Central cyanosis, dyspnea, and clubbing: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 19:59, 15 March 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]

Abbreviations: ABG= Arterial blood gas, ANP= Atrial natriuretic peptide, BNP= Brain natriuretic peptide, CBC= Complete blood count, COPD= Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRP= C-reactive protein, CT= Computed tomography, CXR= Chest X-ray, DVT= Deep vein thrombosis, ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, HRCT= High Resolution CT, IgE= Immunoglobulin E, LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase, PCWP= Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure.

					Symptoms			Physical examination			Lab Findings				Imaging
Diseases			Cyanosis		Clinical manifestations						Para-clinical findings							Gold standard	Additional findings
					Symptoms			Physical examination			Para-clinical findings
			Peripheral	Central	Dyspnea	Fever	Chest pain	Clubbing	Peripheral edema	Auscultation	CBC	ABG	Electrolytes	Other	X-ray	CT scan	Other
Pulmonary diseases	Airway disorder	Chronic bronchitis^[1]	-	+	+	+/-	+/-	+	-	Rales, crackles, Wheeze	Leukocytosis	↓O2, ↑CO2, Respiratory acidosis	Hypokalemia, Hypernatremia	Gram stain of sputum	Elongated heart, Flattened diaphragms, Prominent hilar vasculature	Bronchial wall thickening with increased bronchovascular markings	-	HRCT	Productive cough, Chest tightness
	Parenchymal disorder	Alveolitis^[2]	+/-	+	+	+	+	+/-	-	Wheeze, Crackles	Leukocytosis, Eosinophilia	↓O2, ↑CO2	Normal	↑ESR, ↑CRP	Scattered opacities, Fine reticulation	Homogeneous ground-glass opacity	-	HRCT PLUS Clinical findings	Malaise, Chills, Headache
		Pneumonia^[3]	-	+	+	+	+	+/-	-	Rales, Crackles, Wheeze, Pleural friction rub	Leukocytosis with neutrophilia	Normal	Hyponatremia	-	Entire lobe consolidated, Air bronchograms	Focal ground-glass opacity	-	HRCT	Tachycardia, Bradycardia (Legionella)
		Asthma (Late)^[4]	-	+	+	-	+/-	+/-	-	End expiratory wheeze	Eosinophilia	↓O2, ↑CO2	Normal	↑ IgE	Atelectasis	Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, Bronchiectasis	-	Spirometry before and after bronchodilator	Triad of asthma, nasal polyps, and rash is indicative of aspirin sensitivity.
		Tuberculosis^[5]	-	+	+	+	+	+/-	-	Reduced breath sounds, Wheeze, Inspiratory crackles	Leukocytosis, ↑Lymphocyte	↓O2, ↑CO2	Hyponatremia, Hyperkalemia, Hypochloremia	PPD, interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA)	Dense, homogeneous parenchymal consolidation	Nodules with low-density centers and rim enhancement	Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT (FDG PET/CT)	Sputum culture, QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT)	Loss of appetite, Night sweats
		Pulmonary fibrosis^[6]	-	+	+	-	+	+	-	Inspiratory crackles	Anemia	↓O2, ↑CO2	Normal	Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)	Honeycombing	Traction bronchiectasis, Interlobular septal thickening	HRCT	HRCT	Fatigue, Weight loss
		Pneumoconiosis^[7]	-	+	+	-	+/-	+/-	-	End expiratory wheeze	Leukocytosis, Anemia	↓O2, ↑CO2, Respiratory acidosis	Hyper/Hypocalcemia, Hypermagnesemia	-	Small to large round nodular opacities	Diffuse distribution of small nodules	MRI and PET-CT scan	CT/HRCT scan	Tightness in the chest
		Lung cancer^[8]	-	+	+	-	+/-	+	-	Absence of breath sounds, Stridor, Wheezing	Leukocytosis, Anemia	↓O2, ↑CO2	Hyponatremia	↑CRP, ↑ESR	Pulmonary nodule or mass, Mediastinal widening Hilar lymphadenopathy	Massive lymphadenopathy, Direct mediastinal invasion	MRI, PET-CT scan, Bronchoscopy	Low dose computed tomography scan (LDCT)	Weight loss, Loss of appetite
	Pulmonary vascular disorders	Pulmonary arterio-venous malformation^[9]^[10]^[11]	-	+	+	-	+	+	-	Pulmonary bruit	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2, Respiratory acidosis	Normal	-	One or more rounded or multilobular opacities	Connecting vessel in hilum	Magnetic resonance angiography, Echocardiography	Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography	Cerebral arteriovenous malformation
