular [[Acanthosis nigricans|acanthosis]]
* Nonspecific dermal infiltrate containing WBCs
* Nonspecific [[dermal]] [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltrate]] containing [[WBC|WBCs]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Nodules range in number from few to hundreds
*[[Nodule (medicine)|Nodules]] range in number from few to hundreds
* Worsened by heat, sweating, or irritation from clothing  
* Worsened by [[heat]], [[sweating]], or [[irritation]] from clothing
|-
|-
| rowspan="6" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Melanoma]]'''<ref name="pmid201377432">{{cite journal| author=Witt C, Krengel S| title=Clinical and epidemiological aspects of subtypes of melanocytic nevi (Flat nevi, Miescher nevi, Unna nevi). | journal=Dermatol Online J | year= 2010 | volume= 16 | issue= 1 | pages= 1 | pmid=20137743 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20137743  }}</ref>
| rowspan="6" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Melanoma]]'''<ref name="pmid201377432">{{cite journal| author=Witt C, Krengel S| title=Clinical and epidemiological aspects of subtypes of melanocytic nevi (Flat nevi, Miescher nevi, Unna nevi). | journal=Dermatol Online J | year= 2010 | volume= 16 | issue= 1 | pages= 1 | pmid=20137743 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20137743  }}</ref>
Line 293: Line 329:
* Smooth
* Smooth
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Around 1 cm
* Around 1 [[Centimetre|cm]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Sun-damaged skin of the head or neck
* Sun-damaged [[skin]] of the [[head]] or [[neck]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Asymmetric, pigmented follicular openings
* Asymmetric, [[Pigmented lesions|pigmented]] follicular openings
* Gray angulated lines
* Gray angulated lines
* Gray areas, dots, and globules
* Gray areas, dots, and globules
Line 303: Line 339:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* '''↑''' atypical [[spindle]] shaped [[melanocytes]]  
* '''↑''' atypical [[spindle]] shaped [[melanocytes]]  
* Arranged in single cells or in small nests along the [[Epidermal junctions|dermal-epidermal junction]]
* Arranged in single [[Cells (biology)|cells]] or in small nests along the [[Epidermal junctions|dermal-epidermal junction]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Darkening of pigmentation, sharpening of borders, or emergence of nodular areas are signs of progression to [[lentigo maligna melanoma]]
* Darkening of [[pigmentation]], sharpening of borders, or emergence of [[nodular]] areas are [[signs]] of progression to [[lentigo maligna melanoma]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Lentigo maligna melanoma]]'''<ref name="pmid302665592">{{cite journal| author=Connolly KL, Giordano C, Dusza S, Busam KJ, Nehal K| title=Follicular involvement is frequent in lentigo maligna: Implications for treatment. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2019 | volume= 80 | issue= 2 | pages= 532-537 | pmid=30266559 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2018.07.071 | pmc=6333487 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30266559  }}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Lentigo maligna melanoma]]'''<ref name="pmid302665592">{{cite journal| author=Connolly KL, Giordano C, Dusza S, Busam KJ, Nehal K| title=Follicular involvement is frequent in lentigo maligna: Implications for treatment. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2019 | volume= 80 | issue= 2 | pages= 532-537 | pmid=30266559 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2018.07.071 | pmc=6333487 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30266559  }}</ref>
Line 313: Line 349:
* Brown/tan
* Brown/tan
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Freckle-like
*[[Freckle]]-like
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Variable
* Variable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Chronically sun-damaged areas
*[[Chronic|Chronically]] sun-damaged [[Area|areas]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Asymmetric, pigmented follicular openings
* Asymmetric, [[Pigmented lesions|pigmented]] follicular openings
* Gray angulated lines
* Gray angulated lines
* Gray areas, dots, and globules
* Gray areas, dots, and globules
Line 334: Line 370:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Macule]]
* [[Macule]]
* Plaque with irregular borders
*[[Plaque]] with irregular [[Borderline|borders]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Variably pigmented (red, blue, black, gray, and white)
* Variably [[Pigmented lesions|pigmented]] (red, blue, black, gray, and white)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Thin
* Thin
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* 1 mm to > 1 cm
* 1 mm to > 1 [[Centimetre|cm]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Anywhere but usually:
* Anywhere but usually:
** Back (men and women)
**[[Back]] ([[men]] and [[women]])
** Lower extremities (women)
** Lower [[extremities]] ([[women]])
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Asymmetry of shape
