Complement deficiencies: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 14:22, 29 October 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zahir Ali Shaikh, MD [2], Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[3]

Overview

The complement system is a biochemical cascade which helps clear pathogens from an organism. It belongs to the innate immune system. Complement deficiencies can be inherited or acquired (as a result of complement-consuming disease state). Complement deficiency states may predispose affected individuals to angioedema, collagen vascular disease, or infection due to encapsulated organisms, especially Neisseria meningitidis.^[1]

Classification

Complement Deficiencies

Susceptibility to Infections

HIGH

LOW

Disseminated Nisserial Infections

Recurrent Pyogenic Infections

SLE like syndrome

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome

Others

Absent CH50 & AH50 hemolytic activity, defective bacterial activity

Normal CH50, Absent AH50 hemolytic activity

C3LOF,C3,AR

C1q def: C1QA, C1QB, C1QC

C3GOF, C3, AD

C1 inhibitor SERPING1, AD

C5 def:,C5

Properdin def:, PFC, XL

MASP2 def:, MASP2, AR

C1r def:

FactorB, GOF, CFB, AD

Membrane attack complex inhibitor def:, CD59

C6 def:, C6

Factor D def:, CFD, AR

Fincolin3 def:, FCN3, AR

C1s def:

Factor H def:, CFH, AD or AR

CD55 def:, (CHAPLE disease), AR

C7 def:, C7+vasculitis

Factor B, CFB, LOF, AR

C2 def:

Factor H related protein def:, CFHR1-5, AR, AD

C8 def:, C8A, C8B, C8G

C4 def:, C4A, C4B, AR

Factor I def:, AR

C9 def:, C9 mild susceptibility

Thrombomodulin def:, THBD, AD

Membrane cofactor protein def:, CD46, AD

Disseminated Neisserial Infections

C5 Deficiency

C5 deficiency is the basis of lack of phagocytosis-enhancing activity of serum. ^[2]
C5 deficiency leads to the failure to form the membrane attack complex (MAC) which is responsible for the lytic action of the complement.^[3]
It is associated with recurrent disseminated gonococcal infection.^[4]
Patients present with recurrent meningitis and meningococcemia, as well as recurrent purulent otitis media.^[5]

C6 Deficiency

C6 is structurally similar to other terminal complement components, C5b, C7, C8, and C9, all of which participate in the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC).^[6]
C6 deficiency is a genetic disorder presenting as an increased susceptibility to invasive Neisseria meningitidis infections.^[7]
Complete C6 deficiency presents with recurrent Neisseria meningitidis infection and it should be distinguished from subtotal C6 deficiency in which the complement protein is functionally active and there is no association with neisserial infections.^[8]

C7 Deficiency

C7 is part of the membrane attack complex (MAC) and deficiency of this complement protein leads to the loss of complement lytic function.^[9]
Patients with C7 deficiency present with recurrent meningococcal infection.^[10]
It can also rarely present with severe and aggressive pyoderma gangrenosum.^[11]
Patients can also suffer from recurrent otitis media, tonsilitis and chronic mucopurulent rhinitis with subsequent pansinusitis complicated by nasal polyposis.^[12]
Antibiotics prophylaxis can be used to decrease the number of ear nose and throat (ENT) infections.

C8 Deficiency

C8 deficiency results in the failure of membrane attack complex (MAC) assembly.^[13]
Patients suffer from recurrent neisserial infections, predominantly with meningococcus infection of rare serotypes.^[14]
It can present with juvenile chronic arthritis.^[15]
Prophylaxis with conjugate polysaccharide vaccines is recommended and antibiotic prophylaxis should be considered in individual cases.^[16]

C9 Deficiency

C9 deficiency impairs the assembly of membrane attack complex (MAC) and results in the failure of complement lytic activity.
Patients have a significantly increased risk of developing meningococcal meningitis.^[17]
Patients with this deficiency have also presented with SLE-like and sicca symptoms.^[18]
An Arg95Stop mutation resulting in C9 deficiency is associated with membranoproliferative pattern of glomerular injury.^[19]
Patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) benefit by having high quality of life conferred by coexisting C9 deficiency.^[20]

Properdin Deficiency

Properdin, a part of the innate immune system, is a positive regulatory factor of the alternative complement pathway that binds to the microbial surfaces and stabilizes C3b, Bb convertase.^[21]

Properdin deficiency is associated with a heightened susceptibility to Neisseria species.^[22]
Patients can present with severe pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenza infections.^[23]^[24]
Recurrent infections are extremely rare, indicating a capacity for properdin-deficient individuals to develop-mediated defences against subsequent infections, hence promoting bactericidal and phagocytic activity via the intact classical complement pathway.^[25]^[26]

Factor D Deficiency

Factor D is the initial obligatory and rate-limiting catalytic component in the alternative complement pathway.^[27]
Factor D deficiency, an autosomal recessive immunologic disorder reflecting a defect in the alternative complement pathway, is characterized by the increased susceptibility to bacterial infections, particularly Neisseria infections.^[28]
A rare case of pneumococcal neonatal sepsis in infants with factor D deficiency has also been documented.^[29]

Recurrent Pyogenic Infections

C3 Loss-of-Function

C3 loss-of-function leads to absent alternate pathway hemolytic activity (AH50) and complement pathway hemolytic activity (CH50).^[30]
It results in defective opsonization and humoral response.
The loss-of-function mutation in C3 complement does not lead to familial disease in contrast to the gain-of-function mutation.^[31]
It results in potential exacerbation of immune complex disorders.

Mannan-binding Lectin Serine Protease 2 (MASP2) Deficiency

Mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 (MASP2) deficiency has an autosomal recessive inheritance.^[32]
The deficiency is classically defined as mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 (MASP2) protein level of less than 100 ng/ml.^[33]^[34]
It leads to the defects in the complement system as it plays a role in the activation of the lectin pathway of the complement system.
Patients present with ulcerative colitis, erythema multiforme bullosum and SLE with favorable response to treatment with prednisolone, and other immunosuppressive drugs.^[35]
It is also associated with severe pneumococcal pneumonia and progressive lung fibrosis.

Ficolin-3 (FCN3) Deficiency

Ficolin-3 (FCN3) deficiency follows an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern.^[36]^[37]
Ficolin-3 (FCN3), also known as H-ficolin, activates the lectin pathway of the complement system; deficiency may thus lead to defects in the complement system.^[38]^[39]
The consequences of Ficolin-3 (FCN3) deficiency are not clear-cut and it may act as a disease modifier.^[40]
Patients may show increased susceptibility to infection in the perinatal or neonatal period and autoimmune diseases as adults.
Clinical features include brain abscesses, recurrent warts on the fingers, pneumonia, and selective deficient antibody response to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.^[41]^[42]
Prematurely born infants with this deficiency have developed necrotizing enterocolitis followed by recurrent skin infections with Staphylococcus aureus.^[43]
It can present with nephrotic syndrome due to membranous nephropathy in adults.^[44]

Factor B Loss-of-Function

Factor B loss-of-function mutation has an autosomal recessive inheritance.^[45]
It leads to the failure of activation of alternative complement pathway.
Patients are susceptible to infections with encapsulated organisms.

SLE-like Syndrome

C1Q Deficiency

C1Q Deficiency can be caused by homozygous mutation in the C1QA, C1QB or C1QC gene.^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49]
It has 2 different forms, absent C1Q protein or presence of a dysfunctional molecule.^[50]^[51]
It is characterized by recurrent skin lesions, chronic infections, and an increased risk of autoimmune diseases, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), or SLE-like illnesses, such as discoid lupus erythematosus, fever, joint pain, and oral ulceration.^[52]
Patients with cutaneous disorders can present with vesicles, hyperpigmentation, and atrophic areas with exacerbation upon light exposure.^[53]
It can present with the loss of eyelashes, eyebrows, and scalp hair.
Patients with episodes of pneumonia, septicemia, bacterial meningitis, and bacterial keratitis have also been reported.^[54]^[55]
Patients can present with a wide range of renal pathologies, such as chronic glomerulonephritis, renal failure, and with biopsy results showing mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, membranous glomerulopathy, deposition of immune complexes, and tubulointerstitial abnormalities.^[56]^[57]^[58]

C1R Deficiency

C1R is the catalytic subunit of complement component C1.^[59]
Clinical features include discoid lupus erythematosus, nondeforming rheumatoid-like arthritis, mild nephritis, and reurrent rhinobronchitis.^[60]
Missense or in-frame insertion/deletion mutations in the C1R gene results in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome periodontal type 1 (EDSPD1).^[61]
C1R deficiency usually accompanies a deficiency of C1S.^[62]

C1S Deficiency

C1S is a catalytic subunit of the complement component C1.^[59]
C1S deficiency is usually reported with a deficiency of C1R.^[59]
Patients can present with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-like syndrome and chronic glomerulonephritis.^[63]
It can result in the absence of classic complement (CH50) pathway activity.^[64]
Missense mutation and an in-frame deletion in the C1S gene results in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome periodontal type 2 (EDSPD2).^[61]

C2 Deficiency

C2 deficiency is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the C2 gene on chromosome 6p21.
Majority of the patients with this deficiency have autoimmune diseases, most commonly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Henoch-Schonlein purpura, or polymyositis.^[65]^[66]
Patients can also present with discoid lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, cutaneous vasculitis, sicca syndrome, and seropositive rheumatoid arthritis.^[67]^[68]^[69]

C4 Deficiency

C4 complement component is encoded by 2 distinct but closely linked genes, C4A and C4B.^[70]
It has an autosomal recessive inheritance.^[71]
C4 partial deficiency (either C4A or C4B) is common and has a modest effect on the host defense.^[71]
Complete C4 deficiency is associated with renal disease presenting as severe Henoch-Schonlein purpura and patients can develop hypertension, nephrotic syndrome requriring hemodialysis.^[72]
Homozygous deficiency of C4A is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and type I diabetes mellitus.^[73]
Homozygous deficiency of C4B is associated with susceptibility to bacterial meningitis.^[74]
C4 deficiency is a predisposing factor for Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced autoantibody production.^[75]

Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (aHUS)

C3 Gain-of-Function

Complement component C3 plays a central role in the activation of all 3 complement pathways, classical, alternative, and lectin.^[76]
C3 gain-of-function mutation follows an autosomal dominant inheritance leading to the increased activation of complement.^[71]
It can present with glomerulonephritis and predispose individiuals to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, microhematuria, hypertension, and chronic Renal Failure.^[77]^[71]

Factor B Gain-of-Function

Factor B gain-of-function is a mutation in the CFB gene that has autosomal dominant inheritance.^[71]
It leads to the increased alternate pathway hemolytic activity (AH50) by enhancing the generation of C3b.^[71]^[78]
It increases the susceptibility of individuals to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome-4 (aHUS4).

