Abdominal mass resident survival guide: Difference between revisions

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*The following chart illustrates the probable causes of an abdominal mass based on the location and salient features.
*The following chart illustrates the probable causes of an abdominal mass based on the location and salient features.
{{familytree/start|summary=Abdominal mass causes.}}
{{familytree/start|summary=Abdominal mass causes.}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | A01 | | | A01='''Causes of abdominal mass'''<ref name="urlACS/ASE Medical Student Core Curriculum">{{cite web |url=https://www.facs.org/education/program/core-curriculum#:~:text=The%20American%20College%20of%20Surgeons,school%20faculty%2C%20and%20clinical%20faculty. |title=ACS/ASE Medical Student Core Curriculum |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | A01 | | | A01='''Causes of abdominal mass'''<ref name="urlACS/ASE Medical Student Core Curriculum">{{cite web |url=https://www.facs.org/education/program/core-curriculum#:~:text=The%20American%20College%20of%20Surgeons,school%20faculty%2C%20and%20clinical%20faculty. |title=ACS/ASE Medical Student Core Curriculum |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | C01 | | C02 | | | |C01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 22em; padding:1em;">'''Abdominal wall mass'''<ref name="pmid24378391">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jo VY, Fletcher CD |title=WHO classification of soft tissue tumours: an update based on the 2013 (4th) edition |journal=Pathology |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=95–104 |date=February 2014 |pmid=24378391 |doi=10.1097/PAT.0000000000000050 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid31867236">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li M, Zhang L, Xu XJ, Shi Z, Zhao XM |title=CT and MRI features of tumors and tumor-like lesions in the abdominal wall |journal=Quant Imaging Med Surg |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=1820–1839 |date=November 2019 |pmid=31867236 |pmc=6902146 |doi=10.21037/qims.2019.09.03 |url=}}</ref><br>
{{familytree | | | | | C01 | | C02 | | | |C01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 22em; padding:1em;">'''Abdominal wall mass'''<ref name="pmid24378391">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jo VY, Fletcher CD |title=WHO classification of soft tissue tumours: an update based on the 2013 (4th) edition |journal=Pathology |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=95–104 |date=February 2014 |pmid=24378391 |doi=10.1097/PAT.0000000000000050 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid31867236">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li M, Zhang L, Xu XJ, Shi Z, Zhao XM |title=CT and MRI features of tumors and tumor-like lesions in the abdominal wall |journal=Quant Imaging Med Surg |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=1820–1839 |date=November 2019 |pmid=31867236 |pmc=6902146 |doi=10.21037/qims.2019.09.03 |url=}}</ref><br>
❑Primary tumors ([[WHO]] classification)<br>
❑Primary tumors ([[WHO]] classification)<br>
:❑[[Adipocyte|Adipocytic]] tumors ([[lipoma]], [[liposarcoma]]) <br>
:❑[[Adipocyte|Adipocytic]] tumors ([[lipoma]], [[liposarcoma]]) <br>
Line 49: Line 49:
:❑[[Endometriosis]], [[abscess]], [[hematoma]]<br>
:❑[[Endometriosis]], [[abscess]], [[hematoma]]<br>
:❑[[Hernia]]s ([[epigastric hernia|epigastric]], [[umbilical hernia|umbilical]], [[incisional hernia|incisional]], and [[spigelian hernia|spigelian]])| C02='''Intra-abdominal/<br> [[retroperitoneal]] mass''' }}
:❑[[Hernia]]s ([[epigastric hernia|epigastric]], [[umbilical hernia|umbilical]], [[incisional hernia|incisional]], and [[spigelian hernia|spigelian]])| C02='''Intra-abdominal/<br> [[retroperitoneal]] mass''' }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |!| | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | |!| | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{familytree | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| }}
{{familytree | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| }}
{{familytree | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| |}
{{familytree | | |!| | | |!| |!| | | |!| | | |!| |}
{{familytree | | D01 | | D02| | D03 | | D04 | | D05 |D01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 18em; padding:1em;">'''Hepatic mass'''<ref name="pmid20955964">{{cite journal |vauthors=vom Dahl S, Mengel E |title=Lysosomal storage diseases as differential diagnosis of hepatosplenomegaly |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=619–28 |date=October 2010 |pmid=20955964 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2010.09.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3003936">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maharaj B, Cooppan RM, Maharaj RJ, Desai DK, Ranchod HA, Siddie-Ganie FM, Goqwana MB, Ganie AS, Gaffar MS, Leary WP |title=Causes of hepatomegaly at King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban. A prospective study of 240 black patients |journal=S. Afr. Med. J. |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=183–4 |date=February 1986 |pmid=3003936 |doi= |url=}}</ref><br>
