Venous insufficiency

Revision as of 04:57, 20 January 2009 by Zorkun (talk | contribs) (→‎Surgery)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Venous insufficiency
Venous insufficiency

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

WikiDoc Resources for Venous insufficiency

Articles

Most recent articles on Venous insufficiency

Most cited articles on Venous insufficiency

Review articles on Venous insufficiency

Articles on Venous insufficiency in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ

Media

Powerpoint slides on Venous insufficiency

Images of Venous insufficiency

Photos of Venous insufficiency

Podcasts & MP3s on Venous insufficiency

Videos on Venous insufficiency

Evidence Based Medicine

Cochrane Collaboration on Venous insufficiency

Bandolier on Venous insufficiency

TRIP on Venous insufficiency

Clinical Trials

Ongoing Trials on Venous insufficiency at Clinical Trials.gov

Trial results on Venous insufficiency

Clinical Trials on Venous insufficiency at Google

Guidelines / Policies / Govt

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Venous insufficiency

NICE Guidance on Venous insufficiency

NHS PRODIGY Guidance

FDA on Venous insufficiency

CDC on Venous insufficiency

Books

Books on Venous insufficiency

News

Venous insufficiency in the news

Be alerted to news on Venous insufficiency

News trends on Venous insufficiency

Commentary

Blogs on Venous insufficiency

Definitions

Definitions of Venous insufficiency

Patient Resources / Community

Patient resources on Venous insufficiency

Discussion groups on Venous insufficiency

Patient Handouts on Venous insufficiency

Directions to Hospitals Treating Venous insufficiency

Risk calculators and risk factors for Venous insufficiency

Healthcare Provider Resources

Symptoms of Venous insufficiency

Causes & Risk Factors for Venous insufficiency

Diagnostic studies for Venous insufficiency

Treatment of Venous insufficiency

Continuing Medical Education (CME)

CME Programs on Venous insufficiency

International

Venous insufficiency en Espanol

Venous insufficiency en Francais

Business

Venous insufficiency in the Marketplace

Patents on Venous insufficiency

Experimental / Informatics

List of terms related to Venous insufficiency

Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us [2] to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.

Overview

Venous insufficiency is a condition in which the veins do not efficiently return blood from the lower limbs back to the heart. Venous insufficiency involves one or more veins.

Normal Anatomy and Function

  • The superficial veins lie in the subcutaneous fatty layer of the body just beneath the skin and superficial to the deep fascia enveloping the body musculature. The principal veins in the legs are the great and lesser saphenous veins and their tributaries; in the arms they are the basilic and cephalic veins and their tributaries.
  • The deep veins accompany arteries and bear the same name as the arteries they parallel. It is common in the extremities for there to be two or more veins accompanying a small to medium sized artery.
  • The perforating veins penetrate the deep fascia and connect the superficial veins to the deep veins. Those along the inner (medial) side of the lower leg play a major role in the pathogenesis of the postphlebitic leg.
  • The intramuscular sinusoidal veins are large, very thin walled, valveless veins within skeletal muscle. They connect directly with the deep veins.


Function

Cross section of a vein showing a valve which prevents backflow

Veins serve to return blood from organs to the heart.

In systemic circulation oxygenated blood is pumped by the left ventricle through the arteries to the muscles and organs of the body, where its nutrients and gases are exchanged at capillaries, entering the veins filled with cellular waste and carbon dioxide.

The de-oxygenated blood is taken by veins to the right atrium of the heart, which transfers the blood to the right ventricle, where it is then pumped to the pulmonary arteries and eventually the lungs.

In pulmonary circulation the pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium, which empties into the left ventricle, completing the cycle of blood circulation. Normal venous flow is dependent on four factors:

  • Dynamic Flow: The heart related flow (dynamics/spontaneous flow). Flow in the arterial system is dependent on the pumping action of the heart and the elasticity and muscular activity of the arteries.
  • Phasic Flow: Respiration related factors. Phasic flow is the effects of respiration on normal venous flow. In the arms and neck, venous blood flow increases during inspiration due to the negative intrathoracic pressure. The opposite mechanism apply for lower extremities. During the inspiration, the diaphragms are lower and increase the intraabdominal pressure. During the expiration diaphragms are elevate and lower the intraabdominal pressure. This help to venous return from lower extremities.
  • The muscle pump or the venous pump: The muscle pump mechanism is highly developed in the calf muscles. Large venous sinusoids located in these muscles. As they contract, the force helps to emptying the below veins. Contractions of the calf muscles can produce a sufficient pressure to empty the sinusoids into the deep veins. The deep veins are affected with the similar compressing force due to a strong fascial structure. As a result, with each muscle contraction venous blood is pumped towards to the heart.
  • The valves: The valves are prevent retrograde flow. They prevent retrograde flow from heart to veins and from deep veins to superfacial veins.

Pathophysiology

The valves in the veins usually channel the flow of blood toward the heart. When these valves are damaged, blood leaks and pools in the legs and feet. Venous insufficiency is a condition in which the veins fail to return blood efficiently to the heart. This condition usually involves one or more veins. Symptoms include swelling of the legs and pain in the extremities such as a dull aching, heaviness, or cramping.


