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| | '''Cytochrome P450 2C19''' (abbreviated '''CYP2C19'''), a member of the [[cytochrome P450]] mixed-function oxidase system, is involved in the metabolism of [[xenobiotic]]s in the body. It is involved in the metabolism of several | ||
| | important groups of drugs including many [[proton pump inhibitor]]s and [[antiepileptic]]s. In humans, the CYP2C19 [[protein]] is encoded by the ''CYP2C19'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid2009263">{{cite journal | author = Romkes M, Faletto MB, Blaisdell JA, Raucy JL, Goldstein JA | title = Cloning and expression of complementary DNAs for multiple members of the human cytochrome P450IIC subfamily | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 30 | issue = 13 | pages = 3247–55 | year = 1991 | month = April | pmid = 2009263 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid8530044">{{cite journal | author = Gray IC, Nobile C, Muresu R, Ford S, Spurr NK | title = A 2.4-megabase physical map spanning the CYP2C gene cluster on chromosome 10q24 | journal = Genomics | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 328–32 | year = 1995 | month = July | pmid = 8530044 | doi = 10.1006/geno.1995.1149 | url = | issn = }}</ref> | ||
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CYP2C19 has been annotated as [[(R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase]] and [[(S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase]] in [[UniProt]]. | |||
== Function == | |||
This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are [[monooxygenase]]s that catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This protein localizes to the [[endoplasmic reticulum]] and is known to metabolize many [[xenobiotic]]s, including the anticonvulsive drug [[mephenytoin]], [[omeprazole]], [[diazepam]] and some [[barbiturate]]s. [[Polymorphism (biology)|Polymorphism]] within this gene is associated with variable ability to metabolize mephenytoin, known as the poor metabolizer and extensive metabolizer phenotypes. The gene is located within a cluster of cytochrome P450 genes on chromosome no.10 arm q24.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CYP2C19 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily C, polypeptide 19| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1557| accessdate = }}</ref> | |||
== Genetic polymorphism and pharmacogenomics == | |||
[[Genetic polymorphism]] (mainly CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3 and CYP2C19*17) exists for CYP2C19 expression, with approximately 3–5% of [[Caucasian race|Caucasian]] and 15–20% of [[Asian people|Asian]] populations being [[poor metaboliser]]s with no CYP2C19 function.<ref name="pmid8521680">{{cite journal | author = Bertilsson L | title = Geographical/interracial differences in polymorphic drug oxidation. Current state of knowledge of cytochromes P450 (CYP) 2D6 and 2C19 | journal = Clin Pharmacokinet | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 192–209 | year = 1995 | month = September | pmid = 8521680 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid12222994">{{cite journal | author = Desta Z, Zhao X, Shin JG, Flockhart DA | title = Clinical significance of the cytochrome P450 2C19 genetic polymorphism | journal = Clin Pharmacokinet | volume = 41 | issue = 12 | pages = 913–58 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12222994 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref> | |||
{{ | |||
==Ligands== | ==Ligands== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+'''Selected inducers, inhibitors and substrates of CYP2C19<ref>Where classes of agents are listed, there may be exceptions within the class</ref>''' | |+'''Selected inducers, inhibitors and substrates of CYP2C19<ref>Where classes of agents are listed, there may be exceptions within the class</ref>''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 87: | Line 43: | ||
'''Other''': | '''Other''': | ||
* [[ | * [[gliclazide]] ([[sulfonylurea]])<ref name="pmid17298483">{{cite journal | author = Zhang Y, Si D, Chen X, Lin N, Guo Y, Zhou H, Zhong D | title = Influence of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms on pharmacokinetics of gliclazide MR in Chinese subjects | journal = Br J Clin Pharmacol | volume = 64 | issue = 1 | pages = 67–74 | year = 2007 | month = July | pmid = 17298483 | pmc = 2000619 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02846.x | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid18204476">{{cite journal | author = Xu H, Williams KM, Liauw WS, Murray M, Day RO, McLachlan AJ | title = Effects of St John's wort and CYP2C9 genotype on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gliclazide | journal = Br. J. Pharmacol. | volume = 153 | issue = 7 | pages = 1579–86 | year = 2008 | month = April | pmid = 18204476 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707685 | url = | issn = }}</ref> | ||