{{familytree | | D01 | | D02 |!| | D04 | | D05 |D01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 18em; padding:1em;">'''Hepatic mass'''<ref name="pmid20955964">{{cite journal |vauthors=vom Dahl S, Mengel E |title=Lysosomal storage diseases as differential diagnosis of hepatosplenomegaly |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=619–28 |date=October 2010 |pmid=20955964 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2010.09.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3003936">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maharaj B, Cooppan RM, Maharaj RJ, Desai DK, Ranchod HA, Siddie-Ganie FM, Goqwana MB, Ganie AS, Gaffar MS, Leary WP |title=Causes of hepatomegaly at King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban. A prospective study of 240 black patients |journal=S. Afr. Med. J. |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=183–4 |date=February 1986 |pmid=3003936 |doi= |url=}}</ref><br>
❑[[Hepatitis]] (infectious, [[DILI]], [[Alcoholic liver disease|alcoholic]],<br> [[NASH]], [[autoimmune hepatitis|autoimmune]], [[Wilson's disease]]<br>
❑[[Hepatitis]] (infectious, [[DILI]], [[Alcoholic liver disease|alcoholic]],<br> [[NASH]], [[autoimmune hepatitis|autoimmune]], [[Wilson's disease]]<br>
❑Storage diseases ([[glycogen storage disease]], [[lysosomal storage disease]], [[lipid storage disease]], [[hemochromatosis]])<br>
❑Storage diseases ([[glycogen storage disease]], [[lysosomal storage disease]], [[lipid storage disease]], [[hemochromatosis]])<br>
Line 62: Line 62:
❑[[Cholestasis]] ([[Primary biliary cirrhosis|PBC]], [[Primary sclerosing cholangitis|PSC]]) | D02=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 18em; padding:1em;">'''Splenic mass'''<ref name="pmid29135986">{{cite journal |vauthors=Curovic Rotbain E, Lund Hansen D, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell O, Wibrand F, Meldgaard Lund A, Frederiksen H |title=Splenomegaly - Diagnostic validity, work-up, and underlying causes |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=e0186674 |date=2017 |pmid=29135986 |pmc=5685614 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0186674 |url=}}</ref><br>❑[[Infections|Infectious]] ([[Infectious Mononucleosis|IM]], [[liver abscess]], [[echinococcosis]])<br>❑[[Myeloproliferative disorders|Myeloproliferative]] ([[lymphoma]]s<br> and [[leukemia]]s)<br>
❑[[Cholestasis]] ([[Primary biliary cirrhosis|PBC]], [[Primary sclerosing cholangitis|PSC]]) | D02=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 18em; padding:1em;">'''Splenic mass'''<ref name="pmid29135986">{{cite journal |vauthors=Curovic Rotbain E, Lund Hansen D, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell O, Wibrand F, Meldgaard Lund A, Frederiksen H |title=Splenomegaly - Diagnostic validity, work-up, and underlying causes |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=e0186674 |date=2017 |pmid=29135986 |pmc=5685614 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0186674 |url=}}</ref><br>❑[[Infections|Infectious]] ([[Infectious Mononucleosis|IM]], [[liver abscess]], [[echinococcosis]])<br>❑[[Myeloproliferative disorders|Myeloproliferative]] ([[lymphoma]]s<br> and [[leukemia]]s)<br>
❑Storage ([[Gaucher’s disease|Gaucher's]],  [[Niemann-Pick disease]])<br>❑Infiltrative:[[amyloidosis]], [[sarcoidosis]]<br>
❑Storage ([[Gaucher’s disease|Gaucher's]],  [[Niemann-Pick disease]])<br>❑Infiltrative:[[amyloidosis]], [[sarcoidosis]]<br>
❑Miscellineous ([[Portal hypertension|PH]], [[metastases]] ([[lung cancer]] or [[breast cancer]], [[Felty's syndrome]])| D03=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 18em; padding:1em;">'''Pancreatic mass'''<ref name="pmid27065727">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karoumpalis I, Christodoulou DK |title=Cystic lesions of the pancreas |journal=Ann Gastroenterol |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=155–61 |date=2016 |pmid=27065727 |pmc=4805734 |doi=10.20524/aog.2016.0007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21620466">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vincent A, Herman J, Schulick R, Hruban RH, Goggins M |title=Pancreatic cancer |journal=Lancet |volume=378 |issue=9791 |pages=607–20 |date=August 2011 |pmid=21620466 |pmc=3062508 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62307-0 |url=}}</ref><br>❑[[Pancreatic cyst]]<br>
❑Miscellineous ([[Portal hypertension|PH]], [[metastases]] ([[lung cancer]] or [[breast cancer]], [[Felty's syndrome]])| D04=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 18em; padding:1em;">'''[[Gastrointestine|GI]] and [[Genitourinary system|Genitourinary]] mass'''<ref name="pmid18300338">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maconi G, Manes G, Porro GB |title=Role of symptoms in diagnosis and outcome of gastric cancer |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=1149–55 |date=February 2008 |pmid=18300338 |pmc=2690660 |doi=10.3748/wjg.14.1149 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22272565">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sharma A, Naraynsingh V |title=Distended bladder presenting with constipation and venous obstruction: a case report |journal=J Med Case Rep |volume=6 |issue= |pages=34 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22272565 |pmc=3398309 |doi=10.1186/1752-1947-6-34 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15361501">{{cite journal |vauthors=Caricato M, Ausania F, Borzomati D, Valeri S, Coppola R, Verzì A, Tonini G |title=Large abdominal mass in Crohn's disease |journal=Gut |volume=53 |issue=10 |pages=1493, 1503 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15361501 |pmc=1774217 |doi=10.1136/gut.2003.035956 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29258579">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yeika EV, Efie DT, Tolefac PN, Fomengia JN |title=Giant ovarian cyst masquerading as a massive ascites: a case report |journal=BMC Res Notes |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=749 |date=December 2017 |pmid=29258579 |pmc=5735515 |doi=10.1186/s13104-017-3093-8 |url=}}</ref><br>