* Asymmetry of shape
Line 352: Line 388:
* Asymmetric
* Asymmetric
* Poorly circumscribed
* Poorly circumscribed
* Lack cellular maturation
* Lack [[cellular]] [[maturation]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Lateral (radial) growth before vertical (invasive) growth
*[[Lateral]] (radial) [[growth]] before [[Vertical direction|vertical]] ([[invasive]]) [[growth]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Nodular melanoma]]'''<ref name="pmid12734496">{{cite journal| author=Argenziano G, Soyer HP, Chimenti S, Talamini R, Corona R, Sera F et al.| title=Dermoscopy of pigmented skin lesions: results of a consensus meeting via the Internet. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2003 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 679-93 | pmid=12734496 | doi=10.1067/mjd.2003.281 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12734496  }}</ref><ref name="MenziesMoloney2013">{{cite journal|last1=Menzies|first1=Scott W.|last2=Moloney|first2=Fergal J.|last3=Byth|first3=Karen|last4=Avramidis|first4=Michelle|last5=Argenziano|first5=Giuseppe|last6=Zalaudek|first6=Iris|last7=Braun|first7=Ralph P.|last8=Malvehy|first8=Josep|last9=Puig|first9=Susana|last10=Rabinovitz|first10=Harold S.|last11=Oliviero|first11=Margaret|last12=Cabo|first12=Horacio|last13=Bono|first13=Riccardo|last14=Pizzichetta|first14=Maria A.|last15=Claeson|first15=Magdalena|last16=Gaffney|first16=Daniel C.|last17=Soyer|first17=H. Peter|last18=Stanganelli|first18=Ignazio|last19=Scolyer|first19=Richard A.|last20=Guitera|first20=Pascale|last21=Kelly|first21=John|last22=McCurdy|first22=Olivia|last23=Llambrich|first23=Alex|last24=Marghoob|first24=Ashfaq A.|last25=Zaballos|first25=Pedro|last26=Kirchesch|first26=Herbert M.|last27=Piccolo|first27=Domenico|last28=Bowling|first28=Jonathan|last29=Thomas|first29=Luc|last30=Terstappen|first30=Karin|last31=Tanaka|first31=Masaru|last32=Pellacani|first32=Giovanni|last33=Pagnanelli|first33=Gianluca|last34=Ghigliotti|first34=Giovanni|last35=Ortega|first35=Blanca Carlos|last36=Crafter|first36=Greg|last37=Ortiz|first37=Ana María Perusquía|last38=Tromme|first38=Isabelle|last39=Karaarslan|first39=Isil Kilinc|last40=Ozdemir|first40=Fezal|last41=Tam|first41=Anthony|last42=Landi|first42=Christian|last43=Norton|first43=Peter|last44=Kaçar|first44=Nida|last45=Rudnicka|first45=Lidia|last46=Slowinska|first46=Monika|last47=Simionescu|first47=Olga|last48=Di Stefani|first48=Alessandro|last49=Coates|first49=Elliot|last50=Kreusch|first50=Juergen|title=Dermoscopic Evaluation of Nodular Melanoma|journal=JAMA Dermatology|volume=149|issue=6|year=2013|pages=699|issn=2168-6068|doi=10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.2466}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Nodular melanoma]]'''<ref name="pmid12734496">{{cite journal| author=Argenziano G, Soyer HP, Chimenti S, Talamini R, Corona R, Sera F et al.| title=Dermoscopy of pigmented skin lesions: results of a consensus meeting via the Internet. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2003 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 679-93 | pmid=12734496 | doi=10.1067/mjd.2003.281 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12734496  }}</ref><ref name="MenziesMoloney2013">{{cite journal|last1=Menzies|first1=Scott W.|last2=Moloney|first2=Fergal J.|last3=Byth|first3=Karen|last4=Avramidis|first4=Michelle|last5=Argenziano|first5=Giuseppe|last6=Zalaudek|first6=Iris|last7=Braun|first7=Ralph P.|last8=Malvehy|first8=Josep|last9=Puig|first9=Susana|last10=Rabinovitz|first10=Harold S.|last11=Oliviero|first11=Margaret|last12=Cabo|first12=Horacio|last13=Bono|first13=Riccardo|last14=Pizzichetta|first14=Maria A.|last15=Claeson|first15=Magdalena|last16=Gaffney|first16=Daniel C.|last17=Soyer|first17=H. Peter|last18=Stanganelli|first18=Ignazio|last19=Scolyer|first19=Richard A.|last20=Guitera|first20=Pascale|last21=Kelly|first21=John|last22=McCurdy|first22=Olivia|last23=Llambrich|first23=Alex|last24=Marghoob|first24=Ashfaq A.|last25=Zaballos|first25=Pedro|last26=Kirchesch|first26=Herbert M.|last27=Piccolo|first27=Domenico|last28=Bowling|first28=Jonathan|last29=Thomas|first29=Luc|last30=Terstappen|first30=Karin|last31=Tanaka|first31=Masaru|last32=Pellacani|first32=Giovanni|last33=Pagnanelli|first33=Gianluca|last34=Ghigliotti|first34=Giovanni|last35=Ortega|first35=Blanca Carlos|last36=Crafter|first36=Greg|last37=Ortiz|first37=Ana María Perusquía|last38=Tromme|first38=Isabelle|last39=Karaarslan|first39=Isil Kilinc|last40=Ozdemir|first40=Fezal|last41=Tam|first41=Anthony|last42=Landi|first42=Christian|last43=Norton|first43=Peter|last44=Kaçar|first44=Nida|last45=Rudnicka|first45=Lidia|last46=Slowinska|first46=Monika|last47=Simionescu|first47=Olga|last48=Di Stefani|first48=Alessandro|last49=Coates|first49=Elliot|last50=Kreusch|first50=Juergen|title=Dermoscopic Evaluation of Nodular Melanoma|journal=JAMA Dermatology|volume=149|issue=6|year=2013|pages=699|issn=2168-6068|doi=10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.2466}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Polypoid [[nodule]]
