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__NOTOC__
{{Confusion}}
{{CMG}};'''Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' [[User:Aditya Govindavarjhulla|Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S.]][mailto:agovi@wikidoc.org]
==Overview==
==Overview==
List of all conditions which cause confusion.
Confusion is a common symptom associated with various diseases and metabolic disorders. Common causes of confusion include insults to the central nervous system (CNS), metabolic disorders, and side effects of medications or illicit drugs.


==Causes==
==Causes==


(By organ system)
===Common Causes===
 
* [[Alzheimer's disease]]
* [[Hyperthyroidism]]
* [[Hypothyroidism]]
* [[Kidney failure]]
* [[Liver failure]]
* [[Myxedema coma]]
* [[Respiratory infection]]
* [[Schizophrenia]]
* [[Sepsis]]
* [[Urinary tract infection]]
 
===Causes by Organ System===
 
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aorta-pulmonary artery fistula ]], [[Postoperative haemorrhage ]], [[Shock ]], [[Sick sinus syndrome ]]  
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aorta-pulmonary artery fistula]], [[Postoperative haemorrhage]], [[Shock]], [[Sick sinus syndrome]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[24-Dinitrotoluene ]], [[44-Methylenebis  ]], [[4-Aminopyridine  ]], [[Acetylsalicylic Acid  ]], [[Acrylamide  ]], [[Acute Pesticide poisoning]], [[Adiponitrile    ]], [[Aldicarb  ]], [[Aniline  ]], [[Azinphos-methyl ]], [[Baneberry poisoning  ]], [[Boric Acid  ]], [[Box thorn poisoning    ]], [[Bromethalin  ]], [[Bromide  ]], [[Bromophos  ]], [[Butyl Alcohol  ]], [[Camphor  ]], [[Carbaryl    ]], [[Carbon Tetrachloride    ]], [[Chicken soup poisoning    ]], [[Chlordane    ]], [[Chloromethane  ]], [[Chlorpyrifos  ]], [[Christmas Cherry poisoning   ]], [[Cocaine abuse   ]], [[Cocaine addiction ]], [[Corn Lily poisoning ]], [[Coumaphos  ]], [[Crack addiction ]], [[Cresols  ]], [[Cresylic acid ]], [[Cyanogenic glycoside   ]], [[Cyclohexanone  ]], [[Daphne poisoning    ]], [[DDD  ]], [[DDT  ]], [[Demeton-S-methyl ]], [[Devil's trumpet poisoning   ]], [[Diazinon  ]], [[Dibromochloromethane  ]], [[Dichlorvos  ]], [[Dicrotophos  ]], [[Dieldrin    ]], [[Diethylene Glycol  ]], [[Digitalis glycoside]], [[Dinitrocresol  ]], [[Dioxathion  ]], [[Disulfiram  ]], [[Disulfoton  ]], [[Ecstasy addiction ]], [[Endosulfan  ]], [[Ethion  ]], [[Ethylene Glycol Dinitrate    ]], [[Fensulfothion  ]], [[Fenthion  ]], [[Foxglove poisoning   ]], [[Gasoline  ]], [[Glaze  ]], [[Glycol Ether  ]], [[Heroin dependence ]], [[High Melting Explosive (HMX) ]], [[Hydrazine  ]], [[Hydroquinone]], [[Hydroquinone    ]], [[Isofenphos    ]], [[Jet Fuel-4 ]], [[Jet Fuel-5 ]], [[Jimsonweed (Daturastramonium)]], [[Kentucky coffee tea poisoning ]], [[Kerosene  ]], [[King Cobra poisoning ]], [[Lead poisoning ]], [[Lobeline]], [[Lysergic Acid Diethylamide    ]], [[Malathion  ]], [[Marijuana abuse ]], [[Mercury poisoning]], [[Methidathion  ]], [[Methiocarb  ]], [[Methomyl  ]], [[Metobromuron  ]], [[Monkshood poisoning ]], [[Morphine toxicity ]], [[Mustard tree poisoning ]], [[Naphthalene  ]], [[Narcotic addiction ]], [[Nickel Carbonyl    ]], [[Nitrobenzene  ]], [[Nitroglycerin    ]], [[Nitrophenol  ]], [[Nitrophenol Urea  ]], [[NN-Dimethyl-P-Toluidine  ]], [[Oil-based paint ]], [[Oleander poisoning   ]], [[Opioid toxicity ]], [[Oxycodone addiction ]], [[Parathion  ]], [[Phencyclidine    ]], [[Phosdrin  ]], [[Phosphine  ]], [[potato(Solanumtuberosum)]], [[Profenofos  ]], [[Propane  ]], [[Propoxur  ]], [[Propylene Glycol Dinitrate  ]], [[Snake bite ]], [[Terbufos  ]], [[Tetrachloroethane  ]], [[Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate  ]], [[Thallium    ]], [[Thallium poisoning   ]], [[Thallium Sulfate    ]], [[Thiram  ]], [[Toluene  ]], [[Trichlorfon  ]], [[Zolpidem withdrawal ]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[24-Dinitrotoluene]], [[44-methylenebis]], [[4-aminopyridine]], [[acetylsalicylic acid]], [[acrylamide]], [[acute pesticide poisoning]], [[adiponitrile]], [[aldicarb]], [[amoxicillin]], [[aniline]], [[azinphos-methyl]], [[aztreonam]], [[baneberry poisoning]], [[boric acid]], [[box thorn poisoning]], [[bromethalin]], [[bromide]], [[bromophos]], [[butyl alcohol]], [[camphor]], [[carbaryl]], [[carbon tetrachloride]], [[chlordane]], [[chloromethane]], [[chlorpyrifos]], [[christmas cherry poisoning]], [[cocaine abuse]], [[cocaine addiction]], [[corn lily poisoning]], [[coumaphos]], [[crack addiction]], [[cresols]], [[cresylic acid]], [[cyanogenic glycoside]], [[cyclohexanone]], [[ddd]], [[ddt]], [[demeton-s-methyl]], [[devil's trumpet poisoning]], [[diazinon]], [[dibromochloromethane]], [[dichlorvos]], [[dicrotophos]], [[dieldrin]], [[diethylene glycol]], [[digitalis glycoside]], [[dinitrocresol]], [[dioxathion]], [[disulfiram]], [[disulfoton]], [[ecstasy addiction]], [[endosulfan]], [[ethion]], [[ethylene glycol dinitrate]], [[fensulfothion]], [[fenthion]], [[foxglove poisoning]], [[gasoline]], [[glaze]], [[glycol ether]], [[heroin dependence]], [[high melting explosive (hmx)]], [[hydrazine]], [[hydroquinone]], [[hydroquinone]], [[interferon gamma]], [[isofenphos]], [[jet fuel-4]], [[jet fuel-5]], [[jimsonweed (daturastramonium)]], [[kentucky coffee tea poisoning]], [[kerosene]], [[king cobra poisoning]], [[lead poisoning]], [[lobeline]], [[lysergic acid diethylamide]], [[malathion]], [[marijuana abuse]], [[mercury poisoning]], [[methidathion]], [[methiocarb]], [[methomyl]], [[metobromuron]],[[mepenzolate]], [[monkshood poisoning]], [[morphine toxicity]], [[mustard tree poisoning]], [[naphthalene]], [[narcotic addiction]], [[nickel carbonyl]], [[nitrobenzene]], [[nitroglycerin]], [[nitrophenol]], [[nitrophenol urea]], [[nn-dimethyl-p-toluidine]], [[oil-based paint]], [[oleander poisoning]], [[opioid toxicity]], [[oxycodone addiction]], [[parathion]], [[phencyclidine]], [[phosdrin]], [[phosphine]], [[potato(solanumtuberosum)]], [[profenofos]], [[propane]], [[propoxur]], [[propylene glycol dinitrate]], [[potassium iodide]], [[snake bite]], [[terbufos]], [[tetrachloroethane]], [[tetraethyl pyrophosphate]], [[thallium]], [[thallium poisoning]], [[thallium sulfate]], [[thiram]], [[toluene]], [[trichlorfon]], [[zolpidem withdrawal]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anticholinergic syndrome   ]], [[Colchicine toxicity   ]], [[Cope's syndrome ]], [[Dextromethorphan toxicity ]], [[Fentanyl toxicity ]], [[Impramine toxicity ]], [[Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome    ]], [[Phenytoin toxicity   ]], [[Propanol    ]], [[Serotonin Syndrome    ]], [[Tolterodine toxicity   ]], [[Tramadol toxicity ]]
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Aldesleukin]], [[alprazolam]], [[amobarbital sodium]], [[anticholinergic syndrome]], [[apomorphine hydrochloride]], [[atropine]], [[bicalutamide]], [[butorphanol]], [[carbidopa and levodopa]], [[colchicine toxicity]], [[cope's syndrome]],[[cefaclor]], [[cycloserine]], [[dextromethorphan toxicity]], [[ethambutol]], [[ezogabine]], [[fentanyl toxicity]], [[gallium nitrate]], [[imipramine toxicity]], [[mepenzolate]],[[meropenem]], [[methocarbamol]], [[methylene blue]], [[mitomycin]], [[nabilone]], [[nelarabine]], [[neuroleptic malignant syndrome]], [[oxaprozin]], [[pergolide]], [[phenytoin toxicity]], [[propanol]], [[secobarbital sodium]], [[serotonin syndrome]], [[teniposide]],[[tolterodine toxicity]], [[tramadol toxicity]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adrenal crisis ]], [[Cushing syndrome ]], [[Hashimoto's encephalitis ]], [[Hyperinsulinism]], [[Hyperparathyroidism    ]], [[Insulinoma  ]], [[SIADH ]], [[WDHA syndrome ]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adrenal crisis]], [[Cushing