Gourmand Syndrome: Difference between revisions

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{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{JE}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{JE}}


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==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==


*The pathogenesis of Gourmand syndrome is characterized by a lesion to the right [[cerebral hemisphere]] with the involvement of the [[Cortex|cortical areas]], [[basal ganglia]], or [[Limbic system|limbic structures]]. Right [[middle cerebral artery]] [[stroke|hemorrhagic infarction]] is the most common implicated cause.<ref name="pmid9153440">{{cite journal| author=Regard M, Landis T| title="Gourmand syndrome": eating passion associated with right anterior lesions. | journal=Neurology | year= 1997 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 1185-90 | pmid=9153440 | doi=10.1212/wnl.48.5.1185 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9153440  }} </ref>
*The pathogenesis of Gourmand syndrome is characterized by a lesion to the right [[cerebral hemisphere]] with the involvement of the [[Cortex|cortical areas]], [[basal ganglia]], or [[Limbic system|limbic structures]].
[[File:Limbic system...png|400px|left|thumb|Image demonstrating the lobes of the brain (Picture courtesy: [n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic_system#/media/File:Blausen_0614_LimbicSystem.png Wikipedia])]]
*[[Basal ganglia]]
[[File: BGGS.png|400px|left|thumb|Image demonstrating the [[basal ganglia]] (red) (Picture courtesy: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_ganglia#/media/File:Basal_ganglia_and_related_structures_(2).svg  Wikipedia])]]
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*[[Limbic system|Limbic structures]].
[[File:Limbic system...png|400px|left|thumb|Image demonstrating the lobes of the brain (Picture courtesy: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic_system#/media/File:Blausen_0614_LimbicSystem.png  Wikipedia])]]
<br style="clear:left">
* Right [[middle cerebral artery]] [[stroke|hemorrhagic infarction]] is the most common implicated cause.<ref name="pmid9153440">{{cite journal| author=Regard M, Landis T| title="Gourmand syndrome": eating passion associated with right anterior lesions. | journal=Neurology | year= 1997 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 1185-90 | pmid=9153440 | doi=10.1212/wnl.48.5.1185 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9153440  }} </ref>
**Areas supplied by [[Middle cerebral artery]]
[[File:Gray517.png|400px|left|thumb|Image showing areas supplied by the [[middle cerebral artery]] (pink) (Picture courtesy: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_cerebral_artery#/media/File:Gray's_Anatomy_plate_517_brain.png Wikipedia])]]
<br style="clear:left">
<br style="clear:left">
*Lesions are found frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. <ref name="pmid18502182">{{cite journal| author=Kurian M, Schmitt-Mechelke T, Korff C, Delavelle J, Landis T, Seeck M| title="Gourmand syndrome" in a child with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. | journal=Epilepsy Behav | year= 2008 | volume= 13 | issue= 2 | pages= 413-5 | pmid=18502182 | doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.04.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18502182  }} </ref>
*Lesions are found frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. <ref name="pmid18502182">{{cite journal| author=Kurian M, Schmitt-Mechelke T, Korff C, Delavelle J, Landis T, Seeck M| title="Gourmand syndrome" in a child with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. | journal=Epilepsy Behav | year= 2008 | volume= 13 | issue= 2 | pages= 413-5 | pmid=18502182 | doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.04.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18502182  }} </ref>
[[File: Brain lobes.jpg|400px|left|thumb|Image demonstrating the lobes of the brain (Picture courtesy: [https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/9549.htm Medlineplus])]]
[[File: Brain lobes.jpg|400px|left|thumb|Image demonstrating the lobes of the brain (Picture courtesy: [https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/9549.htm Medlineplus])]]
<br style="clear:left">
<br style="clear:left">