* [[ | * [[clopidogrel]] ([[antiplatelet drug]])<ref name=Flockhart>{{cite web |last=Flockhart |first=DA |title=Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table |publisher=[[Indiana University School of Medicine]] |year=2007 |url=http://medicine.iupui.edu/flockhart/table.htm}} Retrieved on December 25, 2008.</ref> | ||
* [[diclofenac]] ([[NSAID]]) | |||
* [[propranolol]] ([[beta blocker]]) | |||
* [[cyclophosphamide]] ([[Alkylating antineoplastic agent]]) | * [[cyclophosphamide]] ([[Alkylating antineoplastic agent]]) | ||
* [[indomethacin]] ([[NSAID]]) | * [[indomethacin]] ([[NSAID]]) | ||
| Line 95: | Line 53: | ||
* [[teniposide]] ([[chemotherapeutic]]) | * [[teniposide]] ([[chemotherapeutic]]) | ||
* [[warfarin]] ([[anticoagulant]]) | * [[warfarin]] ([[anticoagulant]]) | ||
* [[ | * [[tetrahydrocannabinol]] ([[psychoactive]]) | ||
* [[carisoprodol]] | * [[carisoprodol]] | ||
* [[voriconazole]] | * [[voriconazole]] | ||
| Line 106: | Line 64: | ||
* [[chloramphenicol]] ([[bacteriostatic]] [[antimicrobial]]) | * [[chloramphenicol]] ([[bacteriostatic]] [[antimicrobial]]) | ||
* [[cimetidine]] ([[H2-receptor antagonist]]) | * [[cimetidine]] ([[H2-receptor antagonist]]) | ||
* [[felbamate]] (anticonvulsant)<ref name=Flockhart/> | |||
* [[fluoxetine]] ([[SSRI]]) | * [[fluoxetine]] ([[SSRI]]) | ||
* [[indomethacin]] ([[NSAID]]) | * [[indomethacin]] ([[NSAID]]) | ||
| Line 133: | Line 92: | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
| Line 139: | Line 98: | ||
{{PBB_Further_reading | {{PBB_Further_reading | ||
| citations = | | citations = | ||
*{{cite journal | author=Goldstein JA, de Morais SM |title=Biochemistry and molecular biology of the human CYP2C subfamily. |journal=Pharmacogenetics |volume=4 |issue= 6 |pages= | *{{cite journal | author=Goldstein JA, de Morais SM |title=Biochemistry and molecular biology of the human CYP2C subfamily. |journal=Pharmacogenetics |volume=4 |issue= 6 |pages= 285–99 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7704034 |doi= }} | ||
*{{cite journal | author=Smith G, Stubbins MJ, Harries LW, Wolf CR |title=Molecular genetics of the human cytochrome P450 monooxygenase superfamily. |journal=Xenobiotica |volume=28 |issue= 12 |pages= | *{{cite journal | author=Smith G, Stubbins MJ, Harries LW, Wolf CR |title=Molecular genetics of the human cytochrome P450 monooxygenase superfamily. |journal=Xenobiotica |volume=28 |issue= 12 |pages= 1129–65 |year= 1999 |pmid= 9890157 |doi= }} | ||
*{{cite journal | author=Ding X, Kaminsky LS |title=Human extrahepatic cytochromes P450: function in xenobiotic metabolism and tissue-selective chemical toxicity in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. |journal=Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. |volume=43 |issue= |pages= | *{{cite journal | author=Ding X, Kaminsky LS |title=Human extrahepatic cytochromes P450: function in xenobiotic metabolism and tissue-selective chemical toxicity in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. |journal=Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. |volume=43 |issue= |pages= 149–73 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12171978 |doi= 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.43.100901.140251 }} | ||
*{{cite journal | author=Romkes M, Faletto MB, Blaisdell JA, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning and expression of complementary DNAs for multiple members of the human cytochrome P450IIC subfamily. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=30 |issue= 13 |pages= | *{{cite journal | author=Romkes M, Faletto MB, Blaisdell JA, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning and expression of complementary DNAs for multiple members of the human cytochrome P450IIC subfamily. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=30 |issue= 13 |pages= 3247–55 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2009263 |doi= }} | ||
*{{cite journal | author=Meier UT, Meyer UA |title=Genetic polymorphism of human cytochrome P-450 (S)-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase. Studies with human autoantibodies suggest a functionally altered cytochrome P-450 isozyme as cause of the genetic deficiency. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=26 |issue= 25 |pages= | *{{cite journal | author=Meier UT, Meyer UA |title=Genetic polymorphism of human cytochrome P-450 (S)-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase. Studies with human autoantibodies suggest a functionally altered cytochrome P-450 isozyme as cause of the genetic deficiency. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=26 |issue= 25 |pages= 8466–74 |year= 1988 |pmid= 3442670 |doi= }} | ||