:❑[[Pancreatic cancer differential diagnosis|Neoplastic]] ([[Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma differential diagnosis|mucinous]], [[serous]], [[Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm|intraductal papillary]], and solid pseudopapillary)<br>
:❑Non-neoplastic (true, [[mucinous]])<br>
:❑[[inflammation|Inflammatory]] ([[Pancreatic pseudocyst|pseudocyst]], [[acute]] fluid collection)<br>
❑Solid:<br>
:❑[[Adenocarcinoma]]s ([[Pancreatic cancer classification|ductal]], [[bile duct]], [[Pancreatic cancer classification|ampullar]] and [[Small intestine cancer classification|duodenal]])
:❑[[Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor]]s<br>
:❑Others ([[lymphoma]] and [[metastasis]])| D04=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 18em; padding:1em;">'''[[Gastrointestine|GI]] and [[Genitourinary system|Genitourinary]] mass'''<ref name="pmid18300338">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maconi G, Manes G, Porro GB |title=Role of symptoms in diagnosis and outcome of gastric cancer |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=1149–55 |date=February 2008 |pmid=18300338 |pmc=2690660 |doi=10.3748/wjg.14.1149 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22272565">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sharma A, Naraynsingh V |title=Distended bladder presenting with constipation and venous obstruction: a case report |journal=J Med Case Rep |volume=6 |issue= |pages=34 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22272565 |pmc=3398309 |doi=10.1186/1752-1947-6-34 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15361501">{{cite journal |vauthors=Caricato M, Ausania F, Borzomati D, Valeri S, Coppola R, Verzì A, Tonini G |title=Large abdominal mass in Crohn's disease |journal=Gut |volume=53 |issue=10 |pages=1493, 1503 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15361501 |pmc=1774217 |doi=10.1136/gut.2003.035956 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29258579">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yeika EV, Efie DT, Tolefac PN, Fomengia JN |title=Giant ovarian cyst masquerading as a massive ascites: a case report |journal=BMC Res Notes |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=749 |date=December 2017 |pmid=29258579 |pmc=5735515 |doi=10.1186/s13104-017-3093-8 |url=}}</ref><br>
❑[[Gastrointestine|GI]]<br>
❑[[Gastrointestine|GI]]<br>
:❑[[Volvulus]]<br>
:❑[[Volvulus]]<br>
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:❑[[Leiomyoma]]<br>
:❑[[Leiomyoma]]<br>
:❑[[Ureteropelvic junction obstruction]]/ urinomas<br>
:❑[[Ureteropelvic junction obstruction]]/ urinomas<br>
:❑[[Testicular cancer]]|D05=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; length 14em; width: 14em; padding:1em;">'''[[Retroperitoneal]] mass'''<ref name="pmid14565853">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schrader AJ, Anderer G, von Knobloch R, Heidenreich A, Hofmann R |title=Giant hydronephrosis mimicking progressive malignancy |journal=BMC Urol |volume=3 |issue= |pages=4 |date=October 2003 |pmid=14565853 |doi=10.1186/1471-2490-3-4 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30568516">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ojha U, Ojha V |title=Renal cell carcinoma presenting as nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms: a case report |journal=Int Med Case Rep J |volume=11 |issue= |pages=345–348 |date=2018 |pmid=30568516 |doi=10.2147/IMCRJ.S178816 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30559557">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mota MMDS, Bezerra ROF, Garcia MRT |title=Practical approach to primary retroperitoneal masses in adults |journal=Radiol Bras |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=391–400 |date=2018 |pmid=30559557 |pmc=6290739 |doi=10.1590/0100-3984.2017.0179 |url=}}</ref><br>(majority tumors are [[malignant]])}}
:❑[[Testicular cancer]]|D05=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 18em; padding:1em;">'''Pancreatic mass'''<ref name="pmid27065727">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karoumpalis I, Christodoulou DK |title=Cystic lesions of the pancreas |journal=Ann Gastroenterol |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=155–61 |date=2016 |pmid=27065727 |pmc=4805734 |doi=10.20524/aog.2016.0007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21620466">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vincent A, Herman J, Schulick R, Hruban RH, Goggins M |title=Pancreatic cancer |journal=Lancet |volume=378 |issue=9791 |pages=607–20 |date=August 2011 |pmid=21620466 |pmc=3062508 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62307-0 |url=}}</ref><br>❑[[Pancreatic cyst]]<br>
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}
:❑[[Pancreatic cancer differential diagnosis|Neoplastic]] ([[Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma differential diagnosis|mucinous]], [[serous]], [[Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm|intraductal papillary]], and solid pseudopapillary)<br>
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|.|}}
:❑Non-neoplastic (true, [[mucinous]])<br>
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | E01 | | | | | | E02 |E01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 14em; padding:1em;">'''Neoplastic'''<br>
:❑[[inflammation|Inflammatory]] ([[Pancreatic pseudocyst|pseudocyst]], [[acute]] fluid collection)<br>
❑Solid:<br>
:❑[[Adenocarcinoma]]s ([[Pancreatic cancer classification|ductal]], [[bile duct]], [[Pancreatic cancer classification|ampullar]] and [[Small intestine cancer classification|duodenal]])
:❑[[Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor]]s<br>
:❑Others ([[lymphoma]] and [[metastasis]])|
 