*Prominent neurologic findings indicate focal right-sided damage. Left-sided hemisyndromes; most frequent were 9 sensory-motor and 6 motor. Left-sided [[visual field]] defects (5 [[hemianopsia]], 4 [[Quadrantanopia|quadrantanopias]]). [[Seizure|Epileptic seizures]] were recorded in 10 patients (7 [[complex partial seizure]] of focal right [[Temporal lobe|temporal origin]]). [[Neurological examination|Neurological status]] was normal in 12 patients with abnormal [[Mental status examination|mental status]].<ref name="pmid9153440">{{cite journal| author=Regard M, Landis T| title="Gourmand syndrome": eating passion associated with right anterior lesions. | journal=Neurology | year= 1997 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 1185-90 | pmid=9153440 | doi=10.1212/wnl.48.5.1185 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9153440  }} </ref>
*Prominent neurologic findings indicate focal right-sided damage.<ref name="pmid9153440">{{cite journal| author=Regard M, Landis T| title="Gourmand syndrome": eating passion associated with right anterior lesions. | journal=Neurology | year= 1997 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 1185-90 | pmid=9153440 | doi=10.1212/wnl.48.5.1185 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9153440  }} </ref>
**Left-sided hemisyndromes; most frequent were 9 sensory-motor and 6 motor.
**Left-sided [[visual field]] defects (5 [[hemianopsia]], 4 [[Quadrantanopia|quadrantanopias]]).
**[[Seizure|Epileptic seizures]] were recorded in 10 patients (7 [[complex partial seizure]] of focal right [[Temporal lobe|temporal origin]]).
**[[Neurological examination|Neurological status]] was normal in 12 patients with abnormal [[Mental status examination|mental status]].
*Gourmand syndrome symptoms arises in an average of 8 months after brain trauma. <ref name="pmid9153440">{{cite journal| author=Regard M, Landis T| title="Gourmand syndrome": eating passion associated with right anterior lesions. | journal=Neurology | year= 1997 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 1185-90 | pmid=9153440 | doi=10.1212/wnl.48.5.1185 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9153440  }} </ref>
*Gourmand syndrome symptoms arises in an average of 8 months after brain trauma. <ref name="pmid9153440">{{cite journal| author=Regard M, Landis T| title="Gourmand syndrome": eating passion associated with right anterior lesions. | journal=Neurology | year= 1997 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 1185-90 | pmid=9153440 | doi=10.1212/wnl.48.5.1185 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9153440  }} </ref>


==Clinical Features==
==Causes==


*Clinical features of Gourmand syndrome ranges from<ref name="pmid9153440">{{cite journal| author=Regard M, Landis T| title="Gourmand syndrome": eating passion associated with right anterior lesions. | journal=Neurology | year= 1997 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 1185-90 | pmid=9153440 | doi=10.1212/wnl.48.5.1185 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9153440  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18502182">{{cite journal| author=Kurian M, Schmitt-Mechelke T, Korff C, Delavelle J, Landis T, Seeck M| title="Gourmand syndrome" in a child with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. | journal=Epilepsy Behav | year= 2008 | volume= 13 | issue= 2 | pages= 413-5 | pmid=18502182 | doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.04.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18502182  }} </ref>
Common causes of gourmand syndrome include<ref name="pmid9153440">{{cite journal| author=Regard M, Landis T| title="Gourmand syndrome": eating passion associated with right anterior lesions. | journal=Neurology | year= 1997 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 1185-90 | pmid=9153440 | doi=10.1212/wnl.48.5.1185 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9153440  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18502182">{{cite journal| author=Kurian M, Schmitt-Mechelke T, Korff C, Delavelle J, Landis T, Seeck M| title="Gourmand syndrome" in a child with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. | journal=Epilepsy Behav | year= 2008 | volume= 13 | issue= 2 | pages= 413-5 | pmid=18502182 | doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.04.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18502182  }} </ref>
** Reduced to excessive [[appetite]]
*Right [[middle cerebral artery]] [[infarction]]
**[[Hunger]] dysregulation
*[[Brain tumor]]
**[[Satiety]] signal dysregulation
*[[Concussion]] with haemorrhage
**Preoccupation with the preparation and eating of fine quality foods.
*[[Epilepsy]]


==Differentiating  Gourmand Syndrome From Other Diseases==
==Differentiating  Gourmand Syndrome From Other Diseases==