*[[Polyploidy|Polypoid]] [[nodule]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Dark color
* Dark color
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Lump
*[[Lump]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* 6mm to > 1 cm
* 6mm to > 1 [[Centimetre|cm]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Trunk
*[[Trunk]]
* Head
*[[Head]]
* Neck
*[[Neck]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Pigment network or pseudonetwork
*[[Pigment]] network or pseudonetwork
* Aggregated brown or black globules  
* Aggregated brown or black globules  
* Blue pigmentation within lesion
* Blue [[pigmentation]] within [[lesion]]
* Small dotted or comma [[vessels]]
* Small dotted or comma [[vessels]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Cells [[proliferate]] downwards through the skin
*[[Cells (biology)|Cells]] [[proliferate]] downwards through the [[skin]]


* Dermal growth in isolation or in association with an [[epidermal]] component
*[[Dermal]] [[growth]] in isolation or in association with an [[epidermal]] component
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Two-thirds arise in normal skin, the rest in existing moles
* Two-thirds arise in normal [[skin]], the rest in existing [[moles]]
* Rapidly enlarging
* Rapidly enlarging
|-
|-
Line 385: Line 421:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Macule]]
* [[Macule]]
* Patch
*[[Patched|Patch]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Dark brown to black
* Dark brown to black
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Raised areas
* Raised [[Area|areas]]
* [[Ulceration]]
* [[Ulceration]]
* [[Bleeding]]
* [[Bleeding]]
Line 395: Line 431:
* Variable
* Variable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Palmar
*[[Palmar]]
* Plantar
*[[Plantar]]
* Subungual
* Subungual
* Mucosal surfaces
*[[Mucosal]] surfaces
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Parallel-ridge pattern
* Parallel-ridge [[pattern]]
* Irregular diffuse pigmentation
* Irregular [[diffuse]] [[pigmentation]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Asymmetric proliferation of single melanocytes at dermoepidermal junction
* Asymmetric [[proliferation]] of single [[melanocytes]] at dermoepidermal junction
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Most common among dark skinned individuals
* Most common among dark [[Skin|skinned]] individuals
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Amelanotic melanoma]]'''<ref name="pmid23197217">{{cite journal| author=Steglich RB, Meotti CD, Ferreira MS, Lovatto L, de Carvalho AV, de Castro CG| title=Dermoscopic clues in the diagnosis of amelanotic and hypomelanotic malignant melanoma. | journal=An Bras Dermatol | year= 2012 | volume= 87 | issue= 6 | pages= 920-3 | pmid=23197217 | doi= | pmc=3699915 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23197217  }}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Amelanotic melanoma]]'''<ref name="pmid23197217">{{cite journal| author=Steglich RB, Meotti CD, Ferreira MS, Lovatto L, de Carvalho AV, de Castro CG| title=Dermoscopic clues in the diagnosis of amelanotic and hypomelanotic malignant melanoma. | journal=An Bras Dermatol | year= 2012 | volume= 87 | issue= 6 | pages= 920-3 | pmid=23197217 | doi= | pmc=3699915 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23197217  }}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Patch
*[[Patched|Patch]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Skin color
*[[Skin]] color
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Slightly elevated borders
* Slightly elevated [[Borderline|borders]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Around 6 mm
* Around 6 mm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Sun-exposed areas
* Sun-exposed [[Area|areas]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* No [[melanin]] pigmentation
* No [[melanin]] [[pigmentation]]


* Dotted [[vessels]]
* Dotted [[vessels]]
* Linear irregular vessels  
* Linear irregular [[vessels]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
Line 434: Line 470:
* [[Hypopigmentation|Hypopigmented]]
* [[Hypopigmentation|Hypopigmented]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Smooth surface
* Smooth [[Surface area|surface]]
* Terminal hairs  often present
* Terminal [[hairs]] often present
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* 1 cm to > 20 cm
* 1 cm to > 20 [[Centimetre|cm]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Sun-exposed areas above the [[waist]]
* Sun-exposed [[Area|areas]] above the [[waist]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Comma-shaped or curved vessels
* Comma-shaped or curved [[vessels]]
* Structureless light brown background  
* Structureless light brown [[background]]
* Residual brown thick circles around the [[hair follicles]]
* Residual brown thick circles around the [[hair follicles]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Multinucleated [[melanocytes]]
*[[Multinucleated]] [[melanocytes]]
