Histoplasmosis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Histoplasmosis}} | {{Histoplasmosis}} | ||
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{SSK}} | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{SSK}}, {{AKI}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The [[incidence]] of [[histoplasmosis]] is estimated by the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers of Disease Control]] to be around 500,000 every year in the United States. In the United States, an estimated 60% to 90% of people who live in areas surrounding the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys (where [[Histoplasma capsulatum|Histoplasma]] is common in the environment) have been exposed to the [[fungus]] at some point during their lifetime. | |||
==Epidemiology & Demographics== | ==Epidemiology & Demographics== | ||
[[Histoplasmosis]] is the most common endemic [[fungal]] infection in the United States and parts of Mexico and South America. | |||
===Incidence=== | ===Incidence=== | ||
*The incidence of histoplasmosis in adults aged 65 years and older in the U.S. is estimated to be 3.4 cases per 100,000 population. | *The [[incidence]] of [[histoplasmosis]] is estimated by the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers of Disease Control]] to be around 500,000 every year in the United States.<ref name="pmid26890817">{{cite journal| author=Benedict K, Mody RK| title=Epidemiology of Histoplasmosis Outbreaks, United States, 1938-2013. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 22 | issue= 3 | pages= 370-8 | pmid=26890817 | doi=10.3201/eid2203.151117 | pmc=4766901 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26890817 }} </ref> | ||
*Rates are highest in the Midwest, with an estimated 6.1 cases per 100,000 population. | *The [[incidence]] of [[histoplasmosis]] in adults aged 65 years and older in the U.S. is estimated to be 3.4 cases per 100,000 population. | ||
*Rates are highest in the Midwest, with an estimated incidence of 6.1 cases per 100,000 population. | |||
===Prevalence=== | ===Prevalence=== | ||
*In the United States, an estimated 60% to 90% of people who live in areas surrounding the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys (where Histoplasma is common in the environment) have been exposed to the fungus at some point during their lifetime. | *In the United States, an estimated 60% to 90% of people who live in areas surrounding the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys (where [[Histoplasma capsulatum|Histoplasma]] is common in the environment) have been exposed to the [[fungus]] at some point during their lifetime. | ||
*The true prevalence of chronic histoplasmosis infection is unknown. | *The true prevalence of [[chronic]] [[histoplasmosis]] infection is unknown. | ||
*[[Histoplasmosis]] in Europe without travel to [[endemic]] areas is rare. | |||
===Endemic Regions=== | ===Endemic Regions=== | ||
*''Histoplasma capsulatum'' is distributed worldwide, except in Antarctica, but most often associated with river valleys. | *''[[Histoplasma capsulatum]]'' is distributed worldwide, except in Antarctica, but most often associated with river valleys. | ||
*It is most commonly reported in the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys in the United States, but is observed throughout the Midwestern and Southern US. | *It is most commonly reported in the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys in the United States, but is observed throughout the Midwestern and Southern US. | ||
*Histoplasmosis is reportable in the following states and U.S. territories:<ref name=cdc3>Information for Healthcare Professionals about Histoplasmosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/histoplasmosis/health-professionals.html. Accessed February 2, 2016.</ref> | *[[Histoplasmosis]] is reportable in the following states and U.S. territories:<ref name=cdc3>Information for Healthcare Professionals about Histoplasmosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/histoplasmosis/health-professionals.html. Accessed February 2, 2016.</ref> | ||
:*Alabama | :*Alabama | ||
:*Arkansas | :*Arkansas | ||
| Line 36: | Line 41: | ||
===Gender and Race=== | ===Gender and Race=== | ||
*Histoplasmosis does not have any gender or race predilection. | *[[Histoplasmosis]] does not have any gender or race predilection. | ||
===Developing Countries=== | ===Developing Countries=== | ||
*Histoplasmosis is especially a problem in areas of the world where antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not widely available, because ART helps keep HIV-infected people from reaching the stage where they are most vulnerable to histoplasmosis and other opportunistic infections. | *[[Histoplasmosis]] also is endemic in parts of Asia, Southeast Asia, and India. | ||
*In Latin America, for example, histoplasmosis is one of the most common opportunistic infections among people living with HIV, and approximately 30% of HIV/AIDS patients diagnosed with histoplasmosis die from it.<ref name=cdc2>Information for Healthcare Professionals about Histoplasmosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/histoplasmosis/health-professionals.html. Accessed February 2, 2016.</ref> | *In China, 75% of cases occur along the Yangtze River, and is usually seen in patients with AIDS. | ||