*Gourmand syndrome must be differentiated from other diseases such as:<ref name="pmid9153440">{{cite journal| author=Regard M, Landis T| title="Gourmand syndrome": eating passion associated with right anterior lesions. | journal=Neurology | year= 1997 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 1185-90 | pmid=9153440 | doi=10.1212/wnl.48.5.1185 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9153440  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18502182">{{cite journal| author=Kurian M, Schmitt-Mechelke T, Korff C, Delavelle J, Landis T, Seeck M| title="Gourmand syndrome" in a child with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. | journal=Epilepsy Behav | year= 2008 | volume= 13 | issue= 2 | pages= 413-5 | pmid=18502182 | doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.04.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18502182  }} </ref>
*Gourmand syndrome must be differentiated from<ref name="pmid9153440">{{cite journal| author=Regard M, Landis T| title="Gourmand syndrome": eating passion associated with right anterior lesions. | journal=Neurology | year= 1997 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 1185-90 | pmid=9153440 | doi=10.1212/wnl.48.5.1185 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9153440  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18502182">{{cite journal| author=Kurian M, Schmitt-Mechelke T, Korff C, Delavelle J, Landis T, Seeck M| title="Gourmand syndrome" in a child with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. | journal=Epilepsy Behav | year= 2008 | volume= 13 | issue= 2 | pages= 413-5 | pmid=18502182 | doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.04.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18502182  }} </ref>
**[[Eating disorder not otherwise specified]]
**[[Eating disorder not otherwise specified]]
**[[Binge eating]]
**[[Binge eating]]
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==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==


*There is no information on the prevalence of gourmand syndrome.  
*There is no information on the prevalence of gourmand syndrome. 36 people had been diagnosed with gourmand syndrome as of 2001.<ref name="pmid15897510">{{cite journal| author=Uher R, Treasure J| title=Brain lesions and eating disorders. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 2005 | volume= 76 | issue= 6 | pages= 852-7 | pmid=15897510 | doi=10.1136/jnnp.2004.048819 | pmc=1739667 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15897510  }} </ref>
* 36 people had been diagnosed with gourmand syndrome as of 2001.<ref name="pmid15897510">{{cite journal| author=Uher R, Treasure J| title=Brain lesions and eating disorders. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 2005 | volume= 76 | issue= 6 | pages= 852-7 | pmid=15897510 | doi=10.1136/jnnp.2004.048819 | pmc=1739667 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15897510  }} </ref>
 
'''Age'''
 
*Gourmand syndrome is more commonly observed among patients aged 15-77years old.<ref name="pmid9153440">{{cite journal| author=Regard M, Landis T| title="Gourmand syndrome": eating passion associated with right anterior lesions. | journal=Neurology | year= 1997 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 1185-90 | pmid=9153440 | doi=10.1212/wnl.48.5.1185 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9153440  }} </ref>
*Gourmand syndrome is more commonly observed among patients aged 15-77years old.<ref name="pmid9153440">{{cite journal| author=Regard M, Landis T| title="Gourmand syndrome": eating passion associated with right anterior lesions. | journal=Neurology | year= 1997 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 1185-90 | pmid=9153440 | doi=10.1212/wnl.48.5.1185 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9153440  }} </ref>
 
*There is no racial predilection to  gourmand syndrome
'''Gender'''
 
*Gourmand syndrome affects men and women equally.<ref name="pmid9153440">{{cite journal| author=Regard M, Landis T| title="Gourmand syndrome": eating passion associated with right anterior lesions. | journal=Neurology | year= 1997 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 1185-90 | pmid=9153440 | doi=10.1212/wnl.48.5.1185 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9153440  }} </ref>
*Gourmand syndrome affects men and women equally.<ref name="pmid9153440">{{cite journal| author=Regard M, Landis T| title="Gourmand syndrome": eating passion associated with right anterior lesions. | journal=Neurology | year= 1997 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 1185-90 | pmid=9153440 | doi=10.1212/wnl.48.5.1185 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9153440  }} </ref>
 