Thrombomodulin Deficiency

Thrombomodulin, an anticoagulant glycoprotein, functions to modulate the activity of the hemostatic protease thrombin.^[94]
Thrombomodulin deficiency has an autosomal dominant inheritance.^[71]
It results in enhanced thrombus formation in a murine model of carotid artery thrombosis.^[95]
It may also contribute to microvascular ischemia in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy.^[96]
The deficiency may also influence collagen production by fibroblasts in the wound matrix.^[94]

Membrane Cofactor Protein (MCP) Deficiency

Membrane Cofactor Protein (MCP), a C3B/C4B-binding molecule of the complement system with cofactor activity for the Factor I-dependent cleavage of C3B and C4B.^[97]
Membrane Cofactor Protein (MCP) deficiency follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern.^[71]
Partial membrane cofactor protein (MCP) deficiency with or without Clostridium dfficile infection can result in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS).^[98]^[99]
The deficiency can also present with glomerulonephritis, infections, and decreased C3b binding.^[71]

Others

C1-Inhibitor (C1NH)

C1-inhibitor (C1NH), a plasma protein involved in the regulation of the complement cascade, is a member of a large serine protease inhibitor (serpin) gene family.
Mutations in the C1-inhibitor (C1NH) gene has been known to cause hereditary angioedema.
Patients with hereditary angioedema type I (absent or low levels of an antigenically-normal protein) have a deletion of the C1-inhibitor gene or a truncated transcript because of a stop codon while hereditary angioedema type II (elevated or normal levels of a dysfunctional protein) patients have a single base substitution.^[100]^[101]
C1-inhibitor (C1NH) deficiency can result in spontaneous activation of the complement pathway causing consumption of C4/C2 components.^[71]
Patients with low levels of C1-inhibitor (C1NH) have been reported to have presented with vasculitic neuropathy.^[102]
Acquired C1-inhibitor (C1NH) deficiency, causing angioedema, can be associated with benign or malignant B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders.^[103]

Membrane Attack Complex Inhibitor (CD59) Deficiency

Membrane Attack Complex Inhibitor (CD59) deficiency is caused by mutation in the CD59 gene, which maps to chromosome 11p13.^[104]
Pateints present with hemolytic anemia and immune-mediated polyneuropathy.^[71]^[105]

Decay Accelerating Factor (DAF) or CD55 Deficiency

Decay accelerating factor (DAF) or CD59 deficiency leads to CHAPLE (complement hyperactivation, angiopathic thrombosis, and protein-losing enteropathy) syndrome which is characterized by abdominal pain and diarrhea, primary intestinal lymphangiectasia, hypoproteinemic edema, and malabsorption.^[106]^[107]^[108]^[106]^[109]
Some patients also exhibit bowel inflammation, recurrent infections associated with hypogammaglobulinemia, and/or angiopathic thromboembolic disease.^[106]
Affected children with CHAPLE syndrome have presented with growth retardation, edema, clubbing, iron-deficiency anemia, and hypoproteinemia with death occuring in multiple cases and on autopsy, the liver revealed hepatic vein stenosis with Budd-Chiari syndrome.^[110]^[107]