*{{cite journal | author=De Morais SM, Wilkinson GR, Blaisdell J, ''et al.'' |title=Identification of a new genetic defect responsible for the polymorphism of (S)-mephenytoin metabolism in Japanese. |journal=Mol. Pharmacol. |volume=46 |issue= 4 |pages= | *{{cite journal | author=De Morais SM, Wilkinson GR, Blaisdell J, ''et al.'' |title=Identification of a new genetic defect responsible for the polymorphism of (S)-mephenytoin metabolism in Japanese. |journal=Mol. Pharmacol. |volume=46 |issue= 4 |pages= 594–8 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7969038 |doi= }} | ||
*{{cite journal | author=Romkes M, Faletto MB, Blaisdell JA, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning and expression of complementary DNAs for multiple members of the human cytochrome PH50IIC subfamily. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=32 |issue= 5 |pages= 1390 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8095407 |doi= }} | *{{cite journal | author=Romkes M, Faletto MB, Blaisdell JA, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning and expression of complementary DNAs for multiple members of the human cytochrome PH50IIC subfamily. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=32 |issue= 5 |pages= 1390 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8095407 |doi= }} | ||
*{{cite journal | author=Goldstein JA, Faletto MB, Romkes-Sparks M, ''et al.'' |title=Evidence that CYP2C19 is the major (S)-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylase in humans. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=33 |issue= 7 |pages= | *{{cite journal | author=Goldstein JA, Faletto MB, Romkes-Sparks M, ''et al.'' |title=Evidence that CYP2C19 is the major (S)-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylase in humans. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=33 |issue= 7 |pages= 1743–52 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8110777 |doi= }} | ||
*{{cite journal | author=de Morais SM, Wilkinson GR, Blaisdell J, ''et al.'' |title=The major genetic defect responsible for the polymorphism of S-mephenytoin metabolism in humans. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=269 |issue= 22 |pages= | *{{cite journal | author=de Morais SM, Wilkinson GR, Blaisdell J, ''et al.'' |title=The major genetic defect responsible for the polymorphism of S-mephenytoin metabolism in humans. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=269 |issue= 22 |pages= 15419–22 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8195181 |doi= }} | ||
*{{cite journal | author=Gray IC, Nobile C, Muresu R, ''et al.'' |title=A 2.4-megabase physical map spanning the CYP2C gene cluster on chromosome 10q24. |journal=Genomics |volume=28 |issue= 2 |pages= | *{{cite journal | author=Gray IC, Nobile C, Muresu R, ''et al.'' |title=A 2.4-megabase physical map spanning the CYP2C gene cluster on chromosome 10q24. |journal=Genomics |volume=28 |issue= 2 |pages= 328–32 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8530044 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1995.1149 }} | ||
*{{cite journal | author=Karam WG, Goldstein JA, Lasker JM, Ghanayem BI |title=Human CYP2C19 is a major omeprazole 5-hydroxylase, as demonstrated with recombinant cytochrome P450 enzymes. |journal=Drug Metab. Dispos. |volume=24 |issue= 10 |pages= | *{{cite journal | author=Karam WG, Goldstein JA, Lasker JM, Ghanayem BI |title=Human CYP2C19 is a major omeprazole 5-hydroxylase, as demonstrated with recombinant cytochrome P450 enzymes. |journal=Drug Metab. Dispos. |volume=24 |issue= 10 |pages= 1081–7 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8894508 |doi= }} | ||
*{{cite journal | author=Xiao ZS, Goldstein JA, Xie HG, ''et al.'' |title=Differences in the incidence of the CYP2C19 polymorphism affecting the S-mephenytoin phenotype in Chinese Han and Bai populations and identification of a new rare CYP2C19 mutant allele. |journal=J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume=281 |issue= 1 |pages= | *{{cite journal | author=Xiao ZS, Goldstein JA, Xie HG, ''et al.'' |title=Differences in the incidence of the CYP2C19 polymorphism affecting the S-mephenytoin phenotype in Chinese Han and Bai populations and identification of a new rare CYP2C19 mutant allele. |journal=J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume=281 |issue= 1 |pages= 604–9 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9103550 |doi= }} | ||