*There is no geographical preposition of gourmand syndrome.
'''Race'''
 
*There is no racial predilection to  gourmand syndrome


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
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**[[Meningioma]]
**[[Meningioma]]
**Tuberculoma
**Tuberculoma
*Trauma  
*[[Physical trauma|Trauma]]
**[[Concussion]] with haemorrhage  
**[[Concussion]] with haemorrhage  
*[[Epilepsy]]
*[[Epilepsy]]
**[[Hippocampal sclerosis]]
**[[Hippocampal sclerosis]]
**[[Cortical dysplasia]]
**[[Cortical dysplasia]]
==Screening==
*There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for gourmand syndrome.


==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
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==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
'''Diagnostic Criteria'''
'''Diagnostic Study of Choice'''


*The diagnosis of gourmand syndrome is made when there is a change in eating behavior post brain trauma.<ref name="pmid9153440">{{cite journal| author=Regard M, Landis T| title="Gourmand syndrome": eating passion associated with right anterior lesions. | journal=Neurology | year= 1997 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 1185-90 | pmid=9153440 | doi=10.1212/wnl.48.5.1185 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9153440  }} </ref>
*The diagnosis of gourmand syndrome is made when there is a change in eating behavior post brain trauma.<ref name="pmid9153440">{{cite journal| author=Regard M, Landis T| title="Gourmand syndrome": eating passion associated with right anterior lesions. | journal=Neurology | year= 1997 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 1185-90 | pmid=9153440 | doi=10.1212/wnl.48.5.1185 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9153440  }} </ref>


'''Symptoms'''
'''History and Symptoms'''


Symptoms of Gourmand syndrome may include the following:<ref name="pmid9153440">{{cite journal| author=Regard M, Landis T| title="Gourmand syndrome": eating passion associated with right anterior lesions. | journal=Neurology | year= 1997 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 1185-90 | pmid=9153440 | doi=10.1212/wnl.48.5.1185 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9153440  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15897510">{{cite journal| author=Uher R, Treasure J| title=Brain lesions and eating disorders. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 2005 | volume= 76 | issue= 6 | pages= 852-7 | pmid=15897510 | doi=10.1136/jnnp.2004.048819 | pmc=1739667 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15897510 }} </ref>
*The hallmark of gourmand syndrome is finding a positive history of <ref name="pmid9153440">{{cite journal| author=Regard M, Landis T| title="Gourmand syndrome": eating passion associated with right anterior lesions. | journal=Neurology | year= 1997 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 1185-90 | pmid=9153440 | doi=10.1212/wnl.48.5.1185 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9153440  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18502182">{{cite journal| author=Kurian M, Schmitt-Mechelke T, Korff C, Delavelle J, Landis T, Seeck M| title="Gourmand syndrome" in a child with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. | journal=Epilepsy Behav | year= 2008 | volume= 13 | issue= 2 | pages= 413-5 | pmid=18502182 | doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.04.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18502182 }} </ref>
*Outgoing and eating-oriented behavior
** Reduced to excessive [[appetite]]
*Aroused only by conversations about food; wanting talk and write about refined foods
**[[Hunger]] dysregulation
*Desires for homemade meals become more precise and exotic
**[[Satiety]] signal dysregulation
*More concerned by quality rather than quantity of food
**Preoccupation with the preparation and eating of fine quality foods.
*Weight gain
**Outgoing and eating-oriented behavior
*[[Depression]]
**Aroused only by conversations about food; wanting talk and write about refined foods
*Compulsive episode
**Desires for homemade meals become more precise and exotic
*[[Psychosis|Psyschotic episode]]
**More concerned by quality rather than quantity of food
**[[Weight gain]]
**[[Depression]]
**Compulsive episode
**[[Psychosis|Psyschotic episode]]


'''Physical Examination'''
'''Physical Examination'''
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*There are no specific laboratory findings associated with gourmand syndrome
*There are no specific laboratory findings associated with gourmand syndrome


'''Imaging  Findings'''
'''Electrocardiogram'''
 
*There are no ECG findings associated with gourmand syndrome.
'''X-ray'''
 
*There are no x-ray findings associated with gourmand syndrome.
 