syndrome]], [[Hashimoto's encephalitis]], [[hyperinsulinism]], [[hyperparathyroidism]], [[insulinoma]], [[multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]], [[SIADH]], [[WDHA syndrome]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dysbarism ]], [[High altitude cerebral edema ]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dysbarism]], [[high altitude cerebral edema]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cirrhosis of the liver]], [[Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 1 ]], [[End Stage Liver Failure   ]], [[Liver failure ]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cirrhosis of the liver]], [[Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 1]], [[end Stage Liver Failure]], [[liver failure]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Congenital hepatic porphyria   ]], [[Congenital nonhemolytic jaundice ]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Congenital hepatic porphyria]], [[congenital nonhemolytic jaundice]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bing-Neel syndrome ]], [[Leukemia ]], [[Multiple Myeloma ]], [[Plasma cell leukemia]], [[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura ]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anemia]], [[Bing-Neel syndrome]], [[Leukemia]], [[Multiple Myeloma]], [[Plasma cell leukemia]], [[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acanthamoeba infection ]], [[Actinomycetales infection ]], [[Acute Bokhoror   ]], [[Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis   ]], [[African Sleeping sickness   ]], [[Bolivian hemorrhagic fever   ]], [[Brill-Zinsser disease   ]], [[Bubonic plague   ]], [[Cryptococcal Meningitis ]], [[Cryptococcosis ]], [[Cysticercosis ]], [[Ehrlichiosis ]], [[Epidemic typhus   ]], [[Flea-borne diseases   ]], [[Fungal meningitis ]], [[Granulomatous amebic encephalitis ]], [[HIV/AIDS ]], [[Legionnaires' disease   ]], [[Listeriosis ]], [[Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis ]], [[Lysteria monocytoigeneses meningitis ]], [[Machupo virus   ]], [[Malaria   ]], [[Marburg virus   ]], [[Measles Encephalitis ]], [[Melioidosis ]], [[Meningitis ]], [[Meningococcal disease   ]], [[Naegleria ]], [[Neurocysticercosis ]], [[Neurosyphilis   ]], [[Nipah virus encephalitis   ]], [[Nocardiosis ]], [[Paratyphoid fever ]], [[Pediatric AIDS ]], [[Postoperative septicaemia ]], [[Primary amebic meningoencephalitis ]], [[Rabies   ]], [[Rocky Mountain spotted fever   ]], [[Tick-borne encephalitis ]], [[Toxemia ]], [[Toxic Shock Syndrome ]], [[Toxoplasmosis ]], [[Trypanosomiasis   ]], [[Yellow fever   ]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acanthamoeba infection]], [[Actinomycetales infection]], [[Acute Bokhoror]], [[Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis]], [[African Sleeping sickness]], [[Bolivian hemorrhagic fever]], [[Brill-Zinsser disease]], [[Bubonic plague]], [[Cryptococcal Meningitis]], [[Cryptococcosis]], [[Cysticercosis]], [[Ehrlichiosis]], [[Epidemic typhus]], [[Flea-borne diseases]], [[Fungal meningitis]], [[Granulomatous amebic encephalitis]], [[HIV/AIDS]], [[Legionnaires' disease]], [[Listeriosis]], [[Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis]], [[Lysteria monocytoigeneses meningitis]], [[Viral meningitis]], [[Machupo virus]], [[Malaria]], [[Marburg virus]], [[Measles Encephalitis]], [[Melioidosis]], [[Meningitis]], [[Meningococcal disease]], [[Naegleria]], [[Neurocysticercosis]], [[Neurosyphilis]], [[Nipah virus encephalitis]], [[Nocardiosis]], [[Paratyphoid fever]], [[Pediatric AIDS]], [[Postoperative septicaemia]], [[Primary amebic meningoencephalitis]], [[Rabies]], [[Rocky Mountain spotted fever]], [[Tick-borne encephalitis]], [[Toxemia]], [[Toxic Shock Syndrome]], [[Toxoplasmosis]], [[Trypanosomiasis]], [[Yellow fever]], [[Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute mountain sickness]], [[Aging brain syndrome]], [[Alzheimer disease ]], [[Anoxemia]], [[Arbovirosis]], [[Argentinean hemorrhagic fever]], [[Basilar artery insufficiency syndrome]], [[Benign astrocytoma]], [[Berry aneurysm]], [[Brain infection]], [[Bristowe's syndrome]], [[Central nervous system infections]], [[Central nervous system lymphoma primary]], [[Cerebellar abscess]], [[Cerebral abscess]], [[Classic migraine]], [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease]], [[Disequilibrium syndrome]], [[Grand mal epilepsy]], [[Grand mal seizures]], [[Leukoencephalopathy]], [[Limbic encephalitis]], [[Multi-Infarct Dementia]], [[Prion diseases]], [[Stroke]], [[Subdural hematoma]], [[Sundown syndrome]], [[Transient Ischemic Attack]], [[Uremic encephalopathy]], [[Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome]], [[Wernicke's encephalopathy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aceruloplasminemia]], [[Acid-Base Imbalance]], [[Acute liver failure]], [[Alcohol drinking]], [[Alcohol Withdrawal ]], [[Alcoholic Neuropathy]], [[Azotemia familial]], [[Burnett's milk drinker's syndrome]], [[Carnitine transporter deficiency]], [[Citrullinemia]], [[Coenzyme Q cytochrome c reductase deficiency ]], [[Dehydration]], [[Diabetic hypoglycemia]], [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]], [[Dilutional hyponatremia]], [[Dobriner syndrome]], [[Folate deficiency]], [[Graeck-Imerslund disease]], [[Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome]], [[Hypervitaminoses A and D]], [[Hypoglycemia]], [[Hypothermia]], [[Hypovolemia]], [[Inborn urea cycle disorder]], [[Metabolic Acidosis]], [[Metabolic encephalopathy]], [[Milk-Alkali syndrome]], [[N-acetyl glutamate synthetase deficiency]], [[Nutritional deficiency]], [[Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency]], [[Pellagra]], [[Pyridoxine deficiency]], [[Q fever]], [[Respiratory acidosis]], [[Respiratory alkalosis]], [[Reye's Syndrome]], [[Urea Cycle Disorders]], [[Water Intoxication]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]], [[Hyperemesis Gravidarum]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alprazolam overdose]], [[Appian-Plutarch syndrome]], [[Darvocet overdose]], [[Demerol overdose]], [[Dexedrine overdose]], [[Dilaudid overdose]], [[Ecstasy overdose]], [[Hydrocodone overdose]], [[Lorazepam overdose]], [[Lortab overdose]], [[Methadone overdose]], [[Methamphetamine overdose]], [[Ritalin overdose]], [[Vicodin overdose ]], [[Zolpidem overdose]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Brief Psychotic Disorder]], [[Dissociative Amnesia]], [[Dissociative disorder]], [[Dissociative Identity Disorder]], [[Nonaffective Psychosis]], [[Schizoaffective disorder]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Postoperative respiratory failure]], [[Respiratory depression]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic renal insufficiency]], [[End-stage renal disease]], [[Hypercalcemia]], [[Hypomagnesemia ]], [[Hyponatremia]], [[Hypophosphatemia ]], [[Kidney failure]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Antiphospholipid Syndrome]], [[Autoimmune Hepatitis]], [[Autoimmune limbic encephalitis]], [[Neurosarcoidosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Concussion]], [[Head injury]], [[Traumatic Brain Injury]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-
|-
|}
|}
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{MultiCol}}
* [[24-Dinitrotoluene]]
* [[44-Methylenebis]]
* [[4-Aminopyridine]]
* [[Acanthamoeba infection]]
* [[Aceruloplasminemia]]
* [[Acetylsalicylic Acid]]
* [[Acid-Base Imbalance]]
* [[Acrylamide]]
* [[Actinomycetales infection]]
* [[Acute Bokhoror]]
* [[Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis]]
* [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]]
* [[Acute liver failure]]
* [[Acute mountain sickness]]