References

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↑ Aziz Bousfiha, Leila Jeddane, Capucine Picard, Fatima Ailal, H. Bobby Gaspar, Waleed Al-Herz, Talal Chatila, Yanick J. Crow, Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles, Amos Etzioni, Jose Luis Franco, Steven M. Holland, Christoph Klein, Tomohiro Morio, Hans D. Ochs, Eric Oksenhendler, Jennifer Puck, Mimi L. K. Tang, Stuart G. Tangye, Troy R. Torgerson, Jean-Laurent Casanova & Kathleen E. Sullivan (2018). "The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies". Journal of clinical immunology. 38 (1): 129–143. doi:10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8. PMID 29226301. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Georgia Sfyroera, Daniel Ricklin, Edimara S. Reis, Hui Chen, Emilia L. Wu, Yiannis N. Kaznessis, Kristina N. Ekdahl, Bo Nilsson & John D. Lambris (2015). "Rare loss-of-function mutation in complement component C3 provides insight into molecular and pathophysiological determinants of complement activity". Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 194 (7): 3305–3316. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1402781. PMID 25712219. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Aziz Bousfiha, Leila Jeddane, Capucine Picard, Fatima Ailal, H. Bobby Gaspar, Waleed Al-Herz, Talal Chatila, Yanick J. Crow, Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles, Amos Etzioni, Jose Luis Franco, Steven M. Holland, Christoph Klein, Tomohiro Morio, Hans D. Ochs, Eric Oksenhendler, Jennifer Puck, Mimi L. K. Tang, Stuart G. Tangye, Troy R. Torgerson, Jean-Laurent Casanova & Kathleen E. Sullivan (2018). "The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies". Journal of clinical immunology. 38 (1): 129–143. doi:10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8. PMID 29226301. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ S. Thiel, R. Steffensen, I. J. Christensen, W. K. Ip, Y. L. Lau, I. J. M. Reason, H. Eiberg, M. Gadjeva, M. Ruseva & J. C. Jensenius (2007). "Deficiency of mannan-binding lectin associated serine protease-2 due to missense polymorphisms". Genes and immunity. 8 (2): 154–163. doi:10.1038/sj.gene.6364373. PMID 17252003. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Anna Sokolowska, Agnieszka Szala, Anna St Swierzko, Monika Kozinska, Tomasz Niemiec, Maria Blachnio, Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopec, Jaroslaw Dziadek & Maciej Cedzynski (2015). "Mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-2 (MASP-2) deficiency in two patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and one healthy control". Cellular & molecular immunology. 12 (1): 119–121. doi:10.1038/cmi.2014.19. PMID 24658431. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Kristian Stengaard-Pedersen, Steffen Thiel, Mihaela Gadjeva, Mette Moller-Kristensen, Rikke Sorensen, Lise T. Jensen, Anders G. Sjoholm, Lars Fugger & Jens C. Jensenius (2003). "Inherited deficiency of mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease 2". The New England journal of medicine. 349 (6): 554–560. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022836. PMID 12904520. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Aziz Bousfiha, Leila Jeddane, Capucine Picard, Fatima Ailal, H. Bobby Gaspar, Waleed Al-Herz, Talal Chatila, Yanick J. Crow, Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles, Amos Etzioni, Jose Luis Franco, Steven M. Holland, Christoph Klein, Tomohiro Morio, Hans D. Ochs, Eric Oksenhendler, Jennifer Puck, Mimi L. K. Tang, Stuart G. Tangye, Troy R. Torgerson, Jean-Laurent Casanova & Kathleen E. Sullivan (2018). "The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies". Journal of clinical immunology. 38 (1): 129–143. doi:10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8. PMID 29226301. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Luregn J. Schlapbach, Steffen Thiel, Ulf Kessler, Roland A. Ammann, Christoph Aebi & Jens C. Jensenius (2011). "Congenital H-ficolin deficiency in premature infants with severe necrotising enterocolitis". Gut. 60 (10): 1438–1439. doi:10.1136/gut.2010.226027. PMID 20971976. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Lea Munthe-Fog, Tina Hummelshoj, Christian Honore, Hans O. Madsen, Henrik Permin & Peter Garred (2009). "Immunodeficiency associated with FCN3 mutation and ficolin-3 deficiency". The New England journal of medicine. 360 (25): 2637–2644. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0900381. PMID 19535802. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Mateusz Michalski, Anna St Swierzko, Izabela Pagowska-Klimek, Zofia I. Niemir, Karolina Mazerant, Iwona Domzalska-Popadiuk, Maciej Moll & Maciej Cedzynski (2015). "Primary Ficolin-3 deficiency--Is it associated with increased susceptibility to infections?". Immunobiology. 220 (6): 711–713. doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2015.01.003. PMID 25662573. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Mateusz Michalski, Anna St Swierzko, Izabela Pagowska-Klimek, Zofia I. Niemir, Karolina Mazerant, Iwona Domzalska-Popadiuk, Maciej Moll & Maciej Cedzynski (2015). "Primary Ficolin-3 deficiency--Is it associated with increased susceptibility to infections?". Immunobiology. 220 (6): 711–713. doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2015.01.003. PMID 25662573. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Lea Munthe-Fog, Tina Hummelshoj, Christian Honore, Hans O. Madsen, Henrik Permin & Peter Garred (2009). "Immunodeficiency associated with FCN3 mutation and ficolin-3 deficiency". The New England journal of medicine. 360 (25): 2637–2644. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0900381. PMID 19535802. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Mateusz Michalski, Anna St Swierzko, Izabela Pagowska-Klimek, Zofia I. Niemir, Karolina Mazerant, Iwona Domzalska-Popadiuk, Maciej Moll & Maciej Cedzynski (2015). "Primary Ficolin-3 deficiency--Is it associated with increased susceptibility to infections?". Immunobiology. 220 (6): 711–713. doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2015.01.003. PMID 25662573. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Luregn J. Schlapbach, Steffen Thiel, Ulf Kessler, Roland A. Ammann, Christoph Aebi & Jens C. Jensenius (2011). "Congenital H-ficolin deficiency in premature infants with severe necrotising enterocolitis". Gut. 60 (10): 1438–1439. doi:10.1136/gut.2010.226027. PMID 20971976. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Mateusz Michalski, Anna St Swierzko, Izabela Pagowska-Klimek, Zofia I. Niemir, Karolina Mazerant, Iwona Domzalska-Popadiuk, Maciej Moll & Maciej Cedzynski (2015). "Primary Ficolin-3 deficiency--Is it associated with increased susceptibility to infections?". Immunobiology. 220 (6): 711–713. doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2015.01.003. PMID 25662573. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Aziz Bousfiha, Leila Jeddane, Capucine Picard, Fatima Ailal, H. Bobby Gaspar, Waleed Al-Herz, Talal Chatila, Yanick J. Crow, Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles, Amos Etzioni, Jose Luis Franco, Steven M. Holland, Christoph Klein, Tomohiro Morio, Hans D. Ochs, Eric Oksenhendler, Jennifer Puck, Mimi L. K. Tang, Stuart G. Tangye, Troy R. Torgerson, Jean-Laurent Casanova & Kathleen E. Sullivan (2018). "The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies". Journal of clinical immunology. 38 (1): 129–143. doi:10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8. PMID 29226301. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ R. Topaloglu, A. Bakkaloglu, J. H. Slingsby, M. J. Mihatsch, M. Pascual, P. Norsworthy, B. J. Morley, U. Saatci, J. A. Schifferli & M. J. Walport (1996). "Molecular basis of hereditary C1q deficiency associated with SLE and IgA nephropathy in a Turkish family". Kidney international. 50 (2): 635–642. PMID 8840296. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ F. Petry, A. I. Berkel & M. Loos (1997). "Multiple identification of a particular type of hereditary C1q deficiency in the Turkish population: review of the cases and additional genetic and functional analysis". Human genetics. 100 (1): 51–56. PMID 9225968. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ J. H. Slingsby, P. Norsworthy, G. Pearce, A. K. Vaishnaw, H. Issler, B. J. Morley & M. J. Walport (1996). "Homozygous hereditary C1q deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus. A new family and the molecular basis of C1q deficiency in three families". Arthritis and rheumatism. 39 (4): 663–670. PMID 8630118. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Yousuke Higuchi, Junya Shimizu, Michiyo Hatanaka, Etsuko Kitano, Hajime Kitamura, Hidetoshi Takada, Masataka Ishimura, Toshiro Hara, Osamu Ohara, Kenji Asagoe & Toshihide Kubo (2013). "The identification of a novel splicing mutation in C1qB in a Japanese family with C1q deficiency: a case report". Pediatric rheumatology online journal. 11 (1): 41. doi:10.1186/1546-0096-11-41. PMID 24160257. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ R. Topaloglu, A. Bakkaloglu, J. H. Slingsby, M. J. Mihatsch, M. Pascual, P. Norsworthy, B. J. Morley, U. Saatci, J. A. Schifferli & M. J. Walport (1996). "Molecular basis of hereditary C1q deficiency associated with SLE and IgA nephropathy in a Turkish family". Kidney international. 50 (2): 635–642. PMID 8840296. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ G. Vassallo, R. W. Newton, S. E. Chieng, M. R. Haeney, A. Shabani & P. D. Arkwright (2007). "Clinical variability and characteristic autoantibody profile in primary C1q complement deficiency". Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 46 (10): 1612–1614. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kem207. PMID 17890276. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Yousuke Higuchi, Junya Shimizu, Michiyo Hatanaka, Etsuko Kitano, Hajime Kitamura, Hidetoshi Takada, Masataka Ishimura, Toshiro Hara, Osamu Ohara, Kenji Asagoe & Toshihide Kubo (2013). "The identification of a novel splicing mutation in C1qB in a Japanese family with C1q deficiency: a case report". Pediatric rheumatology online journal. 11 (1): 41. doi:10.1186/1546-0096-11-41. PMID 24160257. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ F. Mampaso, J. Ecija, L. Fogue, I. Moneo, N. Gallego & F. Leyva-Cobian (1981). "Familial C1q deficiency in 3 siblings with glomerulonephritis and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome". Nephron. 28 (4): 179–185. doi:10.1159/000182170. PMID 7029321.
↑ Hanne Vibeke Marquart, Lone Schejbel, Anders Sjoholm, Ulla Martensson, Susan Nielsen, Anders Koch, Arne Svejgaard & Peter Garred (2007). "C1q deficiency in an Inuit family: identification of a new class of C1q disease-causing mutations". Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 124 (1): 33–40. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2007.03.547. PMID 17513176. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ L. Schejbel, L. Skattum, S. Hagelberg, A. Ahlin, B. Schiller, S. Berg, F. Genel, L. Truedsson & P. Garred (2011m). "Molecular basis of hereditary C1q deficiency--revisited: identification of several novel disease-causing mutations". Genes and immunity. 12 (8): 626–634. doi:10.1038/gene.2011.39. PMID 21654842. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ F. Mampaso, J. Ecija, L. Fogue, I. Moneo, N. Gallego & F. Leyva-Cobian (1981). "Familial C1q deficiency in 3 siblings with glomerulonephritis and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome". Nephron. 28 (4): 179–185. doi:10.1159/000182170. PMID 7029321.
↑ A. J. Hannema, J. C. Kluin-Nelemans, C. E. Hack, A. J. Eerenberg-Belmer, C. Mallee & H. P. van Helden (1984). "SLE like syndrome and functional deficiency of C1q in members of a large family". Clinical and experimental immunology. 55 (1): 106–114. PMID 6319055. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ R. Topaloglu, A. Bakkaloglu, J. H. Slingsby, M. J. Mihatsch, M. Pascual, P. Norsworthy, B. J. Morley, U. Saatci, J. A. Schifferli & M. J. Walport (1996). "Molecular basis of hereditary C1q deficiency associated with SLE and IgA nephropathy in a Turkish family". Kidney international. 50 (2): 635–642. PMID 8840296. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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[1] Michael Corvini, Christopher Randolph & Steven I. Aronin (2004). "Complement C7 deficiency presenting as recurrent aseptic meningitis". Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 93 (2): 200–205. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61476-7. PMID 15328683. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 ===C5 Deficiency===
 *[[C5]] deficiency is the basis of lack of [[phagocytosis]]-enhancing activity of [[serum]]. <ref name="MillerNilsson1970">{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Michael E.|last2=Nilsson|first2=Ulf R.|title=A Familial Deficiency of the Phagocytosis-Enhancing Activity of Serum Related to a Dysfunction of the Fifth Component of Complement (C5)|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=282|issue=7|year=1970|pages=354–358|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM197002122820702}}</ref>
