Hairy cell leukemia overview: Difference between revisions
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{{Hairy cell leukemia}} | {{Hairy cell leukemia}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HL}}; {{GRR}} {{Nat}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
[[Hairy cell leukemia]] arises from [[B cell]]s, that are normally involved in the process of human [[immunoglobulin]]s production. However, the exact B cell maturation stage involved in the development of hairy cell leukemia is still unclear. The most common gene involved in the pathogenesis of hairy cell leukemia is a BRAF V600E mutation. On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of hairy cell leukemia include small cells with "fried egg"-like appearance, well-demarcated thread-like cytoplasmic extensions, and a clear cytoplasm. Hairy cell leukemia is found to approximately comprise 2% of all leukemias in the United States. The incidence of hairy cell leukemia is approximately 3.2 per 1,000,000 individuals in the United States. The incidence of hairy cell leukemia increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 58 years. Males are more commonly affected with hairy cell leukemia than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 4 to 1. Studies have proposed a number of risk factors for the development of hairy cell leukemia such as certain chemicals exposure, radiation exposure, and sawdust exposure. Symptoms of hairy cell leukemia include [[fever]], night sweats, and [[weight loss]]. Physical examination of patients with hairy cell leukemia is usually remarkable for [[pallor]], [[petechiae]], and [[splenomegaly]]. Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia include abnormal complete blood count, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. The presence of hairy cells with thread-like [[cytoplasmic]] extensions on blood smear is a key diagnostic feature among patients with hairy cell leukemia. There are no '''curative''' treatments for hairy cell leukemia. The mainstay of therapy for hairy cell leukemia patients is chemotherapy. Pharmacological agents used for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia patients include [[cladribine]], [[pentostatin]], [[rituximab]], and [[vemurafenib]]. | |||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
The term hairy cell leukemia was first used to describe the malignancy by Dr. R. Schrek and Dr. W. J. Donnelly, in 1966. | The term hairy cell leukemia was first used to describe the [[malignancy]] by Dr. R. Schrek and Dr. W. J. Donnelly, in 1966. | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
Hairy cell leukemia may be classified | Hairy cell leukemia may be classified into two sub-types which include hairy cell leukemia (classic) and hairy cell leukemia (variant). | ||
==Pathogenesis== | ==Pathogenesis== | ||
Hairy cell leukemia arises from [[B cell]]s, that are normally involved in the process of human [[immunoglobulin]]s production. | Hairy cell leukemia arises from [[B cell]]s, that are normally involved in the process of human [[immunoglobulin]]s production. However, the exact B cell maturation stage involved in the development of hairy cell leukemia is still unclear. The most common gene involved in the pathogenesis of hairy cell leukemia is BRAF V600E mutation. On microscopic [[Histopathology|histopathological]] analysis, characteristic findings of hairy cell leukemia include small cells with "fried egg"-like appearance, well-demarcated thread-like cytoplasmic extensions, and a clear cytoplasm. | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
There are no established direct causes for hairy cell leukemia. Common genetic mutations involved in the development of hairy cell leukemia | There are no established direct causes for hairy cell leukemia. Common genetic mutations involved in the development of hairy cell leukemia. | ||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
Hairy cell leukemia is found to approximately comprise 2% of all leukemias in the United States. | Hairy cell leukemia is found to approximately comprise 2% of all leukemias in the United States. The incidence of hairy cell leukemia is approximately 3.2 per 1,000,000 individuals in the United States. The incidence of hairy cell leukemia increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 58 years. Males are more commonly affected with hairy cell leukemia than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 4 to 1. | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Studies have proposed a number of risk factors for the development of hairy cell | Studies have proposed a number of risk factors for the development of hairy cell leukemia such as certain chemicals exposure, radiation exposure, and sawdust exposure. | ||
==Screening== | ==Screening== | ||
According to the the U.S. Preventive Service Task Force (USPSTF), there is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for hairy cell leukemia. | According to the the U.S. Preventive Service Task Force ([[United states preventive services task force recommendations scheme|USPSTF]]), there is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for hairy cell leukemia. | ||
==Natural History== | ==Natural History== | ||
Most patients with hairy cell leukemia are asymptomatic at time of diagnosis. If left untreated, most of the patients with hairy cell leukemia will gradually develop [[anemia]], recurrent infections, and recurrent [[bleeding]]. | Most patients with hairy cell leukemia are asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. If left untreated, most of the patients with hairy cell leukemia will gradually develop [[anemia]], recurrent infections, and recurrent [[bleeding]]. The complications of hairy cell leukemia are mainly due to [[bone marrow failure]]. | ||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
===Staging=== | ===Staging=== | ||
There is no established system for the staging of hairy cell leukemia. | There is no established system for the staging of hairy cell leukemia. | ||
===History and Symptoms=== | ===History and Symptoms=== | ||
Symptoms of hairy cell leukemia include [[fever]], night sweats, and [[weight loss]]. | Symptoms of hairy cell leukemia include [[fever]], [[Sleep hyperhidrosis|night sweats]], and [[weight loss]]. | ||
===Physical Examination=== | ===Physical Examination=== | ||
Physical examination of patients with hairy cell leukemia is usually remarkable for | [[Physical examination]] of patients with hairy cell leukemia is usually remarkable for [[pallor]], [[petechiae]], and [[splenomegaly]]. | ||
===Laboratory Findings=== | ===Laboratory Findings=== | ||
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia include abnormal complete blood count, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. The presence of hairy cells with thread-like [[cytoplasmic]] extensions on blood smear is a key diagnostic feature among patients with hairy cell leukemia. | Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia include abnormal [[complete blood count]], [[immunohistochemistry]], and [[flow cytometry]]. The presence of hairy cells with thread-like [[cytoplasmic]] extensions on blood smear is a key diagnostic feature among patients with hairy cell leukemia. | ||