Risk Factors

Classification

CEAP Classification: Clinical Presentation, Etiology, Anatomical Localization, Pathophysiological Dysfunction

  • According to Clinical Presentation
  • Asymptomatic
  • Symptomatic
  • According to Etiology
  • Congenital
  • Primary
  • Secondary)
  • According to Anatomical Localization / Distribution
  • Superficial
  • Deep
  • Perforator
  • Alone
  • In combination
  • According to Pathophysiological Dysfunction
  • Reflux
  • Obstruction
  • Alone
  • In combination

Evaluation

  • Class 0: No evidence of venous disease.
  • Class 1: Telangiectasia (Superficial spider veins), reticular veins, malleolar flare
  • Class 2: Simple varicose veins only
  • Class 3: Ankle oedema of venous origin (not foot edema)
  • Class 4: Skin pigmentation in the gaiter area (lipodermatosclerosis)
  • Class 5: Dermatological changes with a healed venous ulcer
  • Class 6: Dermatological changes with an open (active) venous ulcer

Diagnosis

Signs and Symptoms

  • Leg discomfort and / or pain: Complains may include dull aching, heaviness, or cramping. Venous claudication may mimic arterial intermittent claudication, though it typically takes longer to subside after stopping exercise.
  • Skin pigmentation and discoloration of the skin. Venous insufficiency is characterized by a dark bluish / purple discoloration. Over time, long standing stasis of blood leads to the deposition of hemosiderin, giving the skin a dark, speckled appearance. If the leg is placed in a dependent position, the bluish/purple discoloration may darken dramatically, further suggestive of venous insufficiency. This occurs as a result of gravity working against an already ineffective blood return system. Patients with severe arterial insufficiency, on the other hand, may have relatively pale skin as a result of under perfusion. When their legs are placed in a dependent position, gravity enhances arterial inflow and the skin may become more red as maximally dilated arterioles attempt to bring blood to otherwise starved tissues. In cases of severe ischemia, the affected areas (usually involving the most distal aspect of the foot), can appear whitish or mottled, giving the leg a marbleized appearance. Dead tissue turns black (a.k.a. gangrene). Cellulitis (infection in the skin) will cause the skin to appear bright red. These changes can be difficult to detect in people of color.
  • Ulceration: Non-healing ulcers especially around the medial malleolus
  • Lipodermatosclerosis: LDS or liposclerosis refers to a thickening in the tissues underneath the skin.
  • Varicose eczema: the skin becomes red, wet and scaly.
  • Leg swelling

Physical Examination

Doppler USG

Duplex scanning of the deep and superficial veins can detect obstruction. In addition, the function of valves in each segment of the evaluated veins can be assessed by determining the direction of blood-flow using Doppler ultrasound.

The examination is often done in the upright position, as this is the best way to evaluate valve function. Therapeutic decision depends on color flow duplex ultrasound evaluation results. Following an examination there are four main levels of venous pathology:

  • Superficial venous reflux only
  • Deep venous reflux only
  • Mixed superficial and deep venous reflux
  • Occluded deep venous system

MRI

Computed Tomography

Venogram

Differential diagnosis of causes of venous insufficiency

Treatment

Medical Management

  • Elevation of the leg
  • Exercise
  • Elastic compression (Compression stockings)

Compression Therapy: External banding to restore saphenous competence

  • Graduated compression stockings
  • Custom made
  • Standard size
  • Knee length
  • Thigh length
  • Compression tights
  • Bandages
  • Single component
  • Multiple components
  • Inelastic
  • Elastic
  • Intermittent pneumatic compression
  • Single chamber
  • Sequential chambers
  • Foot-pump
  • Lower leg
  • Full leg & trunk

Stent Application

Hemodynamic correction of varicose veins (CHIVA)

Surgery

  • Conventional surgery: Conventional surgery for varicose veins does relieve symptoms and has a role on the prevention of chronic venous ulceration.
  • Valve repair techniques
  • Techniques with Phlebotomy
  • Internal Valvuloplasty
  • Venous Segment Transfer
  • Vein Valve Transplantation
  • Neo Valve
  • Allograft Cryopreserved Valve
  • Techniques without Phlebotomy
  • Wrapping, Banding, Cuffi ng, and External Stenting
  • External Valvuloplasty
  • Transmural Valvuloplasty

Sclerotherapy

  • Conventional Sclerotherapy
  • Foam Sclerotherapy

Endovenous Ablation (Saphenous Venous Ablation - Closure)

  • Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) is a relatively simple and quick technique which can be performed under a local anesthetic. Endovenous laser techniques employ an 810 nm-diode laser to heat the long or short saphenous vein (or major tributaries), inducing a combination of endothelial damage, focal coagulative necrosis, shrinkage of the vein and thrombotic occlusion.
  • Radiofrequency ablation

Complications

Prevention

Examination Findings

References

Additional Resources

See Also

External Links

Template:Veins Template:VeinsHeadNeck Template:Veins of the upper extremity Template:Veins of the lower extremity Template:SIB

Template:WH Template:WS