* [[Melanocyte|Melanocytes]] diffusely infiltrate [[dermis]]
* [[Melanocyte|Melanocytes]] diffusely [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltrate]] [[dermis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Also called Miescher [[nevus]]
* Also called Miescher [[nevus]]
Line 461: Line 497:
* Variable
* Variable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Head and neck,  
*[[Head]] and [[neck]],
* Dorsal aspect of the distal extremities
*[[Dorsal]] aspect of the [[distal]] [[extremities]]
* Sacral area
*[[Sacral]] [[area]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Structureless blue pigmentation
* Structureless blue [[pigmentation]]
* Structureless blue and white or blue and brown on some occasions
* Structureless blue and white or blue and brown on some occasions
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Proliferation of dendritic, dermal, melanin-producing melanocytes
*[[Proliferation]] of [[Dendritic cell|dendritic]], [[dermal]], [[melanin]]-producing [[melanocytes]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Also called Mongolian spots
* Also called [[Mongolian spot|Mongolian spots]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Spitz nevus'''<ref name="pmid22082838">{{cite journal| author=Luo S, Sepehr A, Tsao H| title=Spitz nevi and other Spitzoid lesions part I. Background and diagnoses. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2011 | volume= 65 | issue= 6 | pages= 1073-84 | pmid=22082838 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2011.04.040 | pmc=3217183 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22082838  }}</ref><ref name="pmid21494025">{{cite journal| author=Argenziano G, Agozzino M, Bonifazi E, Broganelli P, Brunetti B, Ferrara G et al.| title=Natural evolution of Spitz nevi. | journal=Dermatology | year= 2011 | volume= 222 | issue= 3 | pages= 256-60 | pmid=21494025 | doi=10.1159/000326109 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21494025  }}</ref>
| rowspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Spitz nevus'''<ref name="pmid22082838">{{cite journal| author=Luo S, Sepehr A, Tsao H| title=Spitz nevi and other Spitzoid lesions part I. Background and diagnoses. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2011 | volume= 65 | issue= 6 | pages= 1073-84 | pmid=22082838 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2011.04.040 | pmc=3217183 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22082838  }}</ref><ref name="pmid21494025">{{cite journal| author=Argenziano G, Agozzino M, Bonifazi E, Broganelli P, Brunetti B, Ferrara G et al.| title=Natural evolution of Spitz nevi. | journal=Dermatology | year= 2011 | volume= 222 | issue= 3 | pages= 256-60 | pmid=21494025 | doi=10.1159/000326109 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21494025  }}</ref>
Line 483: Line 519:
* < 1 cm
* < 1 cm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Cheek
*[[Cheek]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Coiled vessels
* Coiled [[vessels]]
* White network over a pink to reddish background
* White network over a pink to reddish [[background]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In children and adolescents
* In [[children]] and [[Adolescent|adolescents]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Reed-like Spitz'''<ref name="pmid27222770">{{cite journal| author=Pedrosa AF, Lopes JM, Azevedo F, Mota A| title=Spitz/Reed nevi: a review of clinical-dermatoscopic and histological correlation. | journal=Dermatol Pract Concept | year= 2016 | volume= 6 | issue= 2 | pages= 37-41 | pmid=27222770 | doi=10.5826/dpc.0602a07 | pmc=4866625 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27222770  }}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Reed-like Spitz'''<ref name="pmid27222770">{{cite journal| author=Pedrosa AF, Lopes JM, Azevedo F, Mota A| title=Spitz/Reed nevi: a review of clinical-dermatoscopic and histological correlation. | journal=Dermatol Pract Concept | year= 2016 | volume= 6 | issue= 2 | pages= 37-41 | pmid=27222770 | doi=10.5826/dpc.0602a07 | pmc=4866625 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27222770  }}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Papule
*[[Papule]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Heavily [[Pigmented lesions|pigmented]]
* Heavily [[Pigmented lesions|pigmented]]
Line 501: Line 537:
* < 1 cm
* < 1 cm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Head and neck
*[[Head]] and [[neck]]
* Upper and lower extremities
* Upper and lower [[extremities]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Structureless black to gray center
* Structureless black to gray center
Line 510: Line 546:
* Globules
* Globules
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Enlarged spindle [[melanocytes]] with polyangular form
* Enlarged [[spindle]] [[melanocytes]] with polyangular form
* "Ground glass" cytoplasm
* "Ground glass" [[cytoplasm]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Most commonly develops in children, adolescents, and young adults.