'''Ultrasound'''


[[Computed tomography|CT]] may demonstrate [[stroke|hemorrhagic infarct]] in the distribution of the right [[middle cerebral artery]], involving the <ref name="pmid9153440">{{cite journal| author=Regard M, Landis T| title="Gourmand syndrome": eating passion associated with right anterior lesions. | journal=Neurology | year= 1997 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 1185-90 | pmid=9153440 | doi=10.1212/wnl.48.5.1185 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9153440  }} </ref>
*There are no ultrasound findings associated with gourmand syndrome.
 
'''CT Scan'''
 
[[Computed tomography|CT]] may demonstrates [[stroke|hemorrhagic infarct]] in the distribution of the right [[middle cerebral artery]], involving the <ref name="pmid9153440">{{cite journal| author=Regard M, Landis T| title="Gourmand syndrome": eating passion associated with right anterior lesions. | journal=Neurology | year= 1997 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 1185-90 | pmid=9153440 | doi=10.1212/wnl.48.5.1185 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9153440  }} </ref>
*[[Cerebral hemisphere]]
*[[Cerebral hemisphere]]
*[[Internal capsule]]
*[[Internal capsule]]
*[[Basal ganglia]]
*[[Basal ganglia]]
[[File:Gourmand syndrome.jpg|400px|left|thumb| CT demonstrates acute [[stroke|hemorrhagic infarct]] in the distribution of the right [[middle cerebral artery]] involving the right internal capsule and basal ganglia (right side on image corresponds to right hemisphere) (Picture courtesy: [https://n.neurology.org/content/48/5/1185 Neurology])]]
[[File:Gourmand syndrome.jpg|400px|left|thumb| CT demonstrating acute [[stroke|hemorrhagic infarct]] in the distribution of the right [[middle cerebral artery]] involving the right internal capsule and basal ganglia (right side on image corresponds to right hemisphere) (Picture courtesy: [https://n.neurology.org/content/48/5/1185 Neurology])]]
<br style="clear:left">
<br style="clear:left">
'''MRI'''
*There are no MRI findings associated with gourmand syndrome.
'''Other Imaging  Findings'''
*There are no other imaging findings associated with gourmand syndrome.


'''Other Diagnostic Studies'''
'''Other Diagnostic Studies'''
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*There is no surgical treatment for gourmand syndrome.  
*There is no surgical treatment for gourmand syndrome.  


'''Prevention'''
'''Primary Prevention'''


*There are no primary preventive measures available for gourmand syndrome.
*There are no primary preventive measures available for gourmand syndrome.
'''Secondary Prevention'''
*There are no secondary preventive measures available for gourmand syndrome.


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 20:07, 21 September 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Joanna Ekabua, M.D. [2]

Synonyms and keywords:: Gourmand Syndrome

Overview

Gourmand syndrome is a benign, non-disabling eating disorder that arises as a result of a lesion to the right anterior cerebral hemisphere. Gourmand syndrome mainly involves the anterior cortico-limbic regions. Patients with gourmand syndrome are preoccupied with fine food reflecting a reduced cortical control of visceral impulses. Eating behavior that arises as a result of gourmand syndrome does not correlate with any known category of eating disorders. Prominent cognitive symptoms associated with Gourmand syndrome include; visual-spatial dysfunctions, impaired learning and recall of figures, recalling of a geometric figure when 90 degrees rotated, poor performance in figural fluency and verbal fluency, and left hemispatial neglect Common risk factors in the development of Gourmand syndrome are vascular, brain tumor, trauma, and epilepsy. There is currently no treatment for gourmand syndrome.

Historical Perspective

  • There is limited information about the historical perspective of gourmand syndrome.
  • Gourmand syndrome was first described in 1997[1]
  • Gourmand syndrome is derived from the French word gourmand which means someone who heartily enjoys eating fine foods and drinks. Although commonly not considered a pathology, gourmand eating may sometimes indicate focal brain damage.[1]

Classification

  • There is no established system for the classification of gourmand syndrome but it has been grouped into 2 main groups[2]
    • The fine dining habits and changes to taste.
    • The obsessive component.