=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; length 14em; width: 14em; padding:1em;">'''[[Retroperitoneal]] mass'''<ref name="pmid14565853">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schrader AJ, Anderer G, von Knobloch R, Heidenreich A, Hofmann R |title=Giant hydronephrosis mimicking progressive malignancy |journal=BMC Urol |volume=3 |issue= |pages=4 |date=October 2003 |pmid=14565853 |doi=10.1186/1471-2490-3-4 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30568516">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ojha U, Ojha V |title=Renal cell carcinoma presenting as nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms: a case report |journal=Int Med Case Rep J |volume=11 |issue= |pages=345–348 |date=2018 |pmid=30568516 |doi=10.2147/IMCRJ.S178816 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30559557">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mota MMDS, Bezerra ROF, Garcia MRT |title=Practical approach to primary retroperitoneal masses in adults |journal=Radiol Bras |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=391–400 |date=2018 |pmid=30559557 |pmc=6290739 |doi=10.1590/0100-3984.2017.0179 |url=}}</ref><br>(majority tumors are [[malignant]])}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|^|-|.|}}
{{familytree | | | | | | E01 | | E02 |E01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 14em; padding:1em;">'''Neoplastic'''<br>
❑Solid<br>
❑Solid<br>
:❑[[Lymphoma]]<br>
:❑[[Lymphoma]]<br>
Line 92: Line 95:
:❑[[Liposarcoma]]/ [[sarcoma]]<br>
:❑[[Liposarcoma]]/ [[sarcoma]]<br>
:❑[[Renal cell carcinoma]]<br>
:❑[[Renal cell carcinoma]]<br>
:❑[[Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm]]'''(AAA)<br>
:❑[[Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm]](AAA)<br>
❑Cystic<br>
❑Cystic<br>
:❑Cystadenoma/ [[Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma|cystadenocarcinoma]]<br>
:❑Cystadenoma/ [[Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma|cystadenocarcinoma]]<br>

