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==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
Diffuse esophageal spasm is relatively uncommon disease with incidence of 1 per 100,000 in the USA. DES affects all age groups. There is no racial predilection to DES.


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==

Revision as of 16:52, 4 December 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Madhu Sigdel M.B.B.S.[2]

Overview

Diffuse or Distal esophageal spasm (DES) is an uncommon esophageal motility disorder causing chest pain and/or dysphagia. DES was first described by Osgood, in 1889 in 6 patients presenting with chest pain and dysphagia. Creamer et al. (1958) made the first manometric descriptions of DES. Development of high resolution esophageal manometry in 2000 has led to classification of esophageal motility disorders. Diffuse esophageal spasm can be classified as primary or secondary based on presence or absence of other disease associated with it. The exact pathogenesis of DES is not fully understood. Current high-resolution manometric studies suggests impairment of inhibitory neurons. These inhibitory neurons use nitric oxide (NO) as neurotransmitter. Exact cause of diffuse esophageal spasm is unknown. However, may be caused by consequence of various diseases and secondary to conditions like compression of nerves within esophageal wall, inflammation of the esophagus, stricture, GERD, psychological conditions like anxiety or depression. Diffuse esophageal spasm must be differentiated from other diseases that cause dysphagia, chest pain and weight loss such as angina, reflux esophagitis, esophageal carcinoma, systemic sclerosis, nutcracker esophagus, hypertensive LES, esophageal web/stricture, pseudoachalasia, stroke, esophageal candidiasis, Chagas disease etc. Common risk factors in the development of Diffuse Esophageal Spasm include: Age (60-80 years), obesity, mitral valve prolapse, presence of GERD, Hypertension, anxiety or depression, and drinks (eg. red wine, very hot or cold liquid or fluid). If left untreated, most patients are symptom free over the course of time. Very few cases report of progression to achalasia and nut cracker esophagus. The diagnostic study of choice for DES is manometry. An x-ray of esophagus after barium swallow (esophagogram) is the next best test to support manometric diagnosis. The mainstay of treatment for DES is medical therapy with calcium channel blockers, and/or tricyclic antidepressants.

Historical Perspective

Esophagus was described by Vasalius in 1543. Diffuse esophageal spasm was first described by Osgood in 1889 in 6 patients presenting with chest pain and dysphagia. Development of high resolution esophageal manometry in 2000 has led to classification of esophageal motility disorders.

Classification

Diffuse esophageal spasm can be classified as primary or secondary based on its association with other diseases.

Pathophysiology

The exact pathogenesis of DES is not fully understood. Current high-resolution manometric studies suggests impairment of inhibitory neurons. These inhibitory neurons use nitric oxide (NO) as neurotransmitter.

Causes

Exact cause of diffuse esophageal spasm is unknown. However, may be caused by consequence of various diseases and secondary to conditions like compression of nerves within esophageal wall, inflammation of the esophagus, strictures, GERD, and psychological conditions like anxiety or depression.

Differentiating Diffuse esophageal spasm from Other Diseases

Diffuse esophageal spasm must be differentiated from other diseases that cause dysphagia, chest pain and weight loss such as angina, reflux esophagitis, esophageal carcinoma, systemic sclerosis, nutcracker esophagus, hypertensive LES, esophageal web/stricture, pseudoachalasia, stroke, esophageal candidiasis and Chagas disease etc.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Diffuse esophageal spasm is relatively uncommon disease with incidence of 1 per 100,000 in the USA. DES affects all age groups. There is no racial predilection to DES.

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Ultrasound

CT scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

References


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