	Pulmonary vascular disorders	Pulmonary hypertension^[12]	-	+	+	-	+/-	+/-	-	Tricuspid regurgitation murmur, Pulmonic insufficiency murmur	Mild anemia	↓O2, ↑CO2	Hypernatremia	↑BNP, ↑ANP	Right deviated cardiac apex, Prominent pulmonary artery	Ill-defined nodules, Interlobular septal thickening	CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA), MRA	Cardiac catheterization (PCWP)	Fatigue, Inability to exercise
Disease			Peripheral	Central	Dyspnea	Fever	Chest pain	Clubbing	Peripheral edema	Auscultation	CBC	ABG	Electrolytes	Other	X-ray	CT scan	Other	Gold standard	Additional findings
Cardiac diseases	Congenital disorders	Atrioventricular canal defect^[13]	+/-	+	+	-	+/-	+/-	-	Wheezing,Holosystolic or systolic ejection murmur	Normal	Normal	Normal	Pulse oximetry	Cardiomegaly, Increased pulmonary vascular markings	Normal	Echocardiography, MRI	Echocardiography	Tachypnea, Lack of appetite, Pale skin color, Excessive sweating
		Pulmonic stenosis^[14]	-	+	+	-	+	+/-	-	Crescendo-decrescendo ejection murmur	Schistocyte	↓O2	Normal	Pulse oximetry	Right ventricular hypertrophy, Dilated main pulmonary artery	Stenotic segment, Post stenotic dilatation	Severity of the stenosis by velocity encoded phase contrast (VEC) cine sequences	Echocardiography	Fainting, Palpitation
		Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection^[15]	-	+	+	-	+/-	+/-	-	Systolic murmur over the pulmonary area	Normal	↓O2	Normal	Pulse oximetry	Snowman sign	Anomalous venous return	Blind ended left atrium with no connecting veins in echocardiography	Echocardiography	Pounding heart, Weak pulse, Extreme sleepiness
		Transposition of the great vessels^[16]	-	+	+	-	+/-	+/-	-	Diastolic and Systolic murmur	Normal	↓O2	Normal	Pulse oximetry	Cardiomegaly with narrow superior mediastinum (egg on a string sign)	Abnormal great vessel anatomy	Flow dynamics on Steady-state free precession (SSFP) MRI	Echocardiography	Lack of appetite, Poor weight gain
		Truncus arteriosus^[17]	-	+	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	-	Holosystolic or ejection type murmur	Normal	↓O2	Normal	Pulse oximetry	Moderate cardiomegaly, pulmonary plethora, Widened mediastinum	Single cardiac trunk	Anomalous anatomy in MRI	Echocardiography	Fatigue, Sweating, Pale or cool skin
		Patent ductus arteriosus^[18]	-	+	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	-	Continuous machinery murmur	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2	Normal	Pulse oximetry	Cardiomegaly, Aortopulmonary window obsecuration	Tortuous morphology of ductus (Krichenko classification)	Spiral CT pulmonary angiogram	Echocardiography	Failure to thrive, Respiratory distress
	Acquired disorders	Cardiomyopathy^[19]	-	+	+	-	+	+	+	S3 and S4	Lymphocytosis	↓O2, ↑CO2	Normal	↓PaO2 in pulse oximetry	Enlarged left ventricle and atria, Pulmonary edema	Normal	MRI	Endomyocardial biopsy	Arrhythmia, Bloating
		Heart tumors^[20]	-	+	+	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	Early diastolic tumor plop	Normal	Normal	Normal	Mild ↓PaO2 in pulse oximetry	Calcification in lateral view	Intracardiac mass	Echocardiography	Histologic diagnosis (biopsy)	Syncope, Weight loss
		Mitral Stenosis^[21]	-	+	+	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	Diastolic murmur	Normal	Normal	Normal	Mild ↓PaO2 in pulse oximetry	Left atrial enlargement, Mitral annular calcification	Secondary pulmonary hemosiderosis	Velocity-encoded cine-magnetic resonance imaging (VEC-MRI)	Echocardiography	Dizziness, Hemoptysis
Hematologic diseases		Polycythemia^[22]	+	+	+	+/-	+/-	+	-	Normal	↑RBC, ↑WBC, ↑HGB, ↑Plt	↓O2	Hyperkalemia	↑Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, ↑Ferritin, ↑Erythropoietin	AVM, COPD, pulmonary hypertension	Normal	Abdominal ultrasound or renal vascular studies for ruling out renal artery stenosis	RBC mass (RCM) and plasma volume measurement	Itchiness, Headache. Dizziness. Blurred vision
Miscellaneous		High altitude exposure^[23]	+/-	+	+	-	+/-	+	-	Wheezing	Polycythemia	↓O2, ↓CO2, Respiratory alkalosis	Hyperphosphatemia, Hypercalcemia, Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia, Hypomagnesemia	Decreased bicarbonate	Central interstitial edema	Pulmonary consolidation	-	Hypoxic challenge test	Dizziness, Coma, Death

