Aortic dissection physical examination
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Aortic dissection Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]
Overview
Vitals
Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure Discrepancy
Pseudohypotension (falsely low blood pressure measurement) may occur due to involvement of the brachiocephalic artery (supplying the right arm) or the left subclavian artery (supplying the left arm).
Hypertension
While many patients with an aortic dissection have a history of hypertension, the blood pressure is quite variable among patients with acute aortic dissection, and tends to be higher in individuals with a distal dissection. In individuals with a proximal aortic dissection, 36% present with hypertension, while 25% present with hypotension. In those that present with distal aortic dissections, 70% present with hypertension while 4% present with hypotension.
Hypotension
Severe hypotension at presentation is a grave prognostic indicator. It is usually associated with pericardial tamponade, severe aortic insufficiency, or rupture of the aorta. Accurate measurement of the blood pressure is important.
Pulse
- Tachycardia may be present due to pain, anxiety, aortic rupture with massive bleeding, pericardial tamponade, aortic insufficiency with acute pulmonary edema and hypoxemia.
- A wide pulse pressure may be present if acute aortic insufficiency develops.
- Pulsus paradoxus (a drop of > 10 mmHg in arterial blood pressure on inspiration) may be present of pericardial tamponade develops.
General
The patient may be hoarse due to compression of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Head, Eyes, Ears, Nose, Throat
- Swelling of the neck and face may be present due to compression of the superior vena cava or Superior vena cava syndrome
- Horner syndrome may be present due to compression of the superior cervical ganglia
Heart
Aortic Insufficiency
Aortic insufficiency occurs in 1/2 to 2/3 of ascending aortic dissections, and the murmur of aortic insufficiency is audible in about 32% of proximal dissections. The intensity (loudness) of the murmur is dependent on the blood pressure and may be inaudible in the event of hypotension. Aortic insufficiency is more commonly associated with type I or type II dissection. The murmur of aortic insufficiency (AI) due to aortic dissection is best heard at the right 2nd intercostal space (ICS), as compared with the lower left sternal border for AI due to primary aortic valvular disease.
Cardiac Tamponade
- Beck's triad may be present:[1]
- Hypotension (due to decreased stroke volume)
- Jugular venous distension (due to impaired venous return to the heart)
- Muffled heart sounds (due to fluid inside the pericardium) [2]
- Distension of veins in the forehead and scalp
- Altered sensorium (decreasing Glasgow coma scale)
- Peripheral edema
In addition to the Beck's triad and pulsus paradoxus the following can be found on cardiovascular examination:
- Pericardial rub
- Clicks - As Ventricular volume shrinks disproportionately, there may be psuedoprolapse/true prolapse of mitral and/or tricuspid valvular structures that result in clicks.
- Kussmaul's sign - Decrease in jugular venous pressure with inspiration is uncommon.
Lungs
- Rales may be present due to cardiogenic pulmonary edema which may result from acute aortic regurgitation.
- Hemothorax and / or pleural effusion may cause dullness to percussion.
- Stridor and wheezing may be present due to compression of the airway
- Hemoptysis may be present due to compression of and erosion into the bronchus
Extremities
Diminution or absence of pulses is found in up to 40% of patients, and occurs due to occlusion of a major aortic branch. For this reason it is critical to assess the pulse and blood pressure in both arms. The iliac arteries may be affected as well.
Neurologic
- Neurologic deficits such as coma, altered mental status, Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and vagal episodes are seen in up to 20%.
- There can also be focal neurologic signs due to occlusion of a spinal artery. This condition is known as Anterior spinal artery syndrome or "Beck's syndrome".