* Most commonly develops in [[children]], [[Adolescent|adolescents]], and young [[Adult|adults]].
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Solar lentigo]]'''<ref name="pmid21175756">{{cite journal| author=Tanaka M, Sawada M, Kobayashi K| title=Key points in dermoscopic differentiation between lentigo maligna and solar lentigo. | journal=J Dermatol | year= 2011 | volume= 38 | issue= 1 | pages= 53-8 | pmid=21175756 | doi=10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.01132.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21175756  }}</ref>
| colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Solar lentigo]]'''<ref name="pmid21175756">{{cite journal| author=Tanaka M, Sawada M, Kobayashi K| title=Key points in dermoscopic differentiation between lentigo maligna and solar lentigo. | journal=J Dermatol | year= 2011 | volume= 38 | issue= 1 | pages= 53-8 | pmid=21175756 | doi=10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.01132.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21175756  }}</ref>
Line 525: Line 561:
* Around 5mm
* Around 5mm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Sun-exposed areas
* Sun-exposed [[Area|areas]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Faint pigmented fingerprint structures
* Faint [[Pigment|pigmented]] [[fingerprint]] structures
* Structureless pattern
* Structureless [[pattern]]
* Light brown pseudonetwork with well-defined borders and a "moth-eaten" edge  
* Light brown pseudonetwork with well-defined [[Borderline|borders]] and a "moth-eaten" edge
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* '''↑''' [[melanin]] deposition in [[Keratinocyte|keratinocytes]]  
* '''↑''' [[melanin]] deposition in [[Keratinocyte|keratinocytes]]  
Line 540: Line 576:
* [[Papule]]
* [[Papule]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Skin-colored to brownish  
*[[Skin]]-colored to brownish
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Umbilicated
*[[Umbilicated lesions|Umbilicated]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* 2 - 6 mm
* 2 - 6 mm
Line 553: Line 589:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Usually in middle-aged or older patients
* Usually in middle-aged or older [[patients]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Lichen planus-like keratosis'''<ref name="pmid16148406">{{cite journal| author=Morgan MB, Stevens GL, Switlyk S| title=Benign lichenoid keratosis: a clinical and pathologic reappraisal of 1040 cases. | journal=Am J Dermatopathol | year= 2005 | volume= 27 | issue= 5 | pages= 387-92 | pmid=16148406 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16148406  }}</ref>
| colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Lichen planus-like keratosis'''<ref name="pmid16148406">{{cite journal| author=Morgan MB, Stevens GL, Switlyk S| title=Benign lichenoid keratosis: a clinical and pathologic reappraisal of 1040 cases. | journal=Am J Dermatopathol | year= 2005 | volume= 27 | issue= 5 | pages= 387-92 | pmid=16148406 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16148406  }}</ref>
Line 569: Line 605:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Shows a coarse or fine, gray to blue, granular [[pigmentation]]
* Shows a coarse or fine, gray to blue, granular [[pigmentation]]
* Diffuse brownish gray [[granules]]
*[[Diffuse]] brownish gray [[granules]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Hypergranulosis]]
* [[Hypergranulosis]]
* [[Epidermal]] [[hyperplasia]]
* [[Epidermal]] [[hyperplasia]]
* Superficial bandlike  infiltrate
*[[Superficial]] bandlike  [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltrate]]
* Melanophages
* Melanophages
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Appearance depends on stage of evolution
* Appearance depends on stage of evolution
|}
|}
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
Line 583: Line 620:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]

Latest revision as of 21:17, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Homa Najafi, M.D.[2]

Overview

Dermatofibroma must be differentiated from other common causes of skin lesions, such as basal cell carcinoma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and Kaposi sarcoma.

Differentiating dermatofibroma from other Diseases

Dermatofibroma must be differentiated from other common causes of skin lesions, such as basal cell carcinoma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and Kaposi sarcoma.