*{{cite journal | author=Guengerich FP, Johnson WW |title=Kinetics of ferric cytochrome P450 reduction by NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase: rapid reduction in the absence of substrate and variations among cytochrome P450 systems. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=36 |issue= 48 |pages= | *{{cite journal | author=Guengerich FP, Johnson WW |title=Kinetics of ferric cytochrome P450 reduction by NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase: rapid reduction in the absence of substrate and variations among cytochrome P450 systems. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=36 |issue= 48 |pages= 14741–50 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9398194 |doi= 10.1021/bi9719399 }} | ||
*{{cite journal | author=Ferguson RJ, De Morais SM, Benhamou S, ''et al.'' |title=A new genetic defect in human CYP2C19: mutation of the initiation codon is responsible for poor metabolism of S-mephenytoin. |journal=J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume=284 |issue= 1 |pages= | *{{cite journal | author=Ferguson RJ, De Morais SM, Benhamou S, ''et al.'' |title=A new genetic defect in human CYP2C19: mutation of the initiation codon is responsible for poor metabolism of S-mephenytoin. |journal=J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume=284 |issue= 1 |pages= 356–61 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9435198 |doi= }} | ||
*{{cite journal | author=Ibeanu GC, Goldstein JA, Meyer U, ''et al.'' |title=Identification of new human CYP2C19 alleles (CYP2C19*6 and CYP2C19*2B) in a Caucasian poor metabolizer of mephenytoin. |journal=J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume=286 |issue= 3 |pages= | *{{cite journal | author=Ibeanu GC, Goldstein JA, Meyer U, ''et al.'' |title=Identification of new human CYP2C19 alleles (CYP2C19*6 and CYP2C19*2B) in a Caucasian poor metabolizer of mephenytoin. |journal=J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume=286 |issue= 3 |pages= 1490–5 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9732415 |doi= }} | ||
*{{cite journal | author=Ibeanu GC, Blaisdell J, Ghanayem BI, ''et al.'' |title=An additional defective allele, CYP2C19*5, contributes to the S-mephenytoin poor metabolizer phenotype in Caucasians. |journal=Pharmacogenetics |volume=8 |issue= 2 |pages= | *{{cite journal | author=Ibeanu GC, Blaisdell J, Ghanayem BI, ''et al.'' |title=An additional defective allele, CYP2C19*5, contributes to the S-mephenytoin poor metabolizer phenotype in Caucasians. |journal=Pharmacogenetics |volume=8 |issue= 2 |pages= 129–35 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10022751 |doi= }} | ||
*{{cite journal | author=Foster DJ, Somogyi AA, Bochner F |title=Methadone N-demethylation in human liver microsomes: lack of stereoselectivity and involvement of CYP3A4. |journal=British journal of clinical pharmacology |volume=47 |issue= 4 |pages= | *{{cite journal | author=Foster DJ, Somogyi AA, Bochner F |title=Methadone N-demethylation in human liver microsomes: lack of stereoselectivity and involvement of CYP3A4. |journal=British journal of clinical pharmacology |volume=47 |issue= 4 |pages= 403–12 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10233205 |doi= }} | ||
*{{cite journal | author=Ibeanu GC, Blaisdell J, Ferguson RJ, ''et al.'' |title=A novel transversion in the intron 5 donor splice junction of CYP2C19 and a sequence polymorphism in exon 3 contribute to the poor metabolizer phenotype for the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin. |journal=J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume=290 |issue= 2 |pages= | *{{cite journal | author=Ibeanu GC, Blaisdell J, Ferguson RJ, ''et al.'' |title=A novel transversion in the intron 5 donor splice junction of CYP2C19 and a sequence polymorphism in exon 3 contribute to the poor metabolizer phenotype for the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin. |journal=J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume=290 |issue= 2 |pages= 635–40 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10411572 |doi= }} | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{refend}} | {{refend}} | ||
{{Cytochrome P450}} | |||
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[[Category:Cytochrome P450]] | |||
[[es:CYP2C19]] | [[es:CYP2C19]] | ||
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Cytochrome P450 2C19 (abbreviated CYP2C19), a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, is involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body. It is involved in the metabolism of several important groups of drugs including many proton pump inhibitors and antiepileptics. In humans, the CYP2C19 protein is encoded by the CYP2C19 gene.[1][2]
CYP2C19 has been annotated as (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase and (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase in UniProt.