-*[[C5]] deficiency leads to the failure to form the [[Complement membrane attack complex|membrane attack complex (MAC)]] which is responsible for the lytic action of the complement.<ref>{{Cite journal
+*[[C5]] deficiency leads to the failure to form the [[Complement membrane attack complex|membrane attack complex (MAC)]] which is responsible for the [[lytic]] action of the [[complement]].<ref>{{Cite journal
   | author = [[A. Orren]]
   | title = Molecular mechanisms of complement component C6 deficiency; a hypervariable exon 6 region responsible for three of six reported defects
@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
   | pmid = 495634
 }}</ref>
-*Patients present with recurrent [[meningitis]] and [[meningococcemia]], as well as recurrent purulent [[otitis media]].<ref>{{Cite journal
+*Patients present with recurrent [[meningitis]] and [[meningococcemia]], as well as recurrent [[purulent]] [[otitis media]].<ref>{{Cite journal
   | author = [[O. Sanal]], [[M. Loos]], [[F. Ersoy]], [[G. Kanra]], [[G. Secmeer]] & [[I. Tezcan]]
   | title = Complement component deficiencies and infection: C5, C8 and C3 deficiencies in three families
@@ Line 96: / Line 96: @@
   | pmid = 10632667
 }}</ref>
-*[[C6]] deficiency is a genetic disorder presenting as an increased susceptibility to invasive ''[[Neisseria meningitidis]]'' infections.<ref>{{Cite journal
+*[[C6]] deficiency is a genetic disorder presenting as an increased susceptibility to invasive ''[[Neisseria meningitidis]]'' [[Infection|infections]].<ref>{{Cite journal
   | author = [[M. R. Moya-Quiles]], [[M. V. Bernardo-Pisa]], [[P. Martinez]], [[L. Gimeno]], [[A. Bosch]], [[G. Salgado]], [[H. Martinez-Banaclocha]], [[J. Eguia]], [[J. A. Campillo]], [[M. Muro]], [[J. B. Vidal-Bugallo]], [[M. R. Alvarez-Lopez]] & [[A. M. Garcia-Alonso]]
   | title = Complement component C6 deficiency in a Spanish family: implications for clinical and molecular diagnosis
@@ Line 108: / Line 108: @@
   | pmid = 23537992
 }}</ref>
-*Complete [[C6]] deficiency presents with recurrent ''[[Neisseria meningitidis]]'' infection and it should be distinguished from subtotal [[C6]] deficiency in which the [[complement]] protein is functionally active and there is no association with [[Neisseria|neisserial]] infections.<ref>{{Cite journal
+*Complete [[C6]] deficiency presents with recurrent ''[[Neisseria meningitidis]]'' infection and it should be distinguished from subtotal [[C6]] deficiency in which the [[complement]] protein is functionally active and there is no association with [[Neisseria|neisserial]] [[Infection|infections]].<ref>{{Cite journal
   | author = [[A. Orren]]
   | title = Molecular mechanisms of complement component C6 deficiency; a hypervariable exon 6 region responsible for three of six reported defects
@@ Line 176: / Line 176: @@
   | pmid = 7594510
 }}</ref>
-*Patients suffer from recurrent [[Neisseria|neisserial]] infections, predominantly with [[meningococcus]] infection of rare serotypes.<ref>{{Cite journal
+*Patients suffer from recurrent [[Neisseria|neisserial]] infections, predominantly with [[meningococcus]] [[infection]] of rare [[Serotype|serotypes]].<ref>{{Cite journal
   | author = [[S. C. Ross]] & [[P. Densen]]
   | title = Complement deficiency states and infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis and consequences of neisserial and other infections in an immune deficiency
@@ Line 375: / Line 375: @@
 *It results in potential exacerbation of [[Immune complex disease|immune complex disorders]].
 ===Mannan-binding Lectin Serine Protease 2 (MASP2) Deficiency===
-*Mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 (MASP2) deficiency has an [[autosomal recessive]] inheritance.<ref>{{Cite journal
+*Mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 (MASP2) deficiency has an [[autosomal recessive]] [[inheritance]].<ref>{{Cite journal
   | author = [[Aziz Bousfiha]], [[Leila Jeddane]], [[Capucine Picard]], [[Fatima Ailal]], [[H. Bobby Gaspar]], [[Waleed Al-Herz]], [[Talal Chatila]], [[Yanick J. Crow]], [[Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles]], [[Amos Etzioni]], [[Jose Luis Franco]], [[Steven M. Holland]], [[Christoph Klein]], [[Tomohiro Morio]], [[Hans D. Ochs]], [[Eric Oksenhendler]], [[Jennifer Puck]], [[Mimi L. K. Tang]], [[Stuart G. Tangye]], [[Troy R. Torgerson]], [[Jean-Laurent Casanova]] & [[Kathleen E. Sullivan]]
   | title = The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies
@@ Line 425: / Line 425: @@
 *It is also associated with severe [[pneumococcal pneumonia]] and progressive lung [[fibrosis]].
 ===Ficolin-3 (FCN3) Deficiency===
-*Ficolin-3 (FCN3) deficiency follows an [[autosomal recessive]] inheritance pattern.<ref>{{Cite journal
+*Ficolin-3 (FCN3) deficiency follows an [[autosomal recessive]] [[inheritance]] pattern.<ref>{{Cite journal
   | author = [[Aziz Bousfiha]], [[Leila Jeddane]], [[Capucine Picard]], [[Fatima Ailal]], [[H. Bobby Gaspar]], [[Waleed Al-Herz]], [[Talal Chatila]], [[Yanick J. Crow]], [[Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles]], [[Amos Etzioni]], [[Jose Luis Franco]], [[Steven M. Holland]], [[Christoph Klein]], [[Tomohiro Morio]], [[Hans D. Ochs]], [[Eric Oksenhendler]], [[Jennifer Puck]], [[Mimi L. K. Tang]], [[Stuart G. Tangye]], [[Troy R. Torgerson]], [[Jean-Laurent Casanova]] & [[Kathleen E. Sullivan]]
   | title = The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies
@@ Line 532: / Line 532: @@
 }}</ref>
 ===Factor B Loss-of-Function===
-*[[Factor B]] loss-of-function [[mutation]] has an [[autosomal recessive]] inheritance.<ref>{{Cite journal
+*[[Factor B]] loss-of-function [[mutation]] has an [[autosomal recessive]] [[inheritance]].<ref>{{Cite journal
   | author = [[Aziz Bousfiha]], [[Leila Jeddane]], [[Capucine Picard]], [[Fatima Ailal]], [[H. Bobby Gaspar]], [[Waleed Al-Herz]], [[Talal Chatila]], [[Yanick J. Crow]], [[Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles]], [[Amos Etzioni]], [[Jose Luis Franco]], [[Steven M. Holland]], [[Christoph Klein]], [[Tomohiro Morio]], [[Hans D. Ochs]], [[Eric Oksenhendler]], [[Jennifer Puck]], [[Mimi L. K. Tang]], [[Stuart G. Tangye]], [[Troy R. Torgerson]], [[Jean-Laurent Casanova]] & [[Kathleen E. Sullivan]]
   | title = The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies
@@ Line 708: / Line 708: @@
 *Patients can also present with [[discoid lupus erythematosus]], [[polyarteritis]], [[membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis]], [[cutaneous]] [[vasculitis]], [[sicca syndrome]], and [[Seropositivity|seropositive]] [[rheumatoid arthritis]].<ref name="pmid6605148">{{cite journal |vauthors=Provost TT, Arnett FC, Reichlin M |title=Homozygous C2 deficiency, lupus erythematosus, and anti-Ro (SSA) antibodies |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=1279–82 |date=October 1983 |pmid=6605148 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="FriendHandwerger1975">{{cite journal|last1=Friend|first1=Peter S.|last2=Handwerger|first2=Barry S.|last3=Kim|first3=Youngki|last4=Michael|first4=Alfred F.|last5=Yunis|first5=Edmond J.|title=C2 deficiency in man. genetic relationship to a mixed lymphocyte reaction determinant (7a*)|journal=Immunogenetics|volume=2|issue=1|year=1975|pages=569–576|issn=0093-7711|doi=10.1007/BF01572325}}</ref><ref name="pmid1361318">{{cite journal |vauthors=D'Cruz D, Taylor J, Ahmed T, Asherson R, Khamashta M, Hughes GR |title=Complement factor 2 deficiency: a clinical and serological family study |journal=Ann. Rheum. Dis. |volume=51 |issue=11 |pages=1254–6 |date=November 1992 |pmid=1361318 |pmc=1012468 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 ===C4 Deficiency===
-*C4 complement component is encoded by 2 distinct but closely linked genes, C4A and C4B.<ref name="pmid6932037">{{cite journal |vauthors=Awdeh ZL, Alper CA |title=Inherited structural polymorphism of the fourth component of human complement |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=3576–80 |date=June 1980 |pmid=6932037 |pmc=349660 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+*C4 [[complement]] component is encoded by 2 distinct but closely linked genes, [[C4A]] and C4B.<ref name="pmid6932037">{{cite journal |vauthors=Awdeh ZL, Alper CA |title=Inherited structural polymorphism of the fourth component of human complement |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=3576–80 |date=June 1980 |pmid=6932037 |pmc=349660 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-*It has an autosomal recessive inheritance.<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref>
+*It has an [[autosomal recessive]] inheritance.<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref>
-*C4 partial deficiency (either C4A or C4B) is common and has a modest effect on the host defense.<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref>
+*C4 partial deficiency (either [[C4A]] or C4B) is common and has a modest effect on the [[Host (biology)|host]] defense.<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref>
-*Complete C4 deficiency is associated with renal disease presenting as severe Henoch-Schonlein purpura and patients can develop hypertension, nephrotic syndrome requriring hemodialysis.<ref name="pmid2243578">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lhotta K, König P, Hintner H, Spielberger M, Dittrich P |title=Renal disease in a patient with hereditary complete deficiency of the fourth component of complement |journal=Nephron |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=206–11 |date=1990 |pmid=2243578 |doi=10.1159/000186134 |url=}}</ref>
+*Complete C4 deficiency is associated with renal disease presenting as severe [[Henoch-Schönlein purpura|Henoch-Schonlein purpura]] and patients can develop [[hypertension]], [[nephrotic syndrome]] requriring [[hemodialysis]].<ref name="pmid2243578">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lhotta K, König P, Hintner H, Spielberger M, Dittrich P |title=Renal disease in a patient with hereditary complete deficiency of the fourth component of complement |journal=Nephron |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=206–11 |date=1990 |pmid=2243578 |doi=10.1159/000186134 |url=}}</ref>
-*Homozygous deficiency of C4A is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and type I diabetes mellitus.<ref name="pmid7706484">{{cite journal |vauthors=Huang DF, Siminovitch KA, Liu XY, Olee T, Olsen NJ, Berry C, Carson DA, Chen PP |title=Population and family studies of three disease-related polymorphic genes in systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=1766–72 |date=April 1995 |pmid=7706484 |pmc=295700 |doi=10.1172/JCI117854 |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Homozygous]] deficiency of [[C4A]] is associated with [[Systemic lupus erythematosus|systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)]] and [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|type I diabetes mellitus]].<ref name="pmid7706484">{{cite journal |vauthors=Huang DF, Siminovitch KA, Liu XY, Olee T, Olsen NJ, Berry C, Carson DA, Chen PP |title=Population and family studies of three disease-related polymorphic genes in systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=1766–72 |date=April 1995 |pmid=7706484 |pmc=295700 |doi=10.1172/JCI117854 |url=}}</ref>
-*Homozygous deficiency of C4B is associated with susceptibility to bacterial meningitis.<ref>{{cite book | last = McKusick | first = Victor | title = Mendelian inheritance in man : a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | location = Baltimore | year = 1998 | isbn = 9780801857423 }}</ref>
+*[[Homozygous]] deficiency of C4B is associated with susceptibility to [[bacterial meningitis]].<ref>{{cite book | last = McKusick | first = Victor | title = Mendelian inheritance in man : a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | location = Baltimore | year = 1998 | isbn = 9780801857423 }}</ref>
-*C4 deficiency is a predisposing factor for ''Streptococcus pneumoniae''-induced autoantibody production.<ref name="pmid25339671">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yammani RD, Leyva MA, Jennings RN, Haas KM |title=C4 Deficiency is a predisposing factor for Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced autoantibody production |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=193 |issue=11 |pages=5434–43 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25339671 |pmc=4373073 |doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1401462 |url=}}</ref>
+*C4 deficiency is a predisposing factor for ''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]''-induced [[autoantibody]] production.<ref name="pmid25339671">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yammani RD, Leyva MA, Jennings RN, Haas KM |title=C4 Deficiency is a predisposing factor for Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced autoantibody production |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=193 |issue=11 |pages=5434–43 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25339671 |pmc=4373073 |doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1401462 |url=}}</ref>