Diseases Skin examination Diagnosis Additional findings
Type Color Texture Size Distribution Dermoscopic Findings Histopathology
Dermatofibroma[1][2]
  • Firm
dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans[3][4]
  • Firm
Kaposi sarcoma[5][6]
  • Red/violaceous
  • Smooth
  • Rainbow pattern
  • scaly surface
  • Small brown globules
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma[7] SCC in situ (Bowen's disease)
  • Scaly
  • Variable
  • Fair-skinned individuals: sun-exposed areas
Invasive squamous cell carcinoma
  • Skin colored
  • 0.5 to 1.5 cm
  • Fair-skinned individuals: sun-exposed areas
  • In black individuals: legs, anus, and areas of chronic inflammation
Keratoacanthoma[8]
  • 1 to 2.5 cm
Merkel cell carcinoma[9]
  • Shiny
  • Flesh-colored or bluish-red
  • Firm
  • Sun-exposed areas
  • Older individuals with light skin tones
  • Rapidly growing
Basal cell carcinoma[10] Nodular basal cell carcinoma
  • Flesh-colored
  • Variable
  • Focused, bright red, and branching arborizing vessels
  • Loosely arranged blue-gray dots
Superficial basal cell carcinoma
  • Scaly
  • 1 to > 10 cm
  • Sun-exposed areas
  • Head (cheek and nose)
  • Trunk
  • Large, hyperchromatic, oval nuclei
  • Minimal cytoplasm
  • Small basaloid nodules
Sclerosing basal cell carcinoma (morpheaform)[11]
  • Variable
  • Sun-exposed areas
Prurigo nodules[12][13]
  • Firm
  • Variable
Melanoma[14] Melanoma in situ (Lentigo Maligna)[15]
  • Variable (from light to dark brown, black, pink, red, or white)
  • Smooth
  • Around 1 cm
  • Asymmetric, pigmented follicular openings
  • Gray angulated lines
  • Gray areas, dots, and globules
  • Circle within a circle
Lentigo maligna melanoma[16]
  • Brown/tan
  • Variable
  • Asymmetric, pigmented follicular openings
  • Gray angulated lines
  • Gray areas, dots, and globules
  • Circle within a circle
  • Usually in older individuals
Superficial spreading melanoma[17]
  • Variably pigmented (red, blue, black, gray, and white)
  • Thin
  • 1 mm to > 1 cm
  • Asymmetry of shape
  • > 2 colors
  • Asymmetry of structures
Nodular melanoma[18][19]
  • Dark color
  • 6mm to > 1 cm
  • Two-thirds arise in normal skin, the rest in existing moles
  • Rapidly enlarging
Acral lentiginous melanoma[20]
  • Dark brown to black
  • Variable
  • Most common among dark skinned individuals
Amelanotic melanoma[21]
  • Around 6 mm
Common nevus[22][23]
  • 1 cm to > 20 cm
  • Also called Miescher nevus
Blue nevus[24]
  • Blue
  • Smooth
  • Variable
  • Structureless blue pigmentation
  • Structureless blue and white or blue and brown on some occasions
Spitz nevus[25][26] Nonpigmented Spitz nevus
  • Pink
  • Smooth
  • < 1 cm
Reed-like Spitz[27]
  • Smooth
  • < 1 cm
Solar lentigo[28]
  • Multiple spots
  • Brown
  • Smooth
  • Around 5mm
  • Associated with UV exposure and skin aging
Sebaceous hyperplasia[29]
  • Skin-colored to brownish
  • 2 - 6 mm
  • Structureless yellow to whitish center surrounded by short linear "crown vessels"
  • Usually in middle-aged or older patients
Lichen planus-like keratosis[30]
  • Gray to brown
  • Prominent
  • Variable
  • Appearance depends on stage of evolution

References

  1. ↑ Lee, MiWoo; Lee, WooJin; Jung, JoonMin; Won, ChongHyun; Chang, SungEun; Choi, JeeHo; Moon, KeeChan (2015). "Clinical and histological patterns of dermatofibroma without gross skin surface change: A comparative study with conventional dermatofibroma". Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology. 81 (3): 263. doi:10.4103/0378-6323.154795. ISSN 0378-6323.
  2. ↑ Mentzel, Thomas; Wiesner, Thomas; Cerroni, Lorenzo; Hantschke, Markus; Kutzner, Heinz; Rütten, Arno; Häberle, Michael; Bisceglia, Michele; Chibon, Frederic; Coindre, Jean-Michel (2012). "Malignant dermatofibroma: clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular analysis of seven cases". Modern Pathology. 26 (2): 256–267. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2012.157. ISSN 0893-3952.