Pathophysiology

Image demonstrating the basal ganglia (red) (Picture courtesy: Wikipedia)


Image demonstrating the lobes of the brain (Picture courtesy: Wikipedia)


Image showing areas supplied by the middle cerebral artery (pink) (Picture courtesy: Wikipedia)


  • Lesions are found frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. [2]
Image demonstrating the lobes of the brain (Picture courtesy: Medlineplus)


Causes

Common causes of gourmand syndrome include[1][2]

Differentiating Gourmand Syndrome From Other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

  • There is no information on the prevalence of gourmand syndrome. 36 people had been diagnosed with gourmand syndrome as of 2001.[3]
  • Gourmand syndrome is more commonly observed among patients aged 15-77years old.[1]
  • There is no racial predilection to gourmand syndrome
  • Gourmand syndrome affects men and women equally.[1]
  • There is no geographical preposition of gourmand syndrome.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of Gourmand syndrome are[1][2]

Screening

  • There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for gourmand syndrome.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

  • Early clinical features include a new-found obsession with fine foods and wanting to eat, talk and write about fine foods.[1]
  • Common complication of gourmand syndrome is obesity.[1][2]
  • There is no established data on the prognosis of gourmand syndrome.

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

  • The diagnosis of gourmand syndrome is made when there is a change in eating behavior post brain trauma.[1]

History and Symptoms

  • The hallmark of gourmand syndrome is finding a positive history of [1][2]
    • Reduced to excessive appetite
    • Hunger dysregulation
    • Satiety signal dysregulation
    • Preoccupation with the preparation and eating of fine quality foods.
    • Outgoing and eating-oriented behavior
    • Aroused only by conversations about food; wanting talk and write about refined foods
    • Desires for homemade meals become more precise and exotic
    • More concerned by quality rather than quantity of food
    • Weight gain
    • Depression
    • Compulsive episode
    • Psyschotic episode

Physical Examination

  • Patients with Gourmand syndrome usually appear normal.[1][2]

Laboratory Findings

  • There are no specific laboratory findings associated with gourmand syndrome

Electrocardiogram

  • There are no ECG findings associated with gourmand syndrome.

X-ray

  • There are no x-ray findings associated with gourmand syndrome.

Ultrasound

  • There are no ultrasound findings associated with gourmand syndrome.

CT Scan

CT may demonstrates hemorrhagic infarct in the distribution of the right middle cerebral artery, involving the [1]

CT demonstrating acute hemorrhagic infarct in the distribution of the right middle cerebral artery involving the right internal capsule and basal ganglia (right side on image corresponds to right hemisphere) (Picture courtesy: Neurology)


MRI

  • There are no MRI findings associated with gourmand syndrome.

Other Imaging Findings

  • There are no other imaging findings associated with gourmand syndrome.

Other Diagnostic Studies

  • There is no diagnostic study for gourmand syndrome.

Treatment

Medical Therapy

  • There is no treatment for gourmand syndrome; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.[1]

Surgery

  • There is no surgical treatment for gourmand syndrome.

Primary Prevention

  • There are no primary preventive measures available for gourmand syndrome.

Secondary Prevention

  • There are no secondary preventive measures available for gourmand syndrome.

References

  1. 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 Regard M, Landis T (1997). ""Gourmand syndrome": eating passion associated with right anterior lesions". Neurology. 48 (5): 1185–90. doi:10.1212/wnl.48.5.1185. PMID 9153440.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Kurian M, Schmitt-Mechelke T, Korff C, Delavelle J, Landis T, Seeck M (2008). ""Gourmand syndrome" in a child with pharmacoresistant epilepsy". Epilepsy Behav. 13 (2): 413–5. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.04.004. PMID 18502182.
  3. Uher R, Treasure J (2005). "Brain lesions and eating disorders". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 76 (6): 852–7. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.048819. PMC 1739667. PMID 15897510.

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