 ==Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (aHUS)==
 ===C3 Gain-of-Function===
-*Complement component C3 plays a central role in the activation of all 3 complement pathways, classical, alternative, and lectin.<ref name="pmid16499568">{{cite journal |vauthors=S Reis E, Falcão DA, Isaac L |title=Clinical aspects and molecular basis of primary deficiencies of complement component C3 and its regulatory proteins factor I and factor H |journal=Scand. J. Immunol. |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=155–68 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16499568 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01729.x |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Complement]] component [[C3 (complement)|C3]] plays a central role in the activation of all 3 [[complement]] pathways, [[Classical complement pathway|classical]], [[Alternative complement pathway|alternative]], and lectin.<ref name="pmid16499568">{{cite journal |vauthors=S Reis E, Falcão DA, Isaac L |title=Clinical aspects and molecular basis of primary deficiencies of complement component C3 and its regulatory proteins factor I and factor H |journal=Scand. J. Immunol. |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=155–68 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16499568 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01729.x |url=}}</ref>
-*C3 gain-of-function mutation follows an autosomal dominant inheritance leading to the increased activation of complement.<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref>
+*[[C3 (complement)|C3]] [[gain-of-function mutation]] follows an [[autosomal dominant]] inheritance leading to the increased activation of [[complement]].<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref>
-*It can present with glomerulonephritis and predispose individiuals to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, microhematuria, hypertension, and chronic Renal Failure.<ref name="pmid19590060">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lhotta K, Janecke AR, Scheiring J, Petzlberger B, Giner T, Fally V, Würzner R, Zimmerhackl LB, Mayer G, Fremeaux-Bacchi V |title=A large family with a gain-of-function mutation of complement C3 predisposing to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, microhematuria, hypertension and chronic renal failure |journal=Clin J Am Soc Nephrol |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=1356–62 |date=August 2009 |pmid=19590060 |pmc=2723975 |doi=10.2215/CJN.06281208 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref>
+*It can present with [[glomerulonephritis]] and predispose individiuals to [[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome]], [[Hematuria|microhematuria]], [[hypertension]], and [[Chronic renal failure|chronic Renal Failure]].<ref name="pmid19590060">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lhotta K, Janecke AR, Scheiring J, Petzlberger B, Giner T, Fally V, Würzner R, Zimmerhackl LB, Mayer G, Fremeaux-Bacchi V |title=A large family with a gain-of-function mutation of complement C3 predisposing to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, microhematuria, hypertension and chronic renal failure |journal=Clin J Am Soc Nephrol |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=1356–62 |date=August 2009 |pmid=19590060 |pmc=2723975 |doi=10.2215/CJN.06281208 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref>
 ===Factor B Gain-of-Function===
-*Factor B gain-of-function is a mutation in the CFB gene that has autosomal dominant inheritance.<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Factor B]] [[Gain-of-function mutation|gain-of-function]] is a [[mutation]] in the CFB [[gene]] that has [[autosomal dominant]] [[inheritance]].<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref>
-*It leads to the increased alternate pathway hemolytic activity (AH50) by enhancing the generation of C3b.<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17182750">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goicoechea de Jorge E, Harris CL, Esparza-Gordillo J, Carreras L, Arranz EA, Garrido CA, López-Trascasa M, Sánchez-Corral P, Morgan BP, Rodríguez de Córdoba S |title=Gain-of-function mutations in complement factor B are associated with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=240–5 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17182750 |pmc=1765442 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0603420103 |url=}}</ref>
+*It leads to the increased [[Alternate complement pathway|alternate pathway]] hemolytic activity (AH50) by enhancing the generation of [[C3b]].<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17182750">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goicoechea de Jorge E, Harris CL, Esparza-Gordillo J, Carreras L, Arranz EA, Garrido CA, López-Trascasa M, Sánchez-Corral P, Morgan BP, Rodríguez de Córdoba S |title=Gain-of-function mutations in complement factor B are associated with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=240–5 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17182750 |pmc=1765442 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0603420103 |url=}}</ref>
 *It increases the susceptibility of individuals to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome-4 (aHUS4).
 ===Factor H Deficiency===
-*Factor H is a serum glycoprotein that regulates the function of the alternative complement pathway in fluid phase and on cellular surfaces.
+*[[Factor H]] is a serum [[glycoprotein]] that regulates the function of the [[alternative complement pathway]] in fluid phase and on [[cellular]] surfaces.
-*Factor H deficiency is caused by a mutation in the gene encoding complement factor H on chromosome 1q31 and follows an autosomal dominant or recessive pattern of inheritance.<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Factor H]] deficiency is caused by a [[mutation]] in the [[gene]] [[Encoding (memory)|encoding]] [[Factor H|complement factor H]] on [[chromosome]] 1q31 and follows an [[autosomal dominant]] or [[Autosomal recessive|recessive]] pattern of [[inheritance]].<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref>
-*It can manifest as multiple phenotypes, including asymptomatic, recurrent bacterial infections, and renal failure.<ref name="pmid10975323">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ault BH |title=Factor H and the pathogenesis of renal diseases |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=14 |issue=10-11 |pages=1045–53 |date=September 2000 |pmid=10975323 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+*It can manifest as multiple [[Phenotype|phenotypes]], including [[asymptomatic]], recurrent [[bacterial infections]], and [[renal failure]].<ref name="pmid10975323">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ault BH |title=Factor H and the pathogenesis of renal diseases |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=14 |issue=10-11 |pages=1045–53 |date=September 2000 |pmid=10975323 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-*Renal pathologies include atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome (aHUS), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II (MPGN II), IgA nephropathy, and nonspecific hematuria or nephritis.<ref name="pmid10975323">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ault BH |title=Factor H and the pathogenesis of renal diseases |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=14 |issue=10-11 |pages=1045–53 |date=September 2000 |pmid=10975323 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6461667">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wyatt RJ, Julian BA, Weinstein A, Rothfield NF, McLean RH |title=Partial H (beta 1H) deficiency and glomerulonephritis in two families |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=110–7 |date=April 1982 |pmid=6461667 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2950269">{{cite journal |vauthors=Levy M, Halbwachs-Mecarelli L, Gubler MC, Kohout G, Bensenouci A, Niaudet P, Hauptmann G, Lesavre P |title=H deficiency in two brothers with atypical dense intramembranous deposit disease |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=949–56 |date=December 1986 |pmid=2950269 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11170896">{{cite journal |vauthors=Richards A, Buddles MR, Donne RL, Kaplan BS, Kirk E, Venning MC, Tielemans CL, Goodship JA, Goodship TH |title=Factor H mutations in hemolytic uremic syndrome cluster in exons 18-20, a domain important for host cell recognition |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=485–90 |date=February 2001 |pmid=11170896 |pmc=1235281 |doi=10.1086/318203 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7742208">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vogt BA, Wyatt RJ, Burke BA, Simonton SC, Kashtan CE |title=Inherited factor H deficiency and collagen type III glomerulopathy |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11–5 |date=February 1995 |pmid=7742208 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16612335">{{cite journal |vauthors=Licht C, Heinen S, Józsi M, Löschmann I, Saunders RE, Perkins SJ, Waldherr R, Skerka C, Kirschfink M, Hoppe B, Zipfel PF |title=Deletion of Lys224 in regulatory domain 4 of Factor H reveals a novel pathomechanism for dense deposit disease (MPGN II) |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=42–50 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16612335 |doi=10.1038/sj.ki.5000269 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17018561">{{cite journal |vauthors=Servais A, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Lequintrec M, Salomon R, Blouin J, Knebelmann B, Grünfeld JP, Lesavre P, Noël LH, Fakhouri F |title=Primary glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits: a new entity which shares common genetic risk factors with haemolytic uraemic syndrome |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=193–9 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17018561 |pmc=2598029 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2006.045328 |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Renal pathology|Renal pathologies]] include [[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome (aHUS)]], [[Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis|membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II (MPGN II)]], [[IgA nephropathy]], and nonspecific [[hematuria]] or [[nephritis]].<ref name="pmid10975323">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ault BH |title=Factor H and the pathogenesis of renal diseases |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=14 |issue=10-11 |pages=1045–53 |date=September 2000 |pmid=10975323 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6461667">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wyatt RJ, Julian BA, Weinstein A, Rothfield NF, McLean RH |title=Partial H (beta 1H) deficiency and glomerulonephritis in two families |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=110–7 |date=April 1982 |pmid=6461667 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2950269">{{cite journal |vauthors=Levy M, Halbwachs-Mecarelli L, Gubler MC, Kohout G, Bensenouci A, Niaudet P, Hauptmann G, Lesavre P |title=H deficiency in two brothers with atypical dense intramembranous deposit disease |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=949–56 |date=December 1986 |pmid=2950269 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11170896">{{cite journal |vauthors=Richards A, Buddles MR, Donne RL, Kaplan BS, Kirk E, Venning MC, Tielemans CL, Goodship JA, Goodship TH |title=Factor H mutations in hemolytic uremic syndrome cluster in exons 18-20, a domain important for host cell recognition |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=485–90 |date=February 2001 |pmid=11170896 |pmc=1235281 |doi=10.1086/318203 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7742208">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vogt BA, Wyatt RJ, Burke BA, Simonton SC, Kashtan CE |title=Inherited factor H deficiency and collagen type III glomerulopathy |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11–5 |date=February 1995 |pmid=7742208 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16612335">{{cite journal |vauthors=Licht C, Heinen S, Józsi M, Löschmann I, Saunders RE, Perkins SJ, Waldherr R, Skerka C, Kirschfink M, Hoppe B, Zipfel PF |title=Deletion of Lys224 in regulatory domain 4 of Factor H reveals a novel pathomechanism for dense deposit disease (MPGN II) |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=42–50 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16612335 |doi=10.1038/sj.ki.5000269 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17018561">{{cite journal |vauthors=Servais A, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Lequintrec M, Salomon R, Blouin J, Knebelmann B, Grünfeld JP, Lesavre P, Noël LH, Fakhouri F |title=Primary glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits: a new entity which shares common genetic risk factors with haemolytic uraemic syndrome |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=193–9 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17018561 |pmc=2598029 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2006.045328 |url=}}</ref>