  3. ↑ Bernard, J.; Poulalhon, N.; Argenziano, G.; Debarbieux, S.; Dalle, S.; Thomas, L. (2013). "Dermoscopy of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: a study of 15 cases". British Journal of Dermatology. 169 (1): 85–90. doi:10.1111/bjd.12318. ISSN 0007-0963.
  4. ↑ Acosta, Alvaro E.; Vélez, Catalina Santa (2017). "Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans". Current Treatment Options in Oncology. 18 (9). doi:10.1007/s11864-017-0498-5. ISSN 1527-2729.
  5. ↑ Cesarman, Ethel; Damania, Blossom; Krown, Susan E.; Martin, Jeffrey; Bower, Mark; Whitby, Denise (2019). "Kaposi sarcoma". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 5 (1). doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0060-9. ISSN 2056-676X.
  6. ↑ Hu, S C-S; Ke, C-L K; Lee, C-H; Wu, C-S; Chen, G-S; Cheng, S-T (2009). "Dermoscopy of Kaposi's sarcoma: Areas exhibiting the multicoloured 'rainbow pattern'". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 23 (10): 1128–1132. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03239.x. ISSN 0926-9959.
  7. ↑ Petter G, Haustein UF (2000). "Histologic subtyping and malignancy assessment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma". Dermatol Surg. 26 (6): 521–30. PMID 10848931.
  8. ↑ Kwiek B, Schwartz RA (2016). "Keratoacanthoma (KA): An update and review". J Am Acad Dermatol. 74 (6): 1220–33. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.11.033. PMID 26853179.
  9. ↑ Albores-Saavedra J, Batich K, Chable-Montero F, Sagy N, Schwartz AM, Henson DE (2010). "Merkel cell carcinoma demographics, morphology, and survival based on 3870 cases: a population based study". J Cutan Pathol. 37 (1): 20–7. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01370.x. PMID 19638070.
  10. ↑ Wolberink EA, Pasch MC, Zeiler M, van Erp PE, Gerritsen MJ (2013). "High discordance between punch biopsy and excision in establishing basal cell carcinoma subtype: analysis of 500 cases". J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 27 (8): 985–9. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04628.x. PMID 22759209.
  11. ↑ Wrone DA, Swetter SM, Egbert BM, Smoller BR, Khavari PA (1996). "Increased proportion of aggressive-growth basal cell carcinoma in the Veterans Affairs population of Palo Alto, California". J Am Acad Dermatol. 35 (6): 907–10. PMID 8959949.
  12. ↑ Errichetti E, Piccirillo A, Stinco G (2015). "Dermoscopy of prurigo nodularis". J Dermatol. 42 (6): 632–4. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.12844. PMID 25808786.
  13. ↑ Weigelt N, Metze D, Ständer S (2010). "Prurigo nodularis: systematic analysis of 58 histological criteria in 136 patients". J Cutan Pathol. 37 (5): 578–86. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01484.x. PMID 20002240.
  14. ↑ Witt C, Krengel S (2010). "Clinical and epidemiological aspects of subtypes of melanocytic nevi (Flat nevi, Miescher nevi, Unna nevi)". Dermatol Online J. 16 (1): 1. PMID 20137743.
  15. ↑ Connolly KL, Giordano C, Dusza S, Busam KJ, Nehal K (2019). "Follicular involvement is frequent in lentigo maligna: Implications for treatment". J Am Acad Dermatol. 80 (2): 532–537. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.07.071. PMC 6333487. PMID 30266559.
  16. ↑ Connolly KL, Giordano C, Dusza S, Busam KJ, Nehal K (2019). "Follicular involvement is frequent in lentigo maligna: Implications for treatment". J Am Acad Dermatol. 80 (2): 532–537. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.07.071. PMC 6333487. PMID 30266559.
  17. ↑ Argenziano G, Ferrara G, Francione S, Di Nola K, Martino A, Zalaudek I (2009). "Dermoscopy--the ultimate tool for melanoma diagnosis". Semin Cutan Med Surg. 28 (3): 142–8. doi:10.1016/j.sder.2009.06.001. PMID 19782937.
  18. ↑ Argenziano G, Soyer HP, Chimenti S, Talamini R, Corona R, Sera F; et al. (2003). "Dermoscopy of pigmented skin lesions: results of a consensus meeting via the Internet". J Am Acad Dermatol. 48 (5): 679–93. doi:10.1067/mjd.2003.281. PMID 12734496.