References

↑ Kim V, Criner GJ (2013). "Chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 187 (3): 228–37. doi:10.1164/rccm.201210-1843CI. PMC 4951627. PMID 23204254.
↑ Lee JS, Im JG, Ahn JM, Kim YM, Han MC (August 1992). "Fibrosing alveolitis: prognostic implication of ground-glass attenuation at high-resolution CT". Radiology. 184 (2): 451–4. doi:10.1148/radiology.184.2.1620846. PMID 1620846.
↑ Simonetti AF, Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Carratalà J (2014). "Management of community-acquired pneumonia in older adults". Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2 (1): 3–16. doi:10.1177/2049936113518041. PMC 4072047. PMID 25165554.
↑ Litonjua AA (June 2009). "Childhood asthma may be a consequence of vitamin D deficiency". Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 9 (3): 202–7. doi:10.1097/ACI.0b013e32832b36cd. PMID 19365260.
↑ Olalekan, Adebimpe Wasiu; Oluwaseun, Faremi Ayodeji; Oladele, Hassan Abdul-Wasiu; Akeem, Adeyemi Damilare (2015). "Evaluation of electrolyte imbalance among tuberculosis patients receiving treatments in Southwestern Nigeria". Alexandria Journal of Medicine. 51 (3): 255–260. doi:10.1016/j.ajme.2014.10.003. ISSN 2090-5068.
↑ Shaw J, Marshall T, Morris H, Hayton C, Chaudhuri N (2017). "Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a holistic approach to disease management in the antifibrotic age". J Thorac Dis. 9 (11): 4700–4707. doi:10.21037/jtd.2017.10.111. PMC 5721024. PMID 29268540.
↑ Yen CM, Lin CL, Lin MC, Chen HY, Lu NH, Kao CH (2016). "Pneumoconiosis increases the risk of congestive heart failure: A nationwide population-based cohort study". Medicine (Baltimore). 95 (25): e3972. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000003972. PMC 4998335. PMID 27336897.
↑ Hartwig MG, D'Amico TA (June 2010). "Thoracoscopic lobectomy: the gold standard for early-stage lung cancer?". Ann. Thorac. Surg. 89 (6): S2098–101. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.02.102. PMID 20493989.
↑ Khurshid I, Downie GH (2002). "Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation". Postgrad Med J. 78 (918): 191–7. PMC 1742331. PMID 11930021.
↑ Doshi HM, Robinson S, Chalhoub T, Jack S, Denison A, Gibson G (2009). "Massive spontaneous hemothorax during the immediate postpartum period". Tex Heart Inst J. 36 (3): 247–9. PMC 2696501. PMID 19568398.
↑ Chanatry BJ (1992). "Acute hemothorax owing to pulmonary arteriovenous malformation in pregnancy". Anesth. Analg. 74 (4): 613–5. PMID 1554132.
↑ Hoeper MM, Ghofrani HA, Grünig E, Klose H, Olschewski H, Rosenkranz S (2017). "Pulmonary Hypertension". Dtsch Arztebl Int. 114 (5): 73–84. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2017.0073. PMC 5331483. PMID 28241922.
↑ Macris MP, Ott DA, Cooley DA (1992). "Complete atrioventricular canal defect: surgical considerations". Tex Heart Inst J. 19 (3): 239–43. PMC 326195. PMID 15227445.
↑ Yoo BW, Park HK (2013). "Pulmonary stenosis and pulmonary regurgitation: both ends of the spectrum in residual hemodynamic impairment after tetralogy of Fallot repair". Korean J Pediatr. 56 (6): 235–41. doi:10.3345/kjp.2013.56.6.235. PMC 3693041. PMID 23807889.
↑ Stein P (March 2007). "Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection". AORN J. 85 (3): 509–20, quiz 521–4. doi:10.1016/S0001-2092(07)60123-9. PMID 17352891.
↑ Martins P, Castela E (2008). "Transposition of the great arteries". Orphanet J Rare Dis. 3: 27. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-3-27. PMC 2577629. PMID 18851735.
↑ Van Praagh R (1987). "Truncus arteriosus: what is it really and how should it be classified?". Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1 (2): 65–70. PMID 2856609.
↑ "Patent Ductus Arteriosus - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health".
↑ Marian AJ, Braunwald E (September 2017). "Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Genetics, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Therapy". Circ. Res. 121 (7): 749–770. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311059. PMID 28912181.
↑ Hoffmeier A, Sindermann JR, Scheld HH, Martens S (2014). "Cardiac tumors--diagnosis and surgical treatment". Dtsch Arztebl Int. 111 (12): 205–11. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2014.0205. PMC 3983698. PMID 24717305.
↑ Kannan M, Vijayanand G (2010). "Mitral stenosis and pregnancy: Current concepts in anaesthetic practice". Indian J Anaesth. 54 (5): 439–44. doi:10.4103/0019-5049.71043. PMC 2991654. PMID 21189882.
↑ Spivak JL (February 2002). "The optimal management of polycythaemia vera". Br. J. Haematol. 116 (2): 243–54. PMID 11841424.
↑ Parati G, Agostoni P, Basnyat B, Bilo G, Brugger H, Coca A, Festi L, Giardini G, Lironcurti A, Luks AM, Maggiorini M, Modesti PA, Swenson ER, Williams B, Bärtsch P, Torlasco C (January 2018). "Clinical recommendations for high altitude exposure of individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions". Eur. Heart J. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx720. PMID 29340578.

