Pindolol: Difference between revisions

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{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
|genericName=generic name
|authorTag={{Alonso}}
|genericName=Pindolol
|aOrAn=a
|aOrAn=a
|drugClass=Adrenergic receptor agonist
|drugClass=[[beta-adrenergic blocker]]
|indication=a list of indications, separated by commas.
|indication=[[hypertension]]
|hasBlackBoxWarning=Yes
|adverseReactions=[[edema]], [[arthralgia]], [[myalgia]], [[dizziness]], feeling nervous, [[insomnia]], [[fatigue]]
|adverseReactions=a list of adverse reactions, separated by commas.
|blackBoxWarningTitle=Warning Title
|blackBoxWarningTitle=Warning Title
|blackBoxWarningBody=<i><span style="color:#FF0000;">Condition Name:</span></i> (Content)
|blackBoxWarningBody=<i><span style="color:#FF0000;">Condition Name:</span></i> (Content)
|fdaLIADAdult======Condition 1=====
|fdaLIADAdult======Hypertension=====


* Dosing Information
* Dosing Information


:* (Dosage)
:* The dosage of pindolol tablets should be individualized. The recommended initial dose of pindolol tablets is 5 mg b.i.d. alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents. An antihypertensive response usually occurs within the first week of treatment. Maximal response, however, may take as long as or occasionally longer than 2 weeks. If a satisfactory reduction in [[blood pressure]] does not occur within 3 to 4 weeks, the dose may be adjusted in increments of 10 mg/day at these intervals up to a maximum of 60 mg/day.
 
|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport======Angina Pectoris=====
=====Condition 2=====


* Dosing Information
* Dosing Information


:* (Dosage)
:* 10 to 40 mg/day.<ref name="pmid39447">{{cite journal| author=Frishman W, Kostis J, Strom J, Hossler M, Elkayam U, Goldner S et al.| title=Clinical pharmacology of the new beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. Part 6. A comparison of pindolol and propranolol in treatment of patients with angina pectoris. The role of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 1979 | volume= 98 | issue= 4 | pages= 526-35 | pmid=39447 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=39447  }} </ref>
|offLabelAdultGuideSupport======Condition 1=====


* Developed by: (Organisation)
=====Cardiac Disrythmia=====
 
* Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
 
* Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
 
* Dosing Information/Recommendation
 
:* (Dosage)
 
=====Condition 2=====
 
* Developed by: (Organisation)
 
* Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
 
* Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
 
* Dosing Information/Recommendation
 
:* (Dosage)
|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport======Condition 1=====


* Dosing Information
* Dosing Information


:* (Dosage)
:* Monotherapy: 2.5 to 10 mg q6h.<ref name="pmid38659">{{cite journal| author=Frishman W, Davis R, Strom J, Elkayam U, Stampfer M, Ribner H et al.| title=Clinical pharmacology of the new beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. Part 5. Pindolol (LB-46) therapy for supraventricular arrhythmia: a viable alternative to propranolol in patients with bronchospasm. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 1979 | volume= 98 | issue= 3 | pages= 393-98 | pmid=38659 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=38659  }} </ref>
:* Combination therapy: pindolol 15 mg bid + digoxin 0.125 to 0.5 mg/day.<ref name="pmid2702970">{{cite journal| author=James MA, Channer KS, Papouchado M, Rees JR| title=Improved control of atrial fibrillation with combined pindolol and digoxin therapy. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 1989 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 83-90 | pmid=2702970 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2702970  }} </ref>


=====Condition 2=====
=====Hyperthyroidism=====


* Dosing Information
* Dosing Information


:* (Dosage)
:* 5 to 30 mg daily.<ref name="pmid4695378">{{cite journal| author=Schelling JL, Scazziga B, Dufour RJ, Milinkovic N, Weber AA| title=Effect of pindolol, a beta receptor antagonist, in hyperthyroidism. | journal=Clin Pharmacol Ther | year= 1973 | volume= 14 | issue= 2 | pages= 158-64 | pmid=4695378 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4695378  }} </ref>


=====Condition 3=====
=====Syncope=====


* Dosing Information
* Dosing information


:* (Dosage)
:* 2.5 mg daily to 15 mg bid.<ref name="pmid9817494">{{cite journal| author=Iskos D, Dutton J, Scheinman MM, Lurie KG| title=Usefulness of pindolol in neurocardiogenic syncope. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 1998 | volume= 82 | issue= 9 | pages= 1121-4, A9 | pmid=9817494 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9817494  }} </ref>
|fdaLIADPed======Condition 1=====
|contraindications=* [[Bronchial asthma]]
* Overt [[cardiac failure]]
* [[Cardiogenic shock]]
* [[Second degree AV heart block]]
* [[Third degree AV heart block]]
* Severe [[bradycardia]]
|warnings=====Cardiac Failure====


* Dosing Information
Sympathetic stimulation may be a vital component supporting circulatory function in patients with [[congestive heart failure]], and its inhibition by [[beta-block]]ade may precipitate more severe failure. Although [[beta-blockers]] should be avoided in overt [[congestive heart failure]], if necessary, pindolol can be used with caution in patients with a history of failure who are well-compensated, usually with digitalis and [[diuretics]]. [[Beta-blockes]] do not abolish the inotropic action of [[digitalis]] on heart muscle.


:* (Dosage)
====In Patients Without History of Cardiac Failure====


=====Condition 2=====
In patients with latent [[cardiac insufficiency]], continued depression of the myocardium with [[beta-blockers]] over a period of time can in some cases lead to [[cardiac failure]]. At the first sign or symptom of impending [[cardiac failure]], patients should be fully digitalized and/or be given a [[diuretic]], and the response observed closely. If [[cardiac failure]] continues, despite adequate digitalization and diuretic, pindolol therapy should be withdrawn (gradually if possible).
 
* Dosing Information
 
:* (Dosage)
|offLabelPedGuideSupport======Condition 1=====
 
* Developed by: (Organisation)
 
* Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
 
* Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
 
* Dosing Information/Recommendation
 
:* (Dosage)
 
=====Condition 2=====


* Developed by: (Organisation)
====Exacerbation of Ischemic Heart Disease Following Abrupt Withdrawal====


* Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
[[Hypersensitivity]] to catecholamines has been observed in patients withdrawn from [[beta-blocker]] therapy; exacerbation of [[angina]] and, in some cases, [[myocardial infarction]] have occurred after abrupt discontinuation of such therapy. When discontinuing chronically administered pindolol, particularly in patients with [[ischemic heart disease]], the dosage should be gradually reduced over a period of 1-2 weeks and the patient should be carefully monitored. If [[angina]] markedly worsens or acute [[coronary insufficiency]] develops, pindolol administration should be reinstituted promptly, at least temporarily, and other measures appropriate for the management of [[unstable angina]] should be taken. Patients