-*Patients can also present with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and neisserial infections.<ref name="pmid2966809">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brai M, Misiano G, Maringhini S, Cutaja I, Hauptmann G |title=Combined homozygous factor H and heterozygous C2 deficiency in an Italian family |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=50–6 |date=January 1988 |pmid=2966809 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2532396">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nielsen HE, Christensen KC, Koch C, Thomsen BS, Heegaard NH, Tranum-Jensen J |title=Hereditary, complete deficiency of complement factor H associated with recurrent meningococcal disease |journal=Scand. J. Immunol. |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=711–8 |date=December 1989 |pmid=2532396 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8809142">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fijen CA, Kuijper EJ, Te Bulte M, van de Heuvel MM, Holdrinet AC, Sim RB, Daha MR, Dankert J |title=Heterozygous and homozygous factor H deficiency states in a Dutch family |journal=Clin. Exp. Immunol. |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=511–6 |date=September 1996 |pmid=8809142 |pmc=2200526 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+*Patients can also present with [[Systemic lupus erythematosus|systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)]] and [[Neisseria|neisserial]] infections.<ref name="pmid2966809">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brai M, Misiano G, Maringhini S, Cutaja I, Hauptmann G |title=Combined homozygous factor H and heterozygous C2 deficiency in an Italian family |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=50–6 |date=January 1988 |pmid=2966809 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2532396">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nielsen HE, Christensen KC, Koch C, Thomsen BS, Heegaard NH, Tranum-Jensen J |title=Hereditary, complete deficiency of complement factor H associated with recurrent meningococcal disease |journal=Scand. J. Immunol. |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=711–8 |date=December 1989 |pmid=2532396 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8809142">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fijen CA, Kuijper EJ, Te Bulte M, van de Heuvel MM, Holdrinet AC, Sim RB, Daha MR, Dankert J |title=Heterozygous and homozygous factor H deficiency states in a Dutch family |journal=Clin. Exp. Immunol. |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=511–6 |date=September 1996 |pmid=8809142 |pmc=2200526 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 ===Factor H-related Protein Deficiencies===
-*Factor H-related proteins comprise a group of 5 plasma proteins, CFHR1, CFHR2, CFHR3, CFHR4, and CFHR5.<ref name="pmid23830046">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skerka C, Chen Q, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Roumenina LT |title=Complement factor H related proteins (CFHRs) |journal=Mol. Immunol. |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=170–80 |date=December 2013 |pmid=23830046 |doi=10.1016/j.molimm.2013.06.001 |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Factor H]]-related [[Protein|proteins]] comprise a group of 5 [[plasma proteins]], [[CFHR1]], [[CFHR2]], [[CFHR3]], [[CFHR4]], and [[CFHR5]].<ref name="pmid23830046">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skerka C, Chen Q, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Roumenina LT |title=Complement factor H related proteins (CFHRs) |journal=Mol. Immunol. |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=170–80 |date=December 2013 |pmid=23830046 |doi=10.1016/j.molimm.2013.06.001 |url=}}</ref>
-*Mutations, genetic deletions, duplications or rearrangements in the individual CFHR genes are associated with multiple diseases including atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), C3 glomerulonephritis, dense deposit disease (DDD), CFHR5 nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, age related macular degeneration (AMD), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
+*[[Mutation|Mutations]], [[Genetic deletion|genetic deletions]], duplications or rearrangements in the individual CFHR [[Gene|genes]] are associated with multiple [[Disease|diseases]] including atypical [[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS)]], [[C3 glomerulonephritis]], [[Dense deposit disease|dense deposit disease (DDD)]], [[CFHR5]] [[nephropathy]], [[IgA nephropathy]], [[Age related macular degeneration|age related macular degeneration (AMD)]], and [[Systemic lupus erythematosus|systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)]].
-*The deficiencies follow an autosomal dominant or recessive mode of inheritance with later onset and may present with autoantibodies to complement factor H.<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref>
+*The deficiencies follow an [[autosomal dominant]] or [[Autosomal recessive|recessive]] mode of [[inheritance]] with later onset and may present with [[Autoantibody|autoantibodies]] to [[Factor H|complement factor H]].<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref>
 ===Factor I Deficiency===
-*Factor I deficiency is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the gene encoding complement factor I on chromosome 4q25 and has an autosomal recessive inheritance.<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8613545">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vyse TJ, Morley BJ, Bartok I, Theodoridis EL, Davies KA, Webster AD, Walport MJ |title=The molecular basis of hereditary complement factor I deficiency |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=925–33 |date=February 1996 |pmid=8613545 |pmc=507137 |doi=10.1172/JCI118515 |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Complement factor I|Factor I]] deficiency is caused by [[homozygous]] or [[compound heterozygous]] [[mutation]] in the [[gene]] [[Encoding (memory)|encoding]] [[complement factor I]] on [[chromosome]] 4q25 and has an [[autosomal recessive]] [[inheritance]].<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8613545">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vyse TJ, Morley BJ, Bartok I, Theodoridis EL, Davies KA, Webster AD, Walport MJ |title=The molecular basis of hereditary complement factor I deficiency |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=925–33 |date=February 1996 |pmid=8613545 |pmc=507137 |doi=10.1172/JCI118515 |url=}}</ref>
-*Clinical features include bacterial meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis, otitis media, recurrent sinusitis, septic arthritis due to Staphylococcus epidermidis, recurrent pyogenic infections, bronchopneumonia, systemic vasculitis with purpura.<ref name="pmid849647">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thompson RA, Lachmann PJ |title=A second case of human C3b inhibitor (KAF) deficiency |journal=Clin. Exp. Immunol. |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=23–9 |date=January 1977 |pmid=849647 |pmc=1540911 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7922290">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vyse TJ, Späth PJ, Davies KA, Morley BJ, Philippe P, Athanassiou P, Giles CM, Walport MJ |title=Hereditary complement factor I deficiency |journal=QJM |volume=87 |issue=7 |pages=385–401 |date=July 1994 |pmid=7922290 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10352206">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sadallah S, Gudat F, Laissue JA, Spath PJ, Schifferli JA |title=Glomerulonephritis in a patient with complement factor I deficiency |journal=Am. J. Kidney Dis. |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=1153–7 |date=June 1999 |pmid=10352206 |doi=10.1016/S0272-6386(99)70155-1 |url=}}</ref>
+*Clinical features include [[bacterial meningitis]] due to ''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]'' and [[Neisseria meningitidis|''Neisseria meningitidis'']], [[otitis media]], recurrent [[sinusitis]], [[septic arthritis]] due to ''[[Staphylococcus epidermidis]]'', recurrent [[Pyogenic infection|pyogenic infections]], [[bronchopneumonia]], [[systemic vasculitis]] with [[purpura]].<ref name="pmid849647">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thompson RA, Lachmann PJ |title=A second case of human C3b inhibitor (KAF) deficiency |journal=Clin. Exp. Immunol. |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=23–9 |date=January 1977 |pmid=849647 |pmc=1540911 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7922290">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vyse TJ, Späth PJ, Davies KA, Morley BJ, Philippe P, Athanassiou P, Giles CM, Walport MJ |title=Hereditary complement factor I deficiency |journal=QJM |volume=87 |issue=7 |pages=385–401 |date=July 1994 |pmid=7922290 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10352206">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sadallah S, Gudat F, Laissue JA, Spath PJ, Schifferli JA |title=Glomerulonephritis in a patient with complement factor I deficiency |journal=Am. J. Kidney Dis. |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=1153–7 |date=June 1999 |pmid=10352206 |doi=10.1016/S0272-6386(99)70155-1 |url=}}</ref>
-*The deficiency leads to uncontrolled activation of the alternative complement pathway which causes serum depletion of other complement components, especially C3.<ref name="pmid10352206">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sadallah S, Gudat F, Laissue JA, Spath PJ, Schifferli JA |title=Glomerulonephritis in a patient with complement factor I deficiency |journal=Am. J. Kidney Dis. |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=1153–7 |date=June 1999 |pmid=10352206 |doi=10.1016/S0272-6386(99)70155-1 |url=}}</ref>
+*The deficiency leads to uncontrolled activation of the [[alternative complement pathway]] which causes [[serum]] depletion of other [[complement]] components, especially [[C3 (complement)|C3]].<ref name="pmid10352206">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sadallah S, Gudat F, Laissue JA, Spath PJ, Schifferli JA |title=Glomerulonephritis in a patient with complement factor I deficiency |journal=Am. J. Kidney Dis. |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=1153–7 |date=June 1999 |pmid=10352206 |doi=10.1016/S0272-6386(99)70155-1 |url=}}</ref>
-*A progressive loss of renal function accompanied by proteinuria and hematuria has also been documented with renal biopsy showing focal segmental glomerulonephritis (FSGN) with glomerular deposits of immunoglobulins and complement C3, C4 fragments.
+*A progressive loss of [[renal function]] accompanied by [[proteinuria]] and [[hematuria]] has also been documented with [[renal]] [[biopsy]] showing [[Focal segmental glomerulonephritis|focal segmental glomerulonephritis (FSGN)]] with [[glomerular]] deposits of [[immunoglobulins]] and [[C3 (complement)|complement C3]], C4 fragments.
 ===Thrombomodulin Deficiency===
-*Thrombomodulin, an anticoagulant glycoprotein, functions to modulate the activity of the hemostatic protease thrombin.<ref name="pmid10550314">{{cite journal |vauthors=Peterson JJ, Rayburn HB, Lager DJ, Raife TJ, Kealey GP, Rosenberg RD, Lentz SR |title=Expression of thrombomodulin and consequences of thrombomodulin deficiency during healing of cutaneous wounds |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=155 |issue=5 |pages=1569–75 |date=November 1999 |pmid=10550314 |pmc=1866991 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65473-9 |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Thrombomodulin]], an [[anticoagulant]] [[glycoprotein]], functions to modulate the activity of the [[hemostatic]] [[protease]] [[thrombin]].<ref name="pmid10550314">{{cite journal |vauthors=Peterson JJ, Rayburn HB, Lager DJ, Raife TJ, Kealey GP, Rosenberg RD, Lentz SR |title=Expression of thrombomodulin and consequences of thrombomodulin deficiency during healing of cutaneous wounds |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=155 |issue=5 |pages=1569–75 |date=November 1999 |pmid=10550314 |pmc=1866991 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65473-9 |url=}}</ref>
-*Thrombodmodulin deficiency has an autosomal dominant inheritance.<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Thrombomodulin]] deficiency has an [[autosomal dominant]] [[inheritance]].<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref>