*[[Histoplasmosis]] is especially a problem in areas of the world where [[AIDS antiretroviral drugs|antiretroviral therapy]] ([[AIDS antiretroviral drugs|ART]]) is not widely available, because [[AIDS antiretroviral drugs|ART]] helps keep [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]-infected people from reaching the stage where they are most vulnerable to [[histoplasmosis]] and other [[opportunistic infections]]. | |||
*In Latin America, for example, [[histoplasmosis]] is one of the most common [[opportunistic infections]] among people living with [[HIV]], and approximately 30% of [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] patients diagnosed with [[histoplasmosis]] die from it.<ref name=cdc2>Information for Healthcare Professionals about Histoplasmosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/histoplasmosis/health-professionals.html. Accessed February 2, 2016.</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Fungal diseases]] | [[Category:Fungal diseases]] | ||
[[Category:Rat carried diseases]] | [[Category:Rat carried diseases]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]] | |||
[[Category:Disease]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | |||
[[Category:Pulmonology]] | |||
[[Category:Gastroenterology]] | |||
Latest revision as of 22:11, 29 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Serge Korjian M.D., Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
The incidence of histoplasmosis is estimated by the Centers of Disease Control to be around 500,000 every year in the United States. In the United States, an estimated 60% to 90% of people who live in areas surrounding the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys (where Histoplasma is common in the environment) have been exposed to the fungus at some point during their lifetime.
Epidemiology & Demographics
Histoplasmosis is the most common endemic fungal infection in the United States and parts of Mexico and South America.
Incidence
- The incidence of histoplasmosis is estimated by the Centers of Disease Control to be around 500,000 every year in the United States.[1]
- The incidence of histoplasmosis in adults aged 65 years and older in the U.S. is estimated to be 3.4 cases per 100,000 population.
- Rates are highest in the Midwest, with an estimated incidence of 6.1 cases per 100,000 population.
Prevalence
- In the United States, an estimated 60% to 90% of people who live in areas surrounding the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys (where Histoplasma is common in the environment) have been exposed to the fungus at some point during their lifetime.
- The true prevalence of chronic histoplasmosis infection is unknown.
- Histoplasmosis in Europe without travel to endemic areas is rare.
Endemic Regions
- Histoplasma capsulatum is distributed worldwide, except in Antarctica, but most often associated with river valleys.
- It is most commonly reported in the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys in the United States, but is observed throughout the Midwestern and Southern US.
- Histoplasmosis is reportable in the following states and U.S. territories:[2]
- Alabama
- Arkansas
- Delaware
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Kentucky
- Michigan
- Minnesota
- Mississippi
- Nebraska
- Pennsylvania
- Puerto Rico
- Rhode Island
- Wisconsin
- Outbreaks have been reported associated with travel to many countries in Central and South America, most often associated with visiting caves.[3]
Age
- Infants and adults aged 55 years and older are at higher risk of developing the disease.[2]
Gender and Race
- Histoplasmosis does not have any gender or race predilection.
Developing Countries
- Histoplasmosis also is endemic in parts of Asia, Southeast Asia, and India.
- In China, 75% of cases occur along the Yangtze River, and is usually seen in patients with AIDS.
- Histoplasmosis is especially a problem in areas of the world where antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not widely available, because ART helps keep HIV-infected people from reaching the stage where they are most vulnerable to histoplasmosis and other opportunistic infections.
- In Latin America, for example, histoplasmosis is one of the most common opportunistic infections among people living with HIV, and approximately 30% of HIV/AIDS patients diagnosed with histoplasmosis die from it.[4]
References
- ↑ Benedict K, Mody RK (2016). "Epidemiology of Histoplasmosis Outbreaks, United States, 1938-2013". Emerg Infect Dis. 22 (3): 370–8. doi:10.3201/eid2203.151117. PMC 4766901. PMID 26890817.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Information for Healthcare Professionals about Histoplasmosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/histoplasmosis/health-professionals.html. Accessed February 2, 2016.
- ↑ Chiller, TM. Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related to Travel. Histoplasmosis. Available at: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/histoplasmosis. Accessed February 2, 2016.
- ↑ Information for Healthcare Professionals about Histoplasmosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/histoplasmosis/health-professionals.html. Accessed February 2, 2016.