Function
This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases that catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and is known to metabolize many xenobiotics, including the anticonvulsive drug mephenytoin, omeprazole, diazepam and some barbiturates. Polymorphism within this gene is associated with variable ability to metabolize mephenytoin, known as the poor metabolizer and extensive metabolizer phenotypes. The gene is located within a cluster of cytochrome P450 genes on chromosome no.10 arm q24.[3]
Genetic polymorphism and pharmacogenomics
Genetic polymorphism (mainly CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3 and CYP2C19*17) exists for CYP2C19 expression, with approximately 3–5% of Caucasian and 15–20% of Asian populations being poor metabolisers with no CYP2C19 function.[4][5]
Ligands
See also
References
- ↑ Romkes M, Faletto MB, Blaisdell JA, Raucy JL, Goldstein JA (1991). "Cloning and expression of complementary DNAs for multiple members of the human cytochrome P450IIC subfamily". Biochemistry. 30 (13): 3247–55. PMID 2009263. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Gray IC, Nobile C, Muresu R, Ford S, Spurr NK (1995). "A 2.4-megabase physical map spanning the CYP2C gene cluster on chromosome 10q24". Genomics. 28 (2): 328–32. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.1149. PMID 8530044. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ "Entrez Gene: CYP2C19 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily C, polypeptide 19".
- ↑ Bertilsson L (1995). "Geographical/interracial differences in polymorphic drug oxidation. Current state of knowledge of cytochromes P450 (CYP) 2D6 and 2C19". Clin Pharmacokinet. 29 (3): 192–209. PMID 8521680. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Desta Z, Zhao X, Shin JG, Flockhart DA (2002). "Clinical significance of the cytochrome P450 2C19 genetic polymorphism". Clin Pharmacokinet. 41 (12): 913–58. PMID 12222994.
- ↑ Where classes of agents are listed, there may be exceptions within the class
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Mentioned both in the reference named FASS and were previously mentioned in Wikipedia. Further contributions may follow other systems
- ↑ Zhang Y, Si D, Chen X, Lin N, Guo Y, Zhou H, Zhong D (2007). "Influence of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms on pharmacokinetics of gliclazide MR in Chinese subjects". Br J Clin Pharmacol. 64 (1): 67–74. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02846.x. PMC 2000619. PMID 17298483. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Xu H, Williams KM, Liauw WS, Murray M, Day RO, McLachlan AJ (2008). "Effects of St John's wort and CYP2C9 genotype on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gliclazide". Br. J. Pharmacol. 153 (7): 1579–86. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707685. PMID 18204476. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ 10.0 10.1 Flockhart, DA (2007). "Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table". Indiana University School of Medicine. Retrieved on December 25, 2008.
- ↑ Swedish environmental classification of pharmaceuticals Facts for prescribers (Fakta för förskrivare)
Further reading
- Goldstein JA, de Morais SM (1995). "Biochemistry and molecular biology of the human CYP2C subfamily". Pharmacogenetics. 4 (6): 285–99. PMID 7704034.