  19. ↑ Menzies, Scott W.; Moloney, Fergal J.; Byth, Karen; Avramidis, Michelle; Argenziano, Giuseppe; Zalaudek, Iris; Braun, Ralph P.; Malvehy, Josep; Puig, Susana; Rabinovitz, Harold S.; Oliviero, Margaret; Cabo, Horacio; Bono, Riccardo; Pizzichetta, Maria A.; Claeson, Magdalena; Gaffney, Daniel C.; Soyer, H. Peter; Stanganelli, Ignazio; Scolyer, Richard A.; Guitera, Pascale; Kelly, John; McCurdy, Olivia; Llambrich, Alex; Marghoob, Ashfaq A.; Zaballos, Pedro; Kirchesch, Herbert M.; Piccolo, Domenico; Bowling, Jonathan; Thomas, Luc; Terstappen, Karin; Tanaka, Masaru; Pellacani, Giovanni; Pagnanelli, Gianluca; Ghigliotti, Giovanni; Ortega, Blanca Carlos; Crafter, Greg; Ortiz, Ana María Perusquía; Tromme, Isabelle; Karaarslan, Isil Kilinc; Ozdemir, Fezal; Tam, Anthony; Landi, Christian; Norton, Peter; Kaçar, Nida; Rudnicka, Lidia; Slowinska, Monika; Simionescu, Olga; Di Stefani, Alessandro; Coates, Elliot; Kreusch, Juergen (2013). "Dermoscopic Evaluation of Nodular Melanoma". JAMA Dermatology. 149 (6): 699. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.2466. ISSN 2168-6068.
  20. ↑ Phan A, Dalle S, Touzet S, Ronger-Savlé S, Balme B, Thomas L (2010). "Dermoscopic features of acral lentiginous melanoma in a large series of 110 cases in a white population". Br J Dermatol. 162 (4): 765–71. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09594.x. PMID 19922528.
  21. ↑ Steglich RB, Meotti CD, Ferreira MS, Lovatto L, de Carvalho AV, de Castro CG (2012). "Dermoscopic clues in the diagnosis of amelanotic and hypomelanotic malignant melanoma". An Bras Dermatol. 87 (6): 920–3. PMC 3699915. PMID 23197217.
  22. ↑ Witt C, Krengel S (2010). "Clinical and epidemiological aspects of subtypes of melanocytic nevi (Flat nevi, Miescher nevi, Unna nevi)". Dermatol Online J. 16 (1): 1. PMID 20137743.
  23. ↑ Bauer J, Garbe C (2003). "Acquired melanocytic nevi as risk factor for melanoma development. A comprehensive review of epidemiological data". Pigment Cell Res. 16 (3): 297–306. PMID 12753404.
  24. ↑ Granter SR, McKee PH, Calonje E, Mihm MC, Busam K (2001). "Melanoma associated with blue nevus and melanoma mimicking cellular blue nevus: a clinicopathologic study of 10 cases on the spectrum of so-called 'malignant blue nevus'". Am J Surg Pathol. 25 (3): 316–23. PMID 11224601.
  25. ↑ Luo S, Sepehr A, Tsao H (2011). "Spitz nevi and other Spitzoid lesions part I. Background and diagnoses". J Am Acad Dermatol. 65 (6): 1073–84. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2011.04.040. PMC 3217183. PMID 22082838.
  26. ↑ Argenziano G, Agozzino M, Bonifazi E, Broganelli P, Brunetti B, Ferrara G; et al. (2011). "Natural evolution of Spitz nevi". Dermatology. 222 (3): 256–60. doi:10.1159/000326109. PMID 21494025.
  27. ↑ Pedrosa AF, Lopes JM, Azevedo F, Mota A (2016). "Spitz/Reed nevi: a review of clinical-dermatoscopic and histological correlation". Dermatol Pract Concept. 6 (2): 37–41. doi:10.5826/dpc.0602a07. PMC 4866625. PMID 27222770.
  28. ↑ Tanaka M, Sawada M, Kobayashi K (2011). "Key points in dermoscopic differentiation between lentigo maligna and solar lentigo". J Dermatol. 38 (1): 53–8. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.01132.x. PMID 21175756.
  29. ↑ Sato T, Tanaka M (2014). "Linear sebaceous hyperplasia on the chest". Dermatol Pract Concept. 4 (1): 93–5. doi:10.5826/dpc.0401a16. PMC 3919849. PMID 24520522.
  30. ↑ Morgan MB, Stevens GL, Switlyk S (2005). "Benign lichenoid keratosis: a clinical and pathologic reappraisal of 1040 cases". Am J Dermatopathol. 27 (5): 387–92. PMID 16148406.

References

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