-*It results in enhanced thrombus formation in a murine model of carotid artery thrombosis.<ref name="pmid14556079">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dörffler-Melly J, de Kruif M, Schwarte LA, Franco RF, Florquin S, Spek CA, Ince C, Reitsma PH, ten Cate H |title=Functional thrombomodulin deficiency causes enhanced thrombus growth in a murine model of carotid artery thrombosis |journal=Basic Res. Cardiol. |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=347–52 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14556079 |doi=10.1007/s00395-003-0416-9 |url=}}</ref>
+*It results in enhanced [[thrombus]] formation in a [[murine]] model of [[carotid artery]] [[thrombosis]].<ref name="pmid14556079">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dörffler-Melly J, de Kruif M, Schwarte LA, Franco RF, Florquin S, Spek CA, Ince C, Reitsma PH, ten Cate H |title=Functional thrombomodulin deficiency causes enhanced thrombus growth in a murine model of carotid artery thrombosis |journal=Basic Res. Cardiol. |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=347–52 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14556079 |doi=10.1007/s00395-003-0416-9 |url=}}</ref>
-*It may also contribute to microvascular ischemia in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy.<ref name="pmid12031986">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hafer-Macko CE, Ivey FM, Gyure KA, Sorkin JD, Macko RF |title=Thrombomodulin deficiency in human diabetic nerve microvasculature |journal=Diabetes |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=1957–63 |date=June 2002 |pmid=12031986 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+*It may also contribute to microvascular [[ischemia]] in the [[pathogenesis]] of [[diabetic neuropathy]].<ref name="pmid12031986">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hafer-Macko CE, Ivey FM, Gyure KA, Sorkin JD, Macko RF |title=Thrombomodulin deficiency in human diabetic nerve microvasculature |journal=Diabetes |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=1957–63 |date=June 2002 |pmid=12031986 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-*The deficiency may also influence collagen production by fibroblasts in the wound matrix.<ref name="pmid10550314">{{cite journal |vauthors=Peterson JJ, Rayburn HB, Lager DJ, Raife TJ, Kealey GP, Rosenberg RD, Lentz SR |title=Expression of thrombomodulin and consequences of thrombomodulin deficiency during healing of cutaneous wounds |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=155 |issue=5 |pages=1569–75 |date=November 1999 |pmid=10550314 |pmc=1866991 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65473-9 |url=}}</ref>
+*The deficiency may also influence [[collagen]] production by [[Fibroblast|fibroblasts]] in the [[wound]] [[matrix]].<ref name="pmid10550314">{{cite journal |vauthors=Peterson JJ, Rayburn HB, Lager DJ, Raife TJ, Kealey GP, Rosenberg RD, Lentz SR |title=Expression of thrombomodulin and consequences of thrombomodulin deficiency during healing of cutaneous wounds |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=155 |issue=5 |pages=1569–75 |date=November 1999 |pmid=10550314 |pmc=1866991 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65473-9 |url=}}</ref>
 ===Membrane Cofactor Protein (MCP) Deficiency===
-*Membrane Cofactor Protein (MCP), a C3B/C4B-binding molecule of the complement system with cofactor activity for the Factor I-dependent cleavage of C3B and C4B.<ref name="pmid3260937">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lublin DM, Liszewski MK, Post TW, Arce MA, Le Beau MM, Rebentisch MB, Lemons LS, Seya T, Atkinson JP |title=Molecular cloning and chromosomal localization of human membrane cofactor protein (MCP). Evidence for inclusion in the multigene family of complement-regulatory proteins |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=168 |issue=1 |pages=181–94 |date=July 1988 |pmid=3260937 |pmc=2188957 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+*Membrane Cofactor Protein (MCP), a [[C3b|C3B]]/C4B-binding [[molecule]] of the [[complement system]] with [[Cofactor (biochemistry)|cofactor]] activity for the [[Complement factor I|Factor I]]-dependent cleavage of C3B and C4B.<ref name="pmid3260937">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lublin DM, Liszewski MK, Post TW, Arce MA, Le Beau MM, Rebentisch MB, Lemons LS, Seya T, Atkinson JP |title=Molecular cloning and chromosomal localization of human membrane cofactor protein (MCP). Evidence for inclusion in the multigene family of complement-regulatory proteins |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=168 |issue=1 |pages=181–94 |date=July 1988 |pmid=3260937 |pmc=2188957 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-*Membrane Cofactor Protein (MCP) deficiency follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern.<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref>
+*Membrane Cofactor Protein (MCP) deficiency follows an [[autosomal dominant]] [[inheritance]] pattern.<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref>
-*Partial membrane cofactor protein (MCP) deficiency with or without C.Difficile infection can result in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS).<ref name="pmid23101426">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kalmanovich E, Kriger-Sharabi O, Shiloah E, Donin N, Fishelson Z, Rapoport MJ |title=Clostridium difficile infection and partial membrane cofactor protein (CD46) deficiency |journal=Isr. Med. Assoc. J. |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=586–7 |date=September 2012 |pmid=23101426 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16762990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Moulton EA, Kavanagh D, Dragon-Durey MA, Blouin J, Caudy A, Arzouk N, Cleper R, Francois M, Guest G, Pourrat J, Seligman R, Fridman WH, Loirat C, Atkinson JP |title=Genetic and functional analyses of membrane cofactor protein (CD46) mutations in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=2017–25 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16762990 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2005101051 |url=}}</ref>
+*Partial membrane cofactor protein (MCP) deficiency with or without [[Clostridium difficile infection|''Clostridium dfficile'' infection]] can result in [[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS)]].<ref name="pmid23101426">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kalmanovich E, Kriger-Sharabi O, Shiloah E, Donin N, Fishelson Z, Rapoport MJ |title=Clostridium difficile infection and partial membrane cofactor protein (CD46) deficiency |journal=Isr. Med. Assoc. J. |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=586–7 |date=September 2012 |pmid=23101426 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16762990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Moulton EA, Kavanagh D, Dragon-Durey MA, Blouin J, Caudy A, Arzouk N, Cleper R, Francois M, Guest G, Pourrat J, Seligman R, Fridman WH, Loirat C, Atkinson JP |title=Genetic and functional analyses of membrane cofactor protein (CD46) mutations in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=2017–25 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16762990 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2005101051 |url=}}</ref>
-*The deficiency can also present with glomerulonephritis, infections, and decreased C3b binding.<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref>
+*The deficiency can also present with [[glomerulonephritis]], [[Infection|infections]], and decreased [[C3b]] binding.<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref>
 ==Others==
-===C1 Inhibitor (C1NH)===
+===C1-Inhibitor (C1NH)===
-*C1 inhibitor (C1NH), a plasma protein involved in the regulation of the complement cascade, is a member of a large serine protease inhibitor (serpin) gene family.
+*[[C1-inhibitor|C1-inhibitor (C1NH)]], a [[plasma protein]] involved in the regulation of the [[complement cascade]], is a member of a large [[Serine protease inhibitor|serine protease inhibitor (serpin)]] [[gene]] family.
-*Mutations in the C1 inhibitor (C1NH) gene has been known to cause hereditary angioedema.
+*[[Mutation|Mutations]] in the [[C1-inhibitor|C1-inhibitor (C1NH)]] [[gene]] has been known to cause [[hereditary angioedema]].
-*Patients with hereditay angioedema type I (absent or low levels of an antigenically-normal protein) have a deletion of the C1 inhibitor gene or a truncated transcript because of a stop codon while hereditary angioedema type II (elevated or normal levels of a dysfunctional protein) patients have a single base substitution.<ref name="pmid1363816">{{cite journal |vauthors=Davis AE, Aulak K, Parad RB, Stecklein HP, Eldering E, Hack CE, Kramer J, Strunk RC, Bissler J, Rosen FS |title=C1 inhibitor hinge region mutations produce dysfunction by different mechanisms |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=354–8 |date=August 1992 |pmid=1363816 |doi=10.1038/ng0892-354 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8628365">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cicardi M, Agostoni A |title=Hereditary angioedema |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=334 |issue=25 |pages=1666–7 |date=June 1996 |pmid=8628365 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199606203342510 |url=}}</ref>
+*Patients with [[Hereditary angioedema, type 1|hereditary angioedema type I]] (absent or low levels of an [[Antigenic|antigenically]]-normal [[protein]]) have a [[Deletion (genetics)|deletion]] of the [[C1-inhibitor]] [[gene]] or a truncated transcript because of a [[stop codon]] while [[Hereditary angioedema, type 2|hereditary angioedema type II]] (elevated or normal levels of a dysfunctional [[protein]]) patients have a single base substitution.<ref name="pmid1363816">{{cite journal |vauthors=Davis AE, Aulak K, Parad RB, Stecklein HP, Eldering E, Hack CE, Kramer J, Strunk RC, Bissler J, Rosen FS |title=C1 inhibitor hinge region mutations produce dysfunction by different mechanisms |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=354–8 |date=August 1992 |pmid=1363816 |doi=10.1038/ng0892-354 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8628365">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cicardi M, Agostoni A |title=Hereditary angioedema |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=334 |issue=25 |pages=1666–7 |date=June 1996 |pmid=8628365 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199606203342510 |url=}}</ref>
-*C1 inhibitor (C1NH) deficiency can result in spontaneous activation of the complement pathway causing consumption of C4/C2 components.<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref>
+*[[C1-inhibitor|C1-inhibitor (C1NH)]] deficiency can result in spontaneous activation of the [[Complement system|complement pathway]] causing consumption of C4/C2 components.<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref>
-*Patients with low levels of C1 inhibitor (C1NH) have been reported to have presented with vasculitic neuropathy.<ref name="pmid17502473">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yakushiji Y, Mizuta H, Kurohara K, Onoue H, Okada R, Yoshimura T, Kuroda Y |title=Vasculitic neuropathy in a patient with hereditary C1 inhibitor deficiency |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=731–3 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17502473 |doi=10.1001/archneur.64.5.731 |url=}}</ref>
+*Patients with low levels of [[C1-inhibitor|C1-inhibitor (C1NH)]] have been reported to have presented with [[Vasculitis|vasculitic]] [[neuropathy]].<ref name="pmid17502473">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yakushiji Y, Mizuta H, Kurohara K, Onoue H, Okada R, Yoshimura T, Kuroda Y |title=Vasculitic neuropathy in a patient with hereditary C1 inhibitor deficiency |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=731–3 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17502473 |doi=10.1001/archneur.64.5.731 |url=}}</ref>
-*Acquired C1 inhibitor (C1NH) deficiency, causing angioedema, can be associated with benign or malignant B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders.<ref name="pmid449665">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gelfand JA, Boss GR, Conley CL, Reinhart R, Frank MM |title=Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency and angioedema: a review |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=321–8 |date=July 1979 |pmid=449665 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+*Acquired [[C1-inhibitor|C1-inhibitor (C1NH)]] deficiency, causing [[angioedema]], can be associated with [[benign]] or [[malignant]] [[B cell|B-cell]] [[lymphoproliferative disorders]].<ref name="pmid449665">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gelfand JA, Boss GR, Conley CL, Reinhart R, Frank MM |title=Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency and angioedema: a review |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=321–8 |date=July 1979 |pmid=449665 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 ===Membrane Attack Complex Inhibitor (CD59) Deficiency===
