Leukocytosis
Template:DiseaseDisorder infobox
|
WikiDoc Resources for Leukocytosis |
|
Articles |
|---|
|
Most recent articles on Leukocytosis Most cited articles on Leukocytosis |
|
Media |
|
Powerpoint slides on Leukocytosis |
|
Evidence Based Medicine |
|
Clinical Trials |
|
Ongoing Trials on Leukocytosis at Clinical Trials.gov Clinical Trials on Leukocytosis at Google
|
|
Guidelines / Policies / Govt |
|
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Leukocytosis
|
|
Books |
|
News |
|
Commentary |
|
Definitions |
|
Patient Resources / Community |
|
Patient resources on Leukocytosis Discussion groups on Leukocytosis Patient Handouts on Leukocytosis Directions to Hospitals Treating Leukocytosis Risk calculators and risk factors for Leukocytosis
|
|
Healthcare Provider Resources |
|
Causes & Risk Factors for Leukocytosis |
|
Continuing Medical Education (CME) |
|
International |
|
|
|
Business |
|
Experimental / Informatics |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [2]
Synonyms and keywords: Granulocytosis, neutrophilia
Overview
Leukocytosis is an elevation of the white blood cell count (the leukocyte count) above the normal range. The normal adult human leukocyte count in peripheral blood is 4.4-10.8 x 109/L. A white blood count of 11.0 x 109/L or more suggests leukocytosis. Often, the word refers to an increased neutrophil granulocyte count, as neutrophils are the main granulocytes. An increase in eosinophil granulocyte is known as eosinophilia. Granulocytosis can be a feature of a number of disease processes including infection, especially bacteria; malignancy, most notably leukemia (it is the main feature of chronic myelogenous leukemia, CML) and autoimmune disease. Although it may be a sign of illness, leukocytosis in-and-of itself is not a disorder, nor is it a disease. It is simply a laboratory finding.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Leukocytosis is very common in acutely ill patients. It occurs in response to a wide variety of conditions, including viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection, cancer, hemorrhage, and exposure to certain medications or chemicals including steroids. Leukocytosis can also be the first indication of neoplastic growth of leukocytes.
Pathophysiology
The mechanism that causes leukocytosis can be of several forms: an increased release of leukocytes from bone marrow storage pools, decreased margination of leukocytes onto vessel walls, decreased extravasation of leukocytes from the vessels into tissues, or an increase in number of precursor cells in the marrow.
Classification Scheme
Leukocytosis can be subcategorized by the type of white blood cell that is increased in number.
- Granulocytosis or neutrophilia: Leukocytosis in which neutrophil count is elevated
- Lymphocytosis: Leukocytosis in which lymphocyte count is elevated
- Monocytosis: Leukocytosis in which monocyte count is elevated is monocytosis
- Eosinophilia: Leukocytosis in which eosinophil count is elevated is eosinophilia
A leukocyte count above 25 to 30 x 109/L is termed a leukemoid reaction, which is the reaction of a healthy bone marrow to extreme stress, trauma, or infection. (It is different from leukemia and from leukoerythroblastosis, in which immature blood cells are present in peripheral blood.)
Differential Diagnosis of Causes of Leukocytosis
By Organ System
| Cardiovascular | Endomyocardial fibrosis, |
| Chemical / poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | Atopic dermatitis, Dermatitis herpetiformis, Erythema multiforme, |
| Drug Side Effect | Allopurinol, Aminophylline, Amitriptyline, Capreomycin, Caspofungin, Chlorpropamide, Clomipramine, Daptomycin, Desipramine, Dinoprostone, Dothiepin, Doxycycline, Enfuvirtide, Ethotoin, Etravirine, Filgrastim, Gold salts, Hydralazine, Imipramine, |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | Adrenal cortex insufficiency, Hypothyroidism, |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | Colonic diverticulitis, Fasciola hepatica, Gallbladder empyema, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma, |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | Acute intermittent porphyria, Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 1, Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 2, Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Acute myeloid leukemia, Acute promyelocytic leukemia, Burkitt lymphoma, Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, Chronic myeloid leukaemia, Granulocyte colony stimulating factor, Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, Hairy cell leukaemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome, |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | Acanthocheilonemiasis, Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, Alveolar hydatid disease, Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma duodenale, Angiostrongyliasis, Anisakiasis, Ascariasis, Brucellosis, Chickenpox, Clonorchiasis, Coccidioidomycosis, Cytomegalovirus, Dicrocoelium dendriticum fluke, Dracunculiasis, Echinococcus granulosus, Epstein-Barr virus, Gnathostomiasis, Hantavirus, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Heterophyiasis, Infectious mononucleosis, |
| Musculoskeletal / Ortho | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional / Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Acute myeloid leukemia, Acute promyelocytic leukemia, Burkitt lymphoma, Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, Chronic myeloid leukaemia, Hairy cell leukaemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, |
| Opthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose / Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, Alveolar hydatid disease, Bronchial asthma, Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, Churg-Strauss syndrome, Extrinsic allergic alveolitis, |
| Renal / Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheum / Immune / Allergy | Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, Bronchial asthma, Churg-Strauss syndrome, Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, Eosinophilic cellulitis, Eosinophilic fasciitis, Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis, Extrinsic allergic alveolitis, Familial eosinophilia, Fasciola hepatica, Hypereosinophilic syndrome, |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | Cholesterol embolism, |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | Angiolymphoid hyperplasia, Capillaria, |
In alphabetical order[1] [2]
- Acute and chronic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
- Acute leukemia
- Bacterial infections
- Bronchitis
- Burns
- Chickenpox
- Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
- Chronic polyarteritis
- Colitis
- Cushing's Syndrome
- Dermatitis
- Diabetic coma
- Down Syndrome
- Drugs, toxins
- Endocarditis
- Exercise
- Fungal infections
- Gangrene
- Gout
- Hairy Cell Leukemia
- Hemolytic anemia
- Hemorrhage
- Hyperthyroidism
- Infectious lymphocytosis
- Infectious mononucleosis
- Malignant tumors
- Measles
- Mumps
- Myelofibrosis
- Parasitic infections
- Polycythemia Vera
- Post-splenectomy
- Prolymphocytic leukemia
- Pyelonephritis
- Recovery from agranulocytosis
- Seizures
- Trauma
- Uremic coma
- Viral hepatitis
References