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==Overview==
==Overview==
Majority of the population become infected with [[EBV]] at sometime during their lives with an estimated 90%-95% of adults demonstrating seropositivity by 21 years of age. Therefore, even individuals exposed to infected contacts have shown to be previously infected with [[EBV]] and hence are '''''not at risk''''' for the manifestation of mononucleosis.  
A majority of the population is infected with [[EBV]] at sometime during their lives with an estimated 90%-95% of adults demonstrating seropositivity by 21 years of age. Therefore, even individuals exposed to infected contacts have shown to be previously infected with [[EBV]] and hence are not at risk for the manifestation of mononucleosis. However, once infected, the patient carries the virus for the rest of their life with the virus typically residing dormantly in the [[B lymphocyte|B lymphocytes]]. Independent infections of mononucleosis may be contracted multiple times, regardless of whether the patient is already carrying the virus dormantly. Periodic reactivation of the virus may occur, during which time the patient is again infectious, but usually without any symptoms of illness. Therefore, in susceptible hosts under the appropriate environmental stressors, reactivation of the virus occurs to cause vague subclinical symptoms or remain mostly asymptomatic and diagnosed only by a positive serologic response. However, its imperative to note that during this phase the virus can spread to others.


However, once infected, the patient '''''carries the virus for the rest of their life''''' with the virus typically residing dormantly in the [[B lymphocyte|B lymphocytes]]. Independent infections of mononucleosis may be contracted multiple times, regardless of whether the patient is already carrying the virus dormantly.  
==Risk Factors==
===By Epidemiology===
*It is predominantly found in under-developed countries, and almost everyone is exposed to the [[EBV|ebstein barr virus]] by 18 months of age. Therefore, even individuals exposed to infected contacts are not at risk for the manifestation of the disease. Additionally, [[antibody]] to the [[EBV|virus]] is almost universally positive.  


'''''Periodic reactivation of the virus may occur, during which time the patient is again infectious, but usually without any symptoms of illness.''''' Therefore, in susceptible hosts under the appropriate environmental stressors, reactivation of the virus occurs to cause vague subclinical symptoms or remain mostly asymptomatic and diagnosed only by a positive serologic response. However, its imperative to note that during this phase the virus can spread to others.  
*In the United States, roughly half of five-year-olds have been infected  and up to 95% of adults between 35 and 40 years of age.<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/ebv.htm Epstein-Barr Virus and Infectious Mononucleosis] - [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|National Center for Infectious Diseases]]</ref>


==High-risk population==
===By Age===
*'''''Infants''''' become susceptible to [[EBV]] as soon as [[antibody|maternal antibody protection]] which is present at birth starts to disappears.  
*Infants become susceptible to [[EBV]] as soon as [[antibody|maternal antibody protection]] which is present at birth starts to disappears.  


*'''''Children''''' if infected with [[EBV]] usually remain asymptomatic and hence are indistinguishable from the other mild, brief illnesses of childhood. However, when the infection occurs during adolescence or young adulthood, it causes acute infectious mononucleosis 35% to 50% of the time.
*Children if infected with [[EBV]] usually remain asymptomatic and hence are indistinguishable from the other mild, brief illnesses of childhood. However, when the infection occurs during adolescence or young adulthood, it causes acute infectious mononucleosis 35% to 50% of the time.


*In underdeveloped countries, almost everyone is exposed at a very young age, so mononucleosis exists mostly in developed countries.
*Among adults, increased risk of acquiring mononucleosis is observed among:
:*Adolescents and young adults
:*Patients who have intimate contact with the saliva of an infected person
:*Contact with the airborne virus


*Among '''''adults''''', increased risk of acquiring mononucleosis is observed among:
===By Immune System Status===
:*adolescents and young adults
*Any condition that weakens the immune system is a predisposing factor for the development of mononucleosis secondary to [[EBV|EBV infection]]. Such states include:
:*patients who have intimate contact with the saliva of an infected person
:*[[Diabetes]]
:*Following solid organ transplant
:*[[Chemotherapy]]
:*[[HIV]]
 
===By Genetic Susceptibility===
*A recent twin study done to assess the genetic susceptibility to infectious mononucleosis demonstrated results compatible with a heritable contribution to the risk of acquiring mononucleosis.<ref name="pmid22152594">{{cite journal |author=Hwang AE, Hamilton AS, Cockburn MG, Ambinder R, Zadnick J, Brown EE, Mack TM, Cozen W |title=Evidence of genetic susceptibility to infectious mononucleosis: a twin study |journal=[[Epidemiology and Infection]] |volume= |issue= |pages=1–7 |year=2011 |month=December |pmid=22152594 |doi=10.1017/S0950268811002457 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0950268811002457 |accessdate=2012-02-29}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
 
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Lymphocytes]]
[[Category:Viral diseases]]

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

A majority of the population is infected with EBV at sometime during their lives with an estimated 90%-95% of adults demonstrating seropositivity by 21 years of age. Therefore, even individuals exposed to infected contacts have shown to be previously infected with EBV and hence are not at risk for the manifestation of mononucleosis. However, once infected, the patient carries the virus for the rest of their life with the virus typically residing dormantly in the B lymphocytes. Independent infections of mononucleosis may be contracted multiple times, regardless of whether the patient is already carrying the virus dormantly. Periodic reactivation of the virus may occur, during which time the patient is again infectious, but usually without any symptoms of illness. Therefore, in susceptible hosts under the appropriate environmental stressors, reactivation of the virus occurs to cause vague subclinical symptoms or remain mostly asymptomatic and diagnosed only by a positive serologic response. However, its imperative to note that during this phase the virus can spread to others.

Risk Factors

By Epidemiology

  • It is predominantly found in under-developed countries, and almost everyone is exposed to the ebstein barr virus by 18 months of age. Therefore, even individuals exposed to infected contacts are not at risk for the manifestation of the disease. Additionally, antibody to the virus is almost universally positive.
  • In the United States, roughly half of five-year-olds have been infected and up to 95% of adults between 35 and 40 years of age.[1]

By Age

  • Children if infected with EBV usually remain asymptomatic and hence are indistinguishable from the other mild, brief illnesses of childhood. However, when the infection occurs during adolescence or young adulthood, it causes acute infectious mononucleosis 35% to 50% of the time.
  • Among adults, increased risk of acquiring mononucleosis is observed among:
  • Adolescents and young adults
  • Patients who have intimate contact with the saliva of an infected person
  • Contact with the airborne virus

By Immune System Status

  • Any condition that weakens the immune system is a predisposing factor for the development of mononucleosis secondary to EBV infection. Such states include:

By Genetic Susceptibility

  • A recent twin study done to assess the genetic susceptibility to infectious mononucleosis demonstrated results compatible with a heritable contribution to the risk of acquiring mononucleosis.[2]

References

  1. Epstein-Barr Virus and Infectious Mononucleosis - National Center for Infectious Diseases
  2. Hwang AE, Hamilton AS, Cockburn MG, Ambinder R, Zadnick J, Brown EE, Mack TM, Cozen W (2011). "Evidence of genetic susceptibility to infectious mononucleosis: a twin study". Epidemiology and Infection: 1–7. doi:10.1017/S0950268811002457. PMID 22152594. Retrieved 2012-02-29. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)


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