[pmid23204254-1] Kim V, Criner GJ (2013). "Chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 187 (3): 228–37. doi:10.1164/rccm.201210-1843CI. PMC 4951627. PMID 23204254.

[pmid1620846-2] Lee JS, Im JG, Ahn JM, Kim YM, Han MC (August 1992). "Fibrosing alveolitis: prognostic implication of ground-glass attenuation at high-resolution CT". Radiology. 184 (2): 451–4. doi:10.1148/radiology.184.2.1620846. PMID 1620846.

[pmid25165554-3] Simonetti AF, Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Carratalà J (2014). "Management of community-acquired pneumonia in older adults". Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2 (1): 3–16. doi:10.1177/2049936113518041. PMC 4072047. PMID 25165554.

[pmid19365260-4] Litonjua AA (June 2009). "Childhood asthma may be a consequence of vitamin D deficiency". Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 9 (3): 202–7. doi:10.1097/ACI.0b013e32832b36cd. PMID 19365260.

[OlalekanOluwaseun2015-5] Olalekan, Adebimpe Wasiu; Oluwaseun, Faremi Ayodeji; Oladele, Hassan Abdul-Wasiu; Akeem, Adeyemi Damilare (2015). "Evaluation of electrolyte imbalance among tuberculosis patients receiving treatments in Southwestern Nigeria". Alexandria Journal of Medicine. 51 (3): 255–260. doi:10.1016/j.ajme.2014.10.003. ISSN 2090-5068.

[pmid29268540-6] Shaw J, Marshall T, Morris H, Hayton C, Chaudhuri N (2017). "Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a holistic approach to disease management in the antifibrotic age". J Thorac Dis. 9 (11): 4700–4707. doi:10.21037/jtd.2017.10.111. PMC 5721024. PMID 29268540.

[pmid27336897-7] Yen CM, Lin CL, Lin MC, Chen HY, Lu NH, Kao CH (2016). "Pneumoconiosis increases the risk of congestive heart failure: A nationwide population-based cohort study". Medicine (Baltimore). 95 (25): e3972. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000003972. PMC 4998335. PMID 27336897.

[pmid20493989-8] Hartwig MG, D'Amico TA (June 2010). "Thoracoscopic lobectomy: the gold standard for early-stage lung cancer?". Ann. Thorac. Surg. 89 (6): S2098–101. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.02.102. PMID 20493989.

[pmid119300212-9] Khurshid I, Downie GH (2002). "Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation". Postgrad Med J. 78 (918): 191–7. PMC 1742331. PMID 11930021.

[pmid195683982-10] Doshi HM, Robinson S, Chalhoub T, Jack S, Denison A, Gibson G (2009). "Massive spontaneous hemothorax during the immediate postpartum period". Tex Heart Inst J. 36 (3): 247–9. PMC 2696501. PMID 19568398.

[pmid15541322-11] Chanatry BJ (1992). "Acute hemothorax owing to pulmonary arteriovenous malformation in pregnancy". Anesth. Analg. 74 (4): 613–5. PMID 1554132.

[pmid28241922-12] Hoeper MM, Ghofrani HA, Grünig E, Klose H, Olschewski H, Rosenkranz S (2017). "Pulmonary Hypertension". Dtsch Arztebl Int. 114 (5): 73–84. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2017.0073. PMC 5331483. PMID 28241922.