- Smith G, Stubbins MJ, Harries LW, Wolf CR (1999). "Molecular genetics of the human cytochrome P450 monooxygenase superfamily". Xenobiotica. 28 (12): 1129–65. PMID 9890157.
- Ding X, Kaminsky LS (2003). "Human extrahepatic cytochromes P450: function in xenobiotic metabolism and tissue-selective chemical toxicity in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts". Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 43: 149–73. doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.43.100901.140251. PMID 12171978.
- Romkes M, Faletto MB, Blaisdell JA; et al. (1991). "Cloning and expression of complementary DNAs for multiple members of the human cytochrome P450IIC subfamily". Biochemistry. 30 (13): 3247–55. PMID 2009263.
- Meier UT, Meyer UA (1988). "Genetic polymorphism of human cytochrome P-450 (S)-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase. Studies with human autoantibodies suggest a functionally altered cytochrome P-450 isozyme as cause of the genetic deficiency". Biochemistry. 26 (25): 8466–74. PMID 3442670.
- De Morais SM, Wilkinson GR, Blaisdell J; et al. (1994). "Identification of a new genetic defect responsible for the polymorphism of (S)-mephenytoin metabolism in Japanese". Mol. Pharmacol. 46 (4): 594–8. PMID 7969038.
- Romkes M, Faletto MB, Blaisdell JA; et al. (1993). "Cloning and expression of complementary DNAs for multiple members of the human cytochrome PH50IIC subfamily". Biochemistry. 32 (5): 1390. PMID 8095407.
- Goldstein JA, Faletto MB, Romkes-Sparks M; et al. (1994). "Evidence that CYP2C19 is the major (S)-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylase in humans". Biochemistry. 33 (7): 1743–52. PMID 8110777.
- de Morais SM, Wilkinson GR, Blaisdell J; et al. (1994). "The major genetic defect responsible for the polymorphism of S-mephenytoin metabolism in humans". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (22): 15419–22. PMID 8195181.
- Gray IC, Nobile C, Muresu R; et al. (1996). "A 2.4-megabase physical map spanning the CYP2C gene cluster on chromosome 10q24". Genomics. 28 (2): 328–32. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.1149. PMID 8530044.
- Karam WG, Goldstein JA, Lasker JM, Ghanayem BI (1997). "Human CYP2C19 is a major omeprazole 5-hydroxylase, as demonstrated with recombinant cytochrome P450 enzymes". Drug Metab. Dispos. 24 (10): 1081–7. PMID 8894508.
- Xiao ZS, Goldstein JA, Xie HG; et al. (1997). "Differences in the incidence of the CYP2C19 polymorphism affecting the S-mephenytoin phenotype in Chinese Han and Bai populations and identification of a new rare CYP2C19 mutant allele". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 281 (1): 604–9. PMID 9103550.
- Guengerich FP, Johnson WW (1998). "Kinetics of ferric cytochrome P450 reduction by NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase: rapid reduction in the absence of substrate and variations among cytochrome P450 systems". Biochemistry. 36 (48): 14741–50. doi:10.1021/bi9719399. PMID 9398194.
- Ferguson RJ, De Morais SM, Benhamou S; et al. (1998). "A new genetic defect in human CYP2C19: mutation of the initiation codon is responsible for poor metabolism of S-mephenytoin". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 284 (1): 356–61. PMID 9435198.
- Ibeanu GC, Goldstein JA, Meyer U; et al. (1998). "Identification of new human CYP2C19 alleles (CYP2C19*6 and CYP2C19*2B) in a Caucasian poor metabolizer of mephenytoin". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 286 (3): 1490–5. PMID 9732415.
- Ibeanu GC, Blaisdell J, Ghanayem BI; et al. (1999). "An additional defective allele, CYP2C19*5, contributes to the S-mephenytoin poor metabolizer phenotype in Caucasians". Pharmacogenetics. 8 (2): 129–35. PMID 10022751.
- Foster DJ, Somogyi AA, Bochner F (1999). "Methadone N-demethylation in human liver microsomes: lack of stereoselectivity and involvement of CYP3A4". British journal of clinical pharmacology. 47 (4): 403–12. PMID 10233205.
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