* [[Acute Pesticide poisoning]]
* [[Adiponitrile]]
* [[Adrenal crisis]]
* [[African Sleeping sickness]]
* [[Aging brain syndrome]]
* [[Alcohol drinking]]
* [[Alcohol Withdrawal ]]
* [[Alcoholic Neuropathy]]
* [[Aldicarb]]
* [[Alprazolam overdose]]
* [[Alzheimer disease ]]
*[[Amoxicillin]]
* [[Aniline]]
* [[Anoxemia]]
* [[Anticholinergic syndrome]]
* [[Antiphospholipid Syndrome]]
* [[Aorta-pulmonary artery fistula]]
*[[Apomorphine hydrochloride]]
* [[Appian-Plutarch syndrome]]
* [[Arbovirosis]]
* [[Argentinean hemorrhagic fever]]
* [[Autoimmune Hepatitis]]
* [[Autoimmune limbic encephalitis]]
* [[Azinphos-methyl]]
* [[Azotemia familial]]
*[[Aztreonam]]
* [[Baneberry poisoning]]
* [[Basilar artery insufficiency syndrome]]
* [[Benign astrocytoma]]
* [[Berry aneurysm]]
* [[Bing-Neel syndrome]]
* [[Bolivian hemorrhagic fever]]
* [[Boric Acid]]
* [[Box thorn poisoning]]
* [[Brain infection]]
* [[Brief Psychotic Disorder]]
* [[Brill-Zinsser disease]]
* [[Bristowe's syndrome]]
* [[Bromethalin]]
* [[Bromide]]
* [[Bromophos]]
* [[Bubonic plague]]
* [[Burnett's milk drinker's syndrome]]
*[[Butorphanol]]
* [[Butyl Alcohol]]
* [[Camphor]]
* [[Carbaryl]]
* [[Carbon Tetrachloride]]
* [[Carnitine transporter deficiency]]
* [[Central nervous system infections]]
* [[Central nervous system lymphoma primary]]
* [[Cerebellar abscess]]
* [[Cerebral abscess]]
* [[Chlordane]]
* [[Chloromethane]]
* [[Chlorpyrifos]]
* [[Christmas Cherry poisoning]]
* [[Chronic renal insufficiency]]
* [[Cirrhosis of the liver]]
* [[Citrullinemia]]
* [[Classic migraine]]
* [[Cocaine abuse]]
* [[Cocaine addiction]]
* [[Coenzyme Q cytochrome c reductase deficiency ]]
* [[Colchicine toxicity]]
* [[Concussion]]
* [[Congenital hepatic porphyria]]
* [[Congenital nonhemolytic jaundice]]
* [[Cope's syndrome]]
* [[Corn Lily poisoning]]
* [[Coumaphos]]
* [[Crack addiction]]
* [[Cresols]]
* [[Cresylic acid]]
* [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease]]
* [[Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 1]]
* [[Cryptococcal Meningitis]]
* [[Cryptococcosis]]
* [[Cushing syndrome]]
* [[Cyanogenic glycoside]]
* [[Cyclohexanone]]
* [[Cycloserine]]
* [[Cysticercosis]]
* [[Daphne poisoning]]
* [[Darvocet overdose]]
* [[DDD]]
* [[DDT]]
* [[Dehydration]]
* [[Demerol overdose]]
* [[Demeton-S-methyl]]
* [[Devil's trumpet poisoning]]
* [[Dexedrine overdose]]
* [[Dextromethorphan toxicity]]
{{ColBreak}}
* [[Diabetic hypoglycemia]]
* [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]]
* [[Diazinon]]
* [[Dibromochloromethane]]
* [[Dichlorvos]]
* [[Dicrotophos]]
* [[Dieldrin]]
* [[Diethylene Glycol]]
* [[Digitalis glycoside]]
* [[Dilaudid overdose]]
* [[Dilutional hyponatremia]]
* [[Dinitrocresol]]
* [[Dioxathion]]
* [[Disequilibrium syndrome]]
* [[Dissociative Amnesia]]
* [[Dissociative disorder]]
* [[Dissociative Identity Disorder]]
* [[Disulfiram]]
* [[Disulfoton]]
* [[Dobriner syndrome]]
* [[Dysbarism]]
* [[Ecstasy addiction]]
* [[Ecstasy overdose]]
* [[Ehrlichiosis]]
* [[End Stage Liver Failure]]
* [[Endosulfan]]
* [[End-stage renal disease]]
* [[Epidemic typhus]]
* [[Epidermoid carcinoma]]
* [[Ethion]]
* [[Ethylene Glycol Dinitrate]]
* [[Fensulfothion]]
* [[Fentanyl toxicity]]
* [[Fenthion]]
* [[Flea-borne diseases]]
* [[Folate deficiency]]
* [[Foxglove poisoning]]
* [[Fungal meningitis]]
* [[Gasoline]]
* [[Glaze]]
* [[Glycol Ether]]
* [[Graeck-Imerslund disease]]
* [[Grand mal epilepsy]]
* [[Grand mal seizures]]
* [[Granulomatous amebic encephalitis]]
* [[Hashimoto's encephalitis]]
* [[Head injury]]
* [[Heroin dependence]]
* [[High altitude cerebral edema]]
* [[High Melting Explosive (HMX)]]
* [[HIV/AIDS]]
* [[Hydrazine]]
* [[Hydrocodone overdose]]
* [[Hydroquinone]]
* [[Hydroquinone]]
* [[Hyperbaric oxygen]]
* [[Hypercalcemia]]
* [[Hyperemesis Gravidarum]]
* [[Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome]]
* [[Hyperinsulinism]]