[pmid15227445-13] Macris MP, Ott DA, Cooley DA (1992). "Complete atrioventricular canal defect: surgical considerations". Tex Heart Inst J. 19 (3): 239–43. PMC 326195. PMID 15227445.

[pmid23807889-14] Yoo BW, Park HK (2013). "Pulmonary stenosis and pulmonary regurgitation: both ends of the spectrum in residual hemodynamic impairment after tetralogy of Fallot repair". Korean J Pediatr. 56 (6): 235–41. doi:10.3345/kjp.2013.56.6.235. PMC 3693041. PMID 23807889.

[pmid17352891-15] Stein P (March 2007). "Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection". AORN J. 85 (3): 509–20, quiz 521–4. doi:10.1016/S0001-2092(07)60123-9. PMID 17352891.

[pmid18851735-16] Martins P, Castela E (2008). "Transposition of the great arteries". Orphanet J Rare Dis. 3: 27. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-3-27. PMC 2577629. PMID 18851735.

[pmid2856609-17] Van Praagh R (1987). "Truncus arteriosus: what is it really and how should it be classified?". Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1 (2): 65–70. PMID 2856609.

[urlPatent_Ductus_Arteriosus_-_National_Library_of_Medicine_-_PubMed_Health-18] "Patent Ductus Arteriosus - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health".

[pmid28912181-19] Marian AJ, Braunwald E (September 2017). "Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Genetics, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Therapy". Circ. Res. 121 (7): 749–770. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311059. PMID 28912181.

[pmid24717305-20] Hoffmeier A, Sindermann JR, Scheld HH, Martens S (2014). "Cardiac tumors--diagnosis and surgical treatment". Dtsch Arztebl Int. 111 (12): 205–11. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2014.0205. PMC 3983698. PMID 24717305.

[pmid21189882-21] Kannan M, Vijayanand G (2010). "Mitral stenosis and pregnancy: Current concepts in anaesthetic practice". Indian J Anaesth. 54 (5): 439–44. doi:10.4103/0019-5049.71043. PMC 2991654. PMID 21189882.

[pmid11841424-22] Spivak JL (February 2002). "The optimal management of polycythaemia vera". Br. J. Haematol. 116 (2): 243–54. PMID 11841424.

[pmid29340578-23] Parati G, Agostoni P, Basnyat B, Bilo G, Brugger H, Coca A, Festi L, Giardini G, Lironcurti A, Luks AM, Maggiorini M, Modesti PA, Swenson ER, Williams B, Bärtsch P, Torlasco C (January 2018). "Clinical recommendations for high altitude exposure of individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions". Eur. Heart J. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx720. PMID 29340578.

