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*Immunostaining for [[chromogranin A]] and [[synaptophysin]]  is an important step in the diagnosis of [[neuroendocrine]] tumors. In order to differentiate from other [[neuroendocrine tumors]] gastrin immunostaining may be used. [[somatostatin]] [[scintigraphy]] is considered an effective localizing tool as [[Gastrinoma|gastrinomas]] tend to express a high density of [[somatostatin]] receptors. <ref name="pmid28722872">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cingam S, Karanchi H |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year= |pmid=28722872 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Immunostaining for [[chromogranin A]] and [[synaptophysin]]  is an important step in the diagnosis of [[neuroendocrine]] tumors. In order to differentiate from other [[neuroendocrine tumors]] gastrin immunostaining may be used. [[somatostatin]] [[scintigraphy]] is considered an effective localizing tool as [[Gastrinoma|gastrinomas]] tend to express a high density of [[somatostatin]] receptors. <ref name="pmid28722872">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cingam S, Karanchi H |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year= |pmid=28722872 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


<div align="left">
[[image:ZES_NET_Duodenum.jpg|thumb|500px|center|By Ed Uthman from Houston, TX, USA [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons]]
<gallery heights="175" widths="175">
Image:NET_Duodenum.jpg|Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor of the duodenum.
Image:NET_Pancreatic.jpg|Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour.
Image:400px-Gastric neuroendocrine tumour - high mag.jpg|Gastric neuroendocrine tumour - high magnification
Image:400px-Gastric_neuroendocrine_tumour_-_intermed_mag.jpg|Gastric neuroendocrine tumour - intermed_magnification
Image:800px-Gastric neuroendocrine tumour - low mag.jpg|Gastric neuroendocrine tumour - low magnification
Image:Gastrinoma.jpg|Gastrinoma
</gallery>
</div>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 19:35, 28 September 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Reddy Kothagadi M.B.B.S[2] Mohamad Alkateb, MBBCh [3]

Overview

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome results from increased levels of gastrin due to an existing gastrinoma in the duodenum or pancreas.

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Microscopic Pathology

  • A well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (NET) histologically typically shows an organ like arrangement of cells with nesting, trabecular, or gyriform patterns. [6]
  • The tumor cells are usually round with regular bland nuclei which produce large number of secretory granules with diffuse immunoexpression of neuroendocrine markers.Where as, the poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (NET) shows a atypical, sheet-like, diffuse and irregular nuclei, less cytoplasmic secretory granules, and limited biomarker immunoexpression. [6]
  • Immunostaining for chromogranin A and synaptophysin is an important step in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors. In order to differentiate from other neuroendocrine tumors gastrin immunostaining may be used. somatostatin scintigraphy is considered an effective localizing tool as gastrinomas tend to express a high density of somatostatin receptors. [6]
By Ed Uthman from Houston, TX, USA [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

References

  1. wikipedia.2015.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zollinger%E2%80%93Ellison_syndrome
  2. "Gastrinoma - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf".
  3. 3.0 3.1 Epelboym I, Mazeh H (2014). "Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: classical considerations and current controversies". Oncologist. 19 (1): 44–50. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0369. PMC 3903066. PMID 24319020.
  4. Thakker RV, Newey PJ, Walls GV, Bilezikian J, Dralle H, Ebeling PR; et al. (2012). "Clinical practice guidelines for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 97 (9): 2990–3011. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1230. PMID 22723327.
  5. Ito T, Igarashi H, Uehara H, Jensen RT (2013). "Pharmacotherapy of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 14 (3): 307–21. doi:10.1517/14656566.2013.767332. PMC 3580316. PMID 23363383.
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 Cingam S, Karanchi H. PMID 28722872. Missing or empty |title= (help)

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