* [[Hyperparathyroidism]]
* [[Hypervitaminoses A and D]]
* [[Hypoglycemia]]
* [[Hypomagnesemia ]]
* [[Hyponatremia]]
* [[Hypophosphatemia ]]
* [[Hypothermia]]
* [[Hypovolemia]]
* [[Impramine toxicity]]
* [[Inborn urea cycle disorder]]
* [[Insulinoma]]
*[[Interferon gamma]]
* [[Isofenphos]]
* [[Jet Fuel-4]]
* [[Jet Fuel-5]]
* [[Jimsonweed (Daturastramonium)]]
* [[Kentucky coffee tea poisoning]]
* [[Kerosene]]
* [[Kidney failure]]
* [[King Cobra poisoning]]
* [[Lead poisoning]]
* [[Legionnaires' disease]]
* [[Leukemia]]
* [[Leukoencephalopathy]]
* [[Limbic encephalitis]]
* [[Listeriosis]]
* [[Liver failure]]
* [[Lobeline]]
* [[Lorazepam overdose]]
* [[Lortab overdose]]
* [[Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis]]
* [[Lysergic Acid Diethylamide]]
* [[Lysteria monocytoigeneses meningitis]]
* [[Machupo virus]]
* [[Malaria]]
* [[Malathion]]
* [[Marburg virus]]
* [[Marijuana abuse]]
* [[Measles Encephalitis]]
* [[Melioidosis]]
* [[Meningitis]]
* [[Meningococcal disease]]
* [[Mercury poisoning]]
* [[Metabolic Acidosis]]
* [[Metabolic encephalopathy]]
{{ColBreak}}
* [[Methadone overdose]]
* [[Methamphetamine overdose]]
* [[Methidathion]]
* [[Methiocarb]]
* [[Methomyl]]
* [[Metobromuron]]
* [[Milk-Alkali syndrome]]
* [[Monkshood poisoning]]
* [[Morphine toxicity]]
* [[Multi-Infarct Dementia]]
* [[Multiple Myeloma]]
* [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]]
* [[Mustard tree poisoning]]
*[[Nabilone]]
* [[N-acetyl glutamate synthetase deficiency]]
* [[Naegleria]]
* [[Naphthalene]]
* [[Narcotic addiction]]
* [[Neurocysticercosis]]
* [[Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome]]
* [[Neurosarcoidosis]]
* [[Neurosyphilis]]
* [[Nickel Carbonyl]]
* [[Nipah virus encephalitis]]
* [[Nitrobenzene]]
* [[Nitroglycerin]]
* [[Nitrophenol]]
* [[Nitrophenol Urea]]
* [[NN-Dimethyl-P-Toluidine]]
* [[Nocardiosis]]
* [[Nonaffective Psychosis]]
* [[Nutritional deficiency]]
* [[Oil-based paint]]
* [[Oleander poisoning]]
* [[Opioid toxicity]]
* [[Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency]]
* [[Oxycodone addiction]]
* [[Parathion]]
* [[Paratyphoid fever]]
* [[Pediatric AIDS]]
* [[Pellagra]]
*[[Pergolide]]
* [[Phencyclidine]]
* [[Phenytoin toxicity]]
* [[Phosdrin]]
* [[Phosphine]]
* [[Plague]]
* [[Plasma cell leukemia]]
* [[Postoperative haemorrhage]]
* [[Postoperative respiratory failure]]
* [[Postoperative septicaemia]]
* [[potato(Solanumtuberosum)]]
* [[Primary amebic meningoencephalitis]]
* [[Prion diseases]]
* [[Profenofos]]
* [[Propane]]
* [[Propanol]]
* [[Propoxur]]
* [[Propylene Glycol Dinitrate]]
* [[Pyridoxine deficiency]]
* [[Q fever]]
* [[Rabies]]
* [[Respiratory acidosis]]
* [[Respiratory alkalosis]]
* [[Respiratory depression]]
* [[Reye's Syndrome]]
* [[Ritalin overdose]]
* [[Rocky Mountain spotted fever]]
* [[Schizoaffective disorder]]
* [[Serotonin Syndrome]]
* [[Shock]]
* [[SIADH]]
* [[Sick sinus syndrome]]
* [[Snake bite]]
* [[Stroke]]
* [[Subdural hematoma]]
* [[Sundown syndrome]]
* [[Terbufos]]
* [[Tetrachloroethane]]
* [[Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate]]
* [[Thallium]]
* [[Thallium poisoning]]
* [[Thallium Sulfate]]
* [[Thiram]]
* [[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
* [[Tick-borne encephalitis]]
* [[Tolterodine toxicity]]
* [[Toluene]]
* [[Toxemia]]
* [[Toxic Shock Syndrome]]
* [[Toxoplasmosis]]
* [[Tramadol toxicity]]
* [[Transient Ischemic Attack]]
* [[Traumatic Brain Injury]]
* [[Trichlorfon]]
* [[Trypanosomiasis]]
* [[Urea Cycle Disorders]]
* [[Uremic encephalopathy]]
* [[Vicodin overdose ]]
* [[Water Intoxication]]
* [[Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome]]
* [[WDHA syndrome]]
* [[Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome]]
* [[Wernicke's encephalopathy]]
* [[Yellow fever]]
* [[Zolpidem overdose]]
* [[Zolpidem withdrawal]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]