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 <span style="font-size:85%">'''Abbreviations:''' ABG= [[Arterial blood gas]], ANP= [[Atrial natriuretic peptide]], BNP= [[Brain natriuretic peptide]], CBC= [[Complete blood count]], COPD= [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], CRP= [[C-reactive protein]], CT= [[Computed tomography]], CXR= [[Chest X-ray]], DVT= [[Deep vein thrombosis]], ESR= [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], HRCT= [[High Resolution CT]], IgE= [[Immunoglobulin E]], LDH= [[Lactate dehydrogenase]], PCWP= [[Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure]].</span>
+<small><small>
 {| align="center" style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;"
 ! colspan="3" rowspan="4" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diseases
@@ Line 34: / Line 35: @@
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
 |-
-! rowspan="13"  align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Pulmonary disease|Pulmonary diseases]]
+! rowspan="10" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Pulmonary disease|Pulmonary diseases]]
-! rowspan="3"  align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Airway]] disorder
+! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Airway]] disorder
-! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Sleep apnea]]<ref name="pmid26336596">{{cite journal| author=Spicuzza L, Caruso D, Di Maria G| title=Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and its management. | journal=Ther Adv Chronic Dis | year= 2015 | volume= 6 | issue= 5 | pages= 273-85 | pmid=26336596 | doi=10.1177/2040622315590318 | pmc=4549693 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26336596  }}</ref>
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Polycythemia]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Polysomnography]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Polysomnography|'''Polysomnography''']]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Nightmares]], [[Snoring]]
-|-
 ! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |Chronic [[bronchitis]]<ref name="pmid23204254">{{cite journal| author=Kim V, Criner GJ| title=Chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2013 | volume= 187 | issue= 3 | pages= 228-37 | pmid=23204254 | doi=10.1164/rccm.201210-1843CI | pmc=4951627 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23204254  }}</ref>
 | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
@@ Line 74: / Line 56: @@
 | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Productive cough]], [[Chest tightness]]
 |-
-! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Atelectasis]]<ref name="pmid12531090">{{cite journal |vauthors=Peroni DG, Boner AL |title=Atelectasis: mechanisms, diagnosis and management |journal=Paediatr Respir Rev |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=274–8 |date=September 2000 |pmid=12531090 |doi=10.1053/prrv.2000.0059 |url=}}</ref>
+! rowspan="7" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Parenchymal lung disease|Parenchymal disorder]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Localized diminished [[breath sounds]], [[Wheeze]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Leukocytosis]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]], [[Respiratory acidosis]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Localized increased [[opacity]], Deviation ''toward'' the [[atelectasis]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Local crowding of [[pulmonary vessels]] and [[bronchi]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[MRI]] for distinguishing obstructive from non-obstructive
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[High Resolution CT|HRCT]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Cough]], [[Shallow breathing]]
-|-
-! rowspan="8" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Parenchymal lung disease|Parenchymal disorder]]
 ! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Alveolitis]]<ref name="pmid1620846">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee JS, Im JG, Ahn JM, Kim YM, Han MC |title=Fibrosing alveolitis: prognostic implication of ground-glass attenuation at high-resolution CT |journal=Radiology |volume=184 |issue=2 |pages=451–4 |date=August 1992 |pmid=1620846 |doi=10.1148/radiology.184.2.1620846 |url=}}</ref>
 | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
@@ Line 232: / Line 195: @@
 | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Weight loss]], [[Loss of appetite]]
 |-
-! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Acute respiratory distress syndrome]]<ref name="pmid26045965">{{cite journal| author=Ochiai R| title=Mechanical ventilation of acute respiratory distress syndrome. | journal=J Intensive Care | year= 2015 | volume= 3 | issue= 1 | pages= 25 | pmid=26045965 | doi=10.1186/s40560-015-0091-6 | pmc=4456061 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26045965  }}</ref>
+! rowspan="2" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Pulmonary vascular congestion|Pulmonary vascular disorders]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Inspiratory [[crackles]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Leukopenia]]/[[Leukocytosis]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↓[[CO2]], [[Respiratory alkalosis]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyponatremia]], [[Hyperkalemia]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑[[BNP]], ↑[[Von Willebrand factor|Von Willebrand factor (VWF)]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Bilateral [[pulmonary]] infiltrates (patchy to diffuse)
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Emphysema]], [[Pneumothorax]] and [[pneumomediastinum]], [[Mediastinal lymphadenopathy]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring ([[PCWP]]), [[Bronchoscopy]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Chest]] [[CT scan]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Tachypnea]], [[Muscle weakness]]
-|-
-! rowspan="2"  align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Pulmonary vascular congestion|Pulmonary vascular disorders]]
 ! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Pulmonary arterio-venous malformation]]<ref name="pmid119300212">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khurshid I, Downie GH |title=Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=78 |issue=918 |pages=191–7 |year=2002 |pmid=11930021 |pmc=1742331 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid195683982">{{cite journal |vauthors=Doshi HM, Robinson S, Chalhoub T, Jack S, Denison A, Gibson G |title=Massive spontaneous hemothorax during the immediate postpartum period |journal=Tex Heart Inst J |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=247–9 |year=2009 |pmid=19568398 |pmc=2696501 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15541322">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chanatry BJ |title=Acute hemothorax owing to pulmonary arteriovenous malformation in pregnancy |journal=Anesth. Analg. |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=613–5 |year=1992 |pmid=1554132 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
@@ Line 310: / Line 254: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Additional findings
 |-
-! rowspan="13" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Cardiac disease|Cardiac diseases]]
+! rowspan="9" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Cardiac disease|Cardiac diseases]]