-*Membrane Attack Complex Inhibitor (CD59) deficiency is caused by mutation in the CD59 gene, which maps to chromosome 11p13.<ref name="pmid7683594">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heckl-Ostreicher B, Ragg S, Drechsler M, Scherthan H, Royer-Pokora B |title=Localization of the human CD59 gene by fluorescence in situ hybridization and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis |journal=Cytogenet. Cell Genet. |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=144–6 |date=1993 |pmid=7683594 |doi=10.1159/000133522 |url=}}</ref>
+*[[CD59|Membrane Attack Complex Inhibitor (CD59)]] deficiency is caused by [[mutation]] in the [[CD59]] [[gene]], which maps to [[chromosome]] 11p13.<ref name="pmid7683594">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heckl-Ostreicher B, Ragg S, Drechsler M, Scherthan H, Royer-Pokora B |title=Localization of the human CD59 gene by fluorescence in situ hybridization and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis |journal=Cytogenet. Cell Genet. |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=144–6 |date=1993 |pmid=7683594 |doi=10.1159/000133522 |url=}}</ref>
-*Pateints present with hemolytic anemia and immune-mediated polyneuropathy.<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23149847">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nevo Y, Ben-Zeev B, Tabib A, Straussberg R, Anikster Y, Shorer Z, Fattal-Valevski A, Ta-Shma A, Aharoni S, Rabie M, Zenvirt S, Goldshmidt H, Fellig Y, Shaag A, Mevorach D, Elpeleg O |title=CD59 deficiency is associated with chronic hemolysis and childhood relapsing immune-mediated polyneuropathy |journal=Blood |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=129–35 |date=January 2013 |pmid=23149847 |doi=10.1182/blood-2012-07-441857 |url=}}</ref>
+*Pateints present with [[hemolytic anemia]] and [[immune]]-mediated [[polyneuropathy]].<ref name="pmid29226301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Bobby Gaspar H, Al-Herz W, Chatila T, Crow YJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Puck J, Tang MLK, Tangye SG, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE |title=The 2017 IUIS Phenotypic Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29226301 |pmc=5742599 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0465-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23149847">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nevo Y, Ben-Zeev B, Tabib A, Straussberg R, Anikster Y, Shorer Z, Fattal-Valevski A, Ta-Shma A, Aharoni S, Rabie M, Zenvirt S, Goldshmidt H, Fellig Y, Shaag A, Mevorach D, Elpeleg O |title=CD59 deficiency is associated with chronic hemolysis and childhood relapsing immune-mediated polyneuropathy |journal=Blood |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=129–35 |date=January 2013 |pmid=23149847 |doi=10.1182/blood-2012-07-441857 |url=}}</ref>
 ===Decay Accelerating Factor (DAF) or CD55 Deficiency===
-*Decay acelerating factor (DAF) or CD55 deficiency leads to CHAPLE (complement hyperactivation, angiopathic thrombosis, and protein-losing enteropathy) syndrome which is characterized by abdominal pain and diarrhea, primary intestinal lymphangiectasia, hypoproteinemic edema, and malabsorption.<ref name="pmid28657829">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ozen A, Comrie WA, Ardy RC, Domínguez Conde C, Dalgic B, Beser ÖF, Morawski AR, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Tutar E, Baris S, Ozcay F, Serwas NK, Zhang Y, Matthews HF, Pittaluga S, Folio LR, Unlusoy Aksu A, McElwee JJ, Krolo A, Kiykim A, Baris Z, Gulsan M, Ogulur I, Snapper SB, Houwen RHJ, Leavis HL, Ertem D, Kain R, Sari S, Erkan T, Su HC, Boztug K, Lenardo MJ |title=CD55 Deficiency, Early-Onset Protein-Losing Enteropathy, and Thrombosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=377 |issue=1 |pages=52–61 |date=July 2017 |pmid=28657829 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1615887 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4813510">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shani M, Theodor E, Frand M, Goldman B |title=A family with protein-losing enteropathy |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=433–45 |date=March 1974 |pmid=4813510 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = McKusick | first = Victor | title = Mendelian inheritance in man : a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | location = Baltimore | year = 1998 | isbn = 0801857422 }}</ref><ref name="pmid28657829">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ozen A, Comrie WA, Ardy RC, Domínguez Conde C, Dalgic B, Beser ÖF, Morawski AR, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Tutar E, Baris S, Ozcay F, Serwas NK, Zhang Y, Matthews HF, Pittaluga S, Folio LR, Unlusoy Aksu A, McElwee JJ, Krolo A, Kiykim A, Baris Z, Gulsan M, Ogulur I, Snapper SB, Houwen RHJ, Leavis HL, Ertem D, Kain R, Sari S, Erkan T, Su HC, Boztug K, Lenardo MJ |title=CD55 Deficiency, Early-Onset Protein-Losing Enteropathy, and Thrombosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=377 |issue=1 |pages=52–61 |date=July 2017 |pmid=28657829 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1615887 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28657861">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kurolap A, Eshach-Adiv O, Hershkovitz T, Paperna T, Mory A, Oz-Levi D, Zohar Y, Mandel H, Chezar J, Azoulay D, Peleg S, Half EE, Yahalom V, Finkel L, Weissbrod O, Geiger D, Tabib A, Shaoul R, Magen D, Bonstein L, Mevorach D, Baris HN |title=Loss of CD55 in Eculizumab-Responsive Protein-Losing Enteropathy |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=377 |issue=1 |pages=87–89 |date=July 2017 |pmid=28657861 |doi=10.1056/NEJMc1707173 |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Decay accelerating factor|Decay accelerating factor (DAF) or  CD59]] deficiency leads to CHAPLE ([[complement]] hyperactivation, [[Angiopathy|angiopathic]] [[thrombosis]], and [[Protein losing enteropathy|protein-losing enteropathy]]) [[syndrome]] which is characterized by [[abdominal pain]] and [[diarrhea]], primary [[intestinal]] [[lymphangiectasia]], [[Hypoproteinemia|hypoproteinemic]] [[edema]], and [[malabsorption]].<ref name="pmid28657829">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ozen A, Comrie WA, Ardy RC, Domínguez Conde C, Dalgic B, Beser ÖF, Morawski AR, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Tutar E, Baris S, Ozcay F, Serwas NK, Zhang Y, Matthews HF, Pittaluga S, Folio LR, Unlusoy Aksu A, McElwee JJ, Krolo A, Kiykim A, Baris Z, Gulsan M, Ogulur I, Snapper SB, Houwen RHJ, Leavis HL, Ertem D, Kain R, Sari S, Erkan T, Su HC, Boztug K, Lenardo MJ |title=CD55 Deficiency, Early-Onset Protein-Losing Enteropathy, and Thrombosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=377 |issue=1 |pages=52–61 |date=July 2017 |pmid=28657829 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1615887 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4813510">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shani M, Theodor E, Frand M, Goldman B |title=A family with protein-losing enteropathy |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=433–45 |date=March 1974 |pmid=4813510 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = McKusick | first = Victor | title = Mendelian inheritance in man : a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | location = Baltimore | year = 1998 | isbn = 0801857422 }}</ref><ref name="pmid28657829">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ozen A, Comrie WA, Ardy RC, Domínguez Conde C, Dalgic B, Beser ÖF, Morawski AR, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Tutar E, Baris S, Ozcay F, Serwas NK, Zhang Y, Matthews HF, Pittaluga S, Folio LR, Unlusoy Aksu A, McElwee JJ, Krolo A, Kiykim A, Baris Z, Gulsan M, Ogulur I, Snapper SB, Houwen RHJ, Leavis HL, Ertem D, Kain R, Sari S, Erkan T, Su HC, Boztug K, Lenardo MJ |title=CD55 Deficiency, Early-Onset Protein-Losing Enteropathy, and Thrombosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=377 |issue=1 |pages=52–61 |date=July 2017 |pmid=28657829 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1615887 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28657861">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kurolap A, Eshach-Adiv O, Hershkovitz T, Paperna T, Mory A, Oz-Levi D, Zohar Y, Mandel H, Chezar J, Azoulay D, Peleg S, Half EE, Yahalom V, Finkel L, Weissbrod O, Geiger D, Tabib A, Shaoul R, Magen D, Bonstein L, Mevorach D, Baris HN |title=Loss of CD55 in Eculizumab-Responsive Protein-Losing Enteropathy |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=377 |issue=1 |pages=87–89 |date=July 2017 |pmid=28657861 |doi=10.1056/NEJMc1707173 |url=}}</ref>
-*Some patients also exhibit bowel inflammation, recurrent infections associated with hypogammaglobulinemia, and/or angiopathic thromboembolic disease.<ref name="pmid28657829">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ozen A, Comrie WA, Ardy RC, Domínguez Conde C, Dalgic B, Beser ÖF, Morawski AR, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Tutar E, Baris S, Ozcay F, Serwas NK, Zhang Y, Matthews HF, Pittaluga S, Folio LR, Unlusoy Aksu A, McElwee JJ, Krolo A, Kiykim A, Baris Z, Gulsan M, Ogulur I, Snapper SB, Houwen RHJ, Leavis HL, Ertem D, Kain R, Sari S, Erkan T, Su HC, Boztug K, Lenardo MJ |title=CD55 Deficiency, Early-Onset Protein-Losing Enteropathy, and Thrombosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=377 |issue=1 |pages=52–61 |date=July 2017 |pmid=28657829 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1615887 |url=}}</ref>
+*Some patients also exhibit [[bowel]] [[inflammation]], recurrent [[Infection|infections]] associated with [[hypogammaglobulinemia]], and/or [[Angiopathy|angiopathic]] [[thromboembolic disease]].<ref name="pmid28657829">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ozen A, Comrie WA, Ardy RC, Domínguez Conde C, Dalgic B, Beser ÖF, Morawski AR, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Tutar E, Baris S, Ozcay F, Serwas NK, Zhang Y, Matthews HF, Pittaluga S, Folio LR, Unlusoy Aksu A, McElwee JJ, Krolo A, Kiykim A, Baris Z, Gulsan M, Ogulur I, Snapper SB, Houwen RHJ, Leavis HL, Ertem D, Kain R, Sari S, Erkan T, Su HC, Boztug K, Lenardo MJ |title=CD55 Deficiency, Early-Onset Protein-Losing Enteropathy, and Thrombosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=377 |issue=1 |pages=52–61 |date=July 2017 |pmid=28657829 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1615887 |url=}}</ref>
-*Affected children with CHAPLE syndrome have presented with growth retardation, edema, clubbing, iron-deficiency anemia, and hypoproteinemia with death occuring in multiple cases and on autopsy, the liver revealed hepatic vein stenosis with Budd-Chiari syndrome.<ref>{{cite book | last = McKusick | first = Victor | title = Mendelian inheritance in man : a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | location = Baltimore | year = 1998 | isbn = 0801857422 }}</ref><ref name="pmid4813510">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shani M, Theodor E, Frand M, Goldman B |title=A family with protein-losing enteropathy |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=433–45 |date=March 1974 |pmid=4813510 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+*Affected children with CHAPLE [[syndrome]] have presented with [[growth retardation]], [[edema]], [[clubbing]], [[Iron deficiency anemia|iron-deficiency anemia]], and [[hypoproteinemia]] with death occuring in multiple cases and on [[autopsy]], the [[liver]] revealed [[hepatic vein]] [[stenosis]] with [[Budd-Chiari syndrome]].<ref>{{cite book | last = McKusick | first = Victor | title = Mendelian inheritance in man : a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | location = Baltimore | year = 1998 | isbn = 0801857422 }}</ref><ref name="pmid4813510">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shani M, Theodor E, Frand M, Goldman B |title=A family with protein-losing enteropathy |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=433–45 |date=March 1974 |pmid=4813510 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}

Complement deficiencies: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 14:22, 29 October 2018

Overview

Classification

Disseminated Neisserial Infections

C5 Deficiency

C6 Deficiency

C7 Deficiency

C8 Deficiency

C9 Deficiency

Properdin Deficiency

Factor D Deficiency

Recurrent Pyogenic Infections

C3 Loss-of-Function

Mannan-binding Lectin Serine Protease 2 (MASP2) Deficiency

Ficolin-3 (FCN3) Deficiency

Factor B Loss-of-Function

SLE-like Syndrome

C1Q Deficiency

C1R Deficiency

C1S Deficiency

C2 Deficiency

C4 Deficiency

Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (aHUS)

C3 Gain-of-Function

Factor B Gain-of-Function

Factor H Deficiency

Factor H-related Protein Deficiencies

Factor I Deficiency

Thrombomodulin Deficiency

Membrane Cofactor Protein (MCP) Deficiency

Others

C1-Inhibitor (C1NH)

Membrane Attack Complex Inhibitor (CD59) Deficiency

Decay Accelerating Factor (DAF) or CD55 Deficiency

References

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