Latest revision as of 17:36, 8 May 2017

Confusion Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S.[2]

Overview

Confusion is a common symptom associated with various diseases and metabolic disorders. Common causes of confusion include insults to the central nervous system (CNS), metabolic disorders, and side effects of medications or illicit drugs.

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Aorta-pulmonary artery fistula, Postoperative haemorrhage, Shock, Sick sinus syndrome
Chemical / poisoning 24-Dinitrotoluene, 44-methylenebis, 4-aminopyridine, acetylsalicylic acid, acrylamide, acute pesticide poisoning, adiponitrile, aldicarb, amoxicillin, aniline, azinphos-methyl, aztreonam, baneberry poisoning, boric acid, box thorn poisoning, bromethalin, bromide, bromophos, butyl alcohol, camphor, carbaryl, carbon tetrachloride, chlordane, chloromethane, chlorpyrifos, christmas cherry poisoning, cocaine abuse, cocaine addiction, corn lily poisoning, coumaphos, crack addiction, cresols, cresylic acid, cyanogenic glycoside, cyclohexanone, ddd, ddt, demeton-s-methyl, devil's trumpet poisoning, diazinon, dibromochloromethane, dichlorvos, dicrotophos, dieldrin, diethylene glycol, digitalis glycoside, dinitrocresol, dioxathion, disulfiram, disulfoton, ecstasy addiction, endosulfan, ethion, ethylene glycol dinitrate, fensulfothion, fenthion, foxglove poisoning, gasoline, glaze, glycol ether, heroin dependence, high melting explosive (hmx), hydrazine, hydroquinone, hydroquinone, interferon gamma, isofenphos, jet fuel-4, jet fuel-5, jimsonweed (daturastramonium), kentucky coffee tea poisoning, kerosene, king cobra poisoning, lead poisoning, lobeline, lysergic acid diethylamide, malathion, marijuana abuse, mercury poisoning, methidathion, methiocarb, methomyl, metobromuron,mepenzolate, monkshood poisoning, morphine toxicity, mustard tree poisoning, naphthalene, narcotic addiction, nickel carbonyl, nitrobenzene, nitroglycerin, nitrophenol, nitrophenol urea, nn-dimethyl-p-toluidine, oil-based paint, oleander poisoning, opioid toxicity, oxycodone addiction, parathion, phencyclidine, phosdrin, phosphine, potato(solanumtuberosum), profenofos, propane, propoxur, propylene glycol dinitrate, potassium iodide, snake bite, terbufos, tetrachloroethane, tetraethyl pyrophosphate, thallium, thallium poisoning, thallium sulfate, thiram, toluene, trichlorfon, zolpidem withdrawal
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Aldesleukin, alprazolam, amobarbital sodium, anticholinergic syndrome, apomorphine hydrochloride, atropine, bicalutamide, butorphanol, carbidopa and levodopa, colchicine toxicity, cope's syndrome,cefaclor, cycloserine, dextromethorphan toxicity, ethambutol, ezogabine, fentanyl toxicity, gallium nitrate, imipramine toxicity, mepenzolate,meropenem, methocarbamol, methylene blue, mitomycin, nabilone, nelarabine, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, oxaprozin, pergolide, phenytoin toxicity, propanol, secobarbital sodium, serotonin syndrome, teniposide,tolterodine toxicity, tramadol toxicity
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Adrenal crisis, Cushing syndrome, Hashimoto's encephalitis, hyperinsulinism, hyperparathyroidism, insulinoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, SIADH, WDHA syndrome
Environmental Dysbarism, high altitude cerebral edema
Gastroenterologic Cirrhosis of the liver, Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 1, end Stage Liver Failure, liver failure
Genetic Congenital hepatic porphyria, congenital nonhemolytic jaundice
Hematologic Anemia, Bing-Neel syndrome, Leukemia, Multiple Myeloma, Plasma cell leukemia, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Iatrogenic Hyperbaric oxygen