===CT Scan=== | ===CT Scan=== | ||
Abdominal CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia. | Abdominal CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia. The presence of [[splenomegaly]] on CT scan is suggestive of hairy cell leukemia. | ||
===MRI=== | ===MRI=== | ||
MRI of the femur may be helpful in the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia. Diffuse | MRI of the femur may be helpful in the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia. Diffuse hyper-intense lesions on T2-weighted [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] image is suggestive of bone marrow infiltration by malignant leukemic cells. | ||
==Medical Therapy== | ==Medical Therapy== | ||
There | There are no '''curative''' treatments for hairy cell leukemia. The mainstay of therapy for hairy cell leukemia patients is [[chemotherapy]]. Pharmacological agents used for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia patients include [[cladribine]], [[pentostatin]], [[rituximab]], and [[vemurafenib]]. | ||
==Surgery== | ==Surgery== | ||
The predominant therapy for hairy cell leukemia is chemotherapy. Surgical management, such as [[splenectomy]], may be required in certain cases. | The predominant therapy for hairy cell leukemia is chemotherapy. Surgical management, such as [[splenectomy]], may be required in certain cases. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Latest revision as of 17:21, 8 April 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Haytham Allaham, M.D. [2]; Grammar Reviewer: Natalie Harpenau, B.S.[3]
Overview
Hairy cell leukemia arises from B cells, that are normally involved in the process of human immunoglobulins production. However, the exact B cell maturation stage involved in the development of hairy cell leukemia is still unclear. The most common gene involved in the pathogenesis of hairy cell leukemia is a BRAF V600E mutation. On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of hairy cell leukemia include small cells with "fried egg"-like appearance, well-demarcated thread-like cytoplasmic extensions, and a clear cytoplasm. Hairy cell leukemia is found to approximately comprise 2% of all leukemias in the United States. The incidence of hairy cell leukemia is approximately 3.2 per 1,000,000 individuals in the United States. The incidence of hairy cell leukemia increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 58 years. Males are more commonly affected with hairy cell leukemia than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 4 to 1. Studies have proposed a number of risk factors for the development of hairy cell leukemia such as certain chemicals exposure, radiation exposure, and sawdust exposure. Symptoms of hairy cell leukemia include fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Physical examination of patients with hairy cell leukemia is usually remarkable for pallor, petechiae, and splenomegaly. Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia include abnormal complete blood count, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. The presence of hairy cells with thread-like cytoplasmic extensions on blood smear is a key diagnostic feature among patients with hairy cell leukemia. There are no curative treatments for hairy cell leukemia. The mainstay of therapy for hairy cell leukemia patients is chemotherapy. Pharmacological agents used for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia patients include cladribine, pentostatin, rituximab, and vemurafenib.
Historical Perspective
The term hairy cell leukemia was first used to describe the malignancy by Dr. R. Schrek and Dr. W. J. Donnelly, in 1966.
Classification
Hairy cell leukemia may be classified into two sub-types which include hairy cell leukemia (classic) and hairy cell leukemia (variant).
Pathogenesis
Hairy cell leukemia arises from B cells, that are normally involved in the process of human immunoglobulins production. However, the exact B cell maturation stage involved in the development of hairy cell leukemia is still unclear. The most common gene involved in the pathogenesis of hairy cell leukemia is BRAF V600E mutation. On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of hairy cell leukemia include small cells with "fried egg"-like appearance, well-demarcated thread-like cytoplasmic extensions, and a clear cytoplasm.
Causes
There are no established direct causes for hairy cell leukemia. Common genetic mutations involved in the development of hairy cell leukemia.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Hairy cell leukemia is found to approximately comprise 2% of all leukemias in the United States. The incidence of hairy cell leukemia is approximately 3.2 per 1,000,000 individuals in the United States. The incidence of hairy cell leukemia increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 58 years. Males are more commonly affected with hairy cell leukemia than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 4 to 1.
Risk Factors
Studies have proposed a number of risk factors for the development of hairy cell leukemia such as certain chemicals exposure, radiation exposure, and sawdust exposure.
Screening
According to the the U.S. Preventive Service Task Force (USPSTF), there is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for hairy cell leukemia.
Natural History
Most patients with hairy cell leukemia are asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. If left untreated, most of the patients with hairy cell leukemia will gradually develop anemia, recurrent infections, and recurrent bleeding. The complications of hairy cell leukemia are mainly due to bone marrow failure.
Diagnosis
Staging
There is no established system for the staging of hairy cell leukemia.
History and Symptoms
Symptoms of hairy cell leukemia include fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
Physical Examination
Physical examination of patients with hairy cell leukemia is usually remarkable for pallor, petechiae, and splenomegaly.
Laboratory Findings
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia include abnormal complete blood count, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. The presence of hairy cells with thread-like cytoplasmic extensions on blood smear is a key diagnostic feature among patients with hairy cell leukemia.
CT Scan
Abdominal CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia. The presence of splenomegaly on CT scan is suggestive of hairy cell leukemia.
MRI
MRI of the femur may be helpful in the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia. Diffuse hyper-intense lesions on T2-weighted MRI image is suggestive of bone marrow infiltration by malignant leukemic cells.
Medical Therapy
There are no curative treatments for hairy cell leukemia. The mainstay of therapy for hairy cell leukemia patients is chemotherapy. Pharmacological agents used for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia patients include cladribine, pentostatin, rituximab, and vemurafenib.
Surgery
The predominant therapy for hairy cell leukemia is chemotherapy. Surgical management, such as splenectomy, may be required in certain cases.