Revision as of 18:47, 14 August 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: , Javaria Anwer M.D.[2]
Synonyms and keywords: abdominal lump resident survival guide

Overview

An abdominal mass is a vast entity in oncology.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. The life-threatening causes of an abdominal mass include:

Common Causes

Common causes of an abdominal mass described below follow a descending order. The list is based on a retrospective study from Turkey among 45 adult patients who underwent surgery because of an intra-abdominal mass (between May 2010 and May 2017).[2]

Benign pathologies

Malignant pathologies

{{familytree | | |!| | | |!| |!| | | |!| | | |!| |}



 
 
 
 
 
 
Causes of abdominal mass[3]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Abdominal wall mass[4][5]

❑Primary tumors (WHO classification)

Adipocytic tumors (lipoma, liposarcoma)
❑Fibroblastic/myofibroblastic tumors (desmoid tumor)
❑Nerve sheath tumors (schwannoma, neurofibroma)
Hemangiomas
❑Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas

Metastasis
❑Tumor-like mass

Endometriosis, abscess, hematoma
Hernias (epigastric, umbilical, incisional, and spigelian)
 
Intra-abdominal/
retroperitoneal mass
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hepatic mass[6][7]

Hepatitis (infectious, DILI, alcoholic,
NASH, autoimmune, Wilson's disease
❑Storage diseases (glycogen storage disease, lysosomal storage disease, lipid storage disease, hemochromatosis)
Tumors

❑Primary Benign:adenoma, FNH
❑Primary malignant:HCC, cholangiocarcinoma
❑Metastatic: Hemangioma, lymphoma,
myeloma and solid tumors.
Cholestasis (PBC, PSC)
 
 
 
 
 
Pancreatic mass[13][14]
Pancreatic cyst
Neoplastic (mucinous, serous, intraductal papillary, and solid pseudopapillary)
❑Non-neoplastic (true, mucinous)
Inflammatory (pseudocyst, acute fluid collection)

❑Solid:

Adenocarcinomas (ductal, bile duct, ampullar and duodenal)
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
❑Others (lymphoma and metastasis)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Diagnosis

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of abdominal mass according the the [...] guidelines.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Treatment

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of abdominal mass according the the [...] guidelines.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Do's

Don'ts

  • The content in this section is in bullet points.

References

  1. Starnes, Benjamin (2017). Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm : the definitive manual. Cham: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-23844-9.
  2. "cms.galenos.com.tr" (PDF).
  3. "ACS/ASE Medical Student Core Curriculum".
  4. Jo VY, Fletcher CD (February 2014). "WHO classification of soft tissue tumours: an update based on the 2013 (4th) edition". Pathology. 46 (2): 95–104. doi:10.1097/PAT.0000000000000050. PMID 24378391.
  5. Li M, Zhang L, Xu XJ, Shi Z, Zhao XM (November 2019). "CT and MRI features of tumors and tumor-like lesions in the abdominal wall". Quant Imaging Med Surg. 9 (11): 1820–1839. doi:10.21037/qims.2019.09.03. PMC 6902146 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31867236.
  6. vom Dahl S, Mengel E (October 2010). "Lysosomal storage diseases as differential diagnosis of hepatosplenomegaly". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 24 (5): 619–28. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2010.09.001. PMID 20955964.
  7. Maharaj B, Cooppan RM, Maharaj RJ, Desai DK, Ranchod HA, Siddie-Ganie FM, Goqwana MB, Ganie AS, Gaffar MS, Leary WP (February 1986). "Causes of hepatomegaly at King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban. A prospective study of 240 black patients". S. Afr. Med. J. 69 (3): 183–4. PMID 3003936.
  8. Curovic Rotbain E, Lund Hansen D, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell O, Wibrand F, Meldgaard Lund A, Frederiksen H (2017). "Splenomegaly - Diagnostic validity, work-up, and underlying causes". PLoS ONE. 12 (11): e0186674. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186674. PMC 5685614. PMID 29135986.
  9. Maconi G, Manes G, Porro GB (February 2008). "Role of symptoms in diagnosis and outcome of gastric cancer". World J. Gastroenterol. 14 (8): 1149–55. doi:10.3748/wjg.14.1149. PMC 2690660. PMID 18300338.
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