Infectious Disease Acanthamoeba infection, Actinomycetales infection, Acute Bokhoror, Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis, African Sleeping sickness, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, Brill-Zinsser disease, Bubonic plague, Cryptococcal Meningitis, Cryptococcosis, Cysticercosis, Ehrlichiosis, Epidemic typhus, Flea-borne diseases, Fungal meningitis, Granulomatous amebic encephalitis, HIV/AIDS, Legionnaires' disease, Listeriosis, Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis, Lysteria monocytoigeneses meningitis, Viral meningitis, Machupo virus, Malaria, Marburg virus, Measles Encephalitis, Melioidosis, Meningitis, Meningococcal disease, Naegleria, Neurocysticercosis, Neurosyphilis, Nipah virus encephalitis, Nocardiosis, Paratyphoid fever, Pediatric AIDS, Postoperative septicaemia, Primary amebic meningoencephalitis, Rabies, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Tick-borne encephalitis, Toxemia, Toxic Shock Syndrome, Toxoplasmosis, Trypanosomiasis, Yellow fever, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic Acute mountain sickness, Aging brain syndrome, Alzheimer disease , Anoxemia, Arbovirosis, Argentinean hemorrhagic fever, Basilar artery insufficiency syndrome, Benign astrocytoma, Berry aneurysm, Brain infection, Bristowe's syndrome, Central nervous system infections, Central nervous system lymphoma primary, Cerebellar abscess, Cerebral abscess, Classic migraine, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Disequilibrium syndrome, Grand mal epilepsy, Grand mal seizures, Leukoencephalopathy, Limbic encephalitis, Multi-Infarct Dementia, Prion diseases, Stroke, Subdural hematoma, Sundown syndrome, Transient Ischemic Attack, Uremic encephalopathy, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, Wernicke's encephalopathy
Nutritional / Metabolic Aceruloplasminemia, Acid-Base Imbalance, Acute liver failure, Alcohol drinking, Alcohol Withdrawal , Alcoholic Neuropathy, Azotemia familial, Burnett's milk drinker's syndrome, Carnitine transporter deficiency, Citrullinemia, Coenzyme Q cytochrome c reductase deficiency , Dehydration, Diabetic hypoglycemia, Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Dilutional hyponatremia, Dobriner syndrome, Folate deficiency, Graeck-Imerslund disease, Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome, Hypervitaminoses A and D, Hypoglycemia, Hypothermia, Hypovolemia, Inborn urea cycle disorder, Metabolic Acidosis, Metabolic encephalopathy, Milk-Alkali syndrome, N-acetyl glutamate synthetase deficiency, Nutritional deficiency, Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency, Pellagra, Pyridoxine deficiency, Q fever, Respiratory acidosis, Respiratory alkalosis, Reye's Syndrome, Urea Cycle Disorders, Water Intoxication
Obstetric/Gynecologic Acute fatty liver of pregnancy, Hyperemesis Gravidarum
Oncologic No underlying causes
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Alprazolam overdose, Appian-Plutarch syndrome, Darvocet overdose, Demerol overdose, Dexedrine overdose, Dilaudid overdose, Ecstasy overdose, Hydrocodone overdose, Lorazepam overdose, Lortab overdose, Methadone overdose, Methamphetamine overdose, Ritalin overdose, Vicodin overdose , Zolpidem overdose
Psychiatric Brief Psychotic Disorder, Dissociative Amnesia, Dissociative disorder, Dissociative Identity Disorder, Nonaffective Psychosis, Schizoaffective disorder
Pulmonary Postoperative respiratory failure, Respiratory depression
Renal / Electrolyte Chronic renal insufficiency, End-stage renal disease, Hypercalcemia, Hypomagnesemia , Hyponatremia, Hypophosphatemia , Kidney failure
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Antiphospholipid Syndrome, Autoimmune Hepatitis, Autoimmune limbic encephalitis, Neurosarcoidosis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Concussion, Head injury, Traumatic Brain Injury
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order


References

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