-! rowspan="8" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Congenital disorder|Congenital disorders]]
+! rowspan="6" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Congenital disorder|Congenital disorders]]
 ! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Atrioventricular canal defect (patient information)|Atrioventricular canal defect]]<ref name="pmid15227445">{{cite journal| author=Macris MP, Ott DA, Cooley DA| title=Complete atrioventricular canal defect: surgical considerations. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 1992 | volume= 19 | issue= 3 | pages= 239-43 | pmid=15227445 | doi= | pmc=326195 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15227445  }}</ref>
 | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
@@ Line 330: / Line 274: @@
 | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]]
 | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Tachypnea]], Lack of [[appetite]], [[Pale skin color]], Excessive [[sweating]]
-|-
-! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Ebstein anomaly]]<ref name="pmid27439413">{{cite journal |vauthors=Safi LM, Liberthson RR, Bhatt A |title=Current Management of Ebstein's Anomaly in the Adult |journal=Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=56 |date=September 2016 |pmid=27439413 |doi=10.1007/s11936-016-0478-2 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Loud [[S1]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulse oximetry]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Cardiomegaly]], "Box shape" [[heart]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Apical displacement of the septal and posterior leaflets of the [[tricuspid valve]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |"Atrialisation" of the [[right ventricle]] in MRI, [[Tricuspid regurgitation]] in [[echocardiography]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Fatigue]], [[Palpitations]]
-|-
-! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Tetralogy of Fallot]]<ref name="pmid19144126">{{cite journal| author=Bailliard F, Anderson RH| title=Tetralogy of Fallot. | journal=Orphanet J Rare Dis | year= 2009 | volume= 4 | issue=  | pages= 2 | pmid=19144126 | doi=10.1186/1750-1172-4-2 | pmc=2651859 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19144126  }}</ref>
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Systolic murmurs|Harsh systolic murmur]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulse oximetry]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |"Boot-shaped" [[heart]] with an upturned [[cardiac apex]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Aortopulmonary fistula|Aortopulmonary collateral vessels]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Peripheral [[Pulmonary valve stenosis|pulmonary stenosis]] and [[atresia]] in [[echocardiography]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Fainting]], [[Palpitation]]
 |-
 ! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Pulmonic stenosis]]<ref name="pmid23807889">{{cite journal| author=Yoo BW, Park HK| title=Pulmonary stenosis and pulmonary regurgitation: both ends of the spectrum in residual hemodynamic impairment after tetralogy of Fallot repair. | journal=Korean J Pediatr | year= 2013 | volume= 56 | issue= 6 | pages= 235-41 | pmid=23807889 | doi=10.3345/kjp.2013.56.6.235 | pmc=3693041 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23807889  }}</ref>
@@ Line 464: / Line 370: @@
 | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Failure to thrive]], [[Respiratory distress]]
 |-
-! rowspan="5" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Acquired disorder|Acquired disorders]]
+! rowspan="3" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Acquired disorder|Acquired disorders]]
-! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Myocardial infarction]]<ref name="urlMyocardial Infarction (Heart Attack): Symptoms - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023216/ |title=Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack): Symptoms - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[S3]] and [[S4]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyponatremia]], [[Hypokalemia]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Elevated [[troponin I]] and [[CKMB]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Rolling out other causes
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Coronary vasoconstriction|Coronary luminal narrowing]] in [[CT angiography|CT perfusion scan]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Wall motion abnormality in [[echocardiography]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and T (cTnT)|Cardiac troponin I]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Dizziness]], [[Fatigue]], [[Lightheadedness]], [[Cold sweat]]
-|-
-! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Cardiogenic shock]]<ref name="pmid22675405">{{cite journal| author=Werdan K, Ruß M, Buerke M, Delle-Karth G, Geppert A, Schöndube FA et al.| title=Cardiogenic shock due to myocardial infarction: diagnosis, monitoring and treatment: a German-Austrian S3 Guideline. | journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int | year= 2012 | volume= 109 | issue= 19 | pages= 343-51 | pmid=22675405 | doi=10.3238/arztebl.2012.0343 | pmc=3364528 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22675405  }}</ref>
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Muffled heart sounds|Muffled heart sound]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Anemia]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyperkalemia]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[PaO2]] in [[pulse oximetry]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Clinical]] findings
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Tachypnea]], [[Palpitation]], [[Hypotension]], Weak [[pulse]]
-|-
 ! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Cardiomyopathy]]<ref name="pmid28912181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marian AJ, Braunwald E |title=Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Genetics, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Therapy |journal=Circ. Res. |volume=121 |issue=7 |pages=749–770 |date=September 2017 |pmid=28912181 |doi=10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311059 |url=}}</ref>
 | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
@@ Line 560: / Line 428: @@
 | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Dizziness]], [[Hemoptysis]]
 |-
-! colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Disease
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Hematologic diseases]]
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Peripheral
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Central
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dyspnea
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fever
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Chest pain
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Clubbing
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Peripheral edema
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Auscultation
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CBC
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT scan
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Gold standard
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Additional findings
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Hematologic diseases]]
-! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Methemoglobinemia]]<ref name="pmid21954509">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ashurst J, Wasson M |title=Methemoglobinemia: a systematic review of the pathophysiology, detection, and treatment |journal=Del Med J |volume=83 |issue=7 |pages=203–8 |date=July 2011 |pmid=21954509 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Wheezing]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Anemia]], [[Methemoglobinemia]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal [[PaO2]], ↑[[Oxygen saturation|SaO2]], "Saturation gap"
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen saturation|SaO2]] in [[pulse oximetry]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]] for ruling out other causes
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Oximetry|Co-oximetry]], [[Arterial blood gas|ABG]] paired with [[pulse oximetry]]. Serum [[methemoglobin]] levels
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Headache]], [[Altered mental status]], [[Delirium]], [[Seizure]], [[Coma]]
-|-
 ! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Polycythemia]]<ref name="pmid11841424">{{cite journal |vauthors=Spivak JL |title=The optimal management of polycythaemia vera |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=116 |issue=2 |pages=243–54 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11841424 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
@@ Line 618: / Line 448: @@
 | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Itchiness]], [[Headache]]. [[Dizziness]]. [[Blurred vision]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="4" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Neurological disease]]
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |Miscellaneous
-! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Breath-holding spells]]<ref name="pmid25676645">{{cite journal| author=Goldman RD| title=Breath-holding spells in infants. | journal=Can Fam Physician | year= 2015 | volume= 61 | issue= 2 | pages= 149-50 | pmid=25676645 | doi= | pmc=4325862 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25676645  }}</ref>
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Wheezing]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Microcytic anemia|Hypochromic microcytic anemia]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hypocalcemia]], [[Hypokalemia]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Iron deficiency]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ruling out [[foreign body aspiration]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[EEG]] monitoring
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Clinical]] findings
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Fainting]], [[Twitching|Twitching muscles]], [[Seizure]]
-|-
-! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Seizure]]<ref name="pmid20689626">{{cite journal| author=Goldenberg MM| title=Overview of drugs used for epilepsy and seizures: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. | journal=P T | year= 2010 | volume= 35 | issue= 7 | pages= 392-415 | pmid=20689626 | doi= | pmc=2912003 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20689626  }}</ref>
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyponatremia]], [[Hypocalcemia|Hypo]]/[[Hypercalcemia]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑[[Creatine kinase|CPK]], ↑[[LDH]],
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[EEG]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[EEG]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Fainting]], [[Tonic-clonic|Tonic-clonic movements]]
-|-
-! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Coma]]<ref name="pmid21190458">{{cite journal| author=Brown EN, Lydic R, Schiff ND| title=General anesthesia, sleep, and coma. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2010 | volume= 363 | issue= 27 | pages= 2638-50 | pmid=21190458 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra0808281 | pmc=3162622 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21190458  }}</ref>
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Wheezing]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Underlying [[disease]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Underlying [[disease]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Glasgow coma scale|Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Depressed [[brainstem]] reflexes, [[Agonal breathing]]
-|-
-! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Head trauma]]<ref name="pmid22033563">{{cite journal| author=McAllister TW| title=Neurobiological consequences of traumatic brain injury. | journal=Dialogues Clin Neurosci | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 287-300 | pmid=22033563 | doi= | pmc=3182015 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22033563  }}</ref>
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Skull fracture]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Intracranial hemorrhage]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[MRI]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[CT scan]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Nausea]], [[Hypertension]], [[Bradycardia]],[[Tachypnea]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |Miscellaneous
 ! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[High altitude exposure]]<ref name="pmid29340578">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parati G, Agostoni P, Basnyat B, Bilo G, Brugger H, Coca A, Festi L, Giardini G, Lironcurti A, Luks AM, Maggiorini M, Modesti PA, Swenson ER, Williams B, Bärtsch P, Torlasco C |title=Clinical recommendations for high altitude exposure of individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=January 2018 |pmid=29340578 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehx720 |url=}}</ref>
 | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
@@ Line 714: / Line 467: @@
 | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hypoxic challenge test
 | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Dizziness]], [[Coma]],  Death
-|-
-! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Smoke inhalation]]<ref name="pmid20161170">{{cite journal| author=Rehberg S, Maybauer MO, Enkhbaatar P, Maybauer DM, Yamamoto Y, Traber DL| title=Pathophysiology, management and treatment of smoke inhalation injury. | journal=Expert Rev Respir Med | year= 2009 | volume= 3 | issue= 3 | pages= 283-297 | pmid=20161170 | doi=10.1586/ERS.09.21 | pmc=2722076 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20161170  }}</ref>
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Wheezing]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Anemia]], [[Carboxyhemoglobin]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]], [[Respiratory acidosis]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulse oximetry|CO-oximetry]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Diffuse [[Opacity|opacities]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulmonary]] infiltration
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulmonary function testing]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Bronchoscopy]]
-| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Cough]], [[Hoarseness]], [[Hemoptysis]], [[Headache]], [[Fainting]]
 |-
 |}
+</small></small>
 ==References==
 {{reflist|2}}

Central cyanosis, dyspnea, and clubbing: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 19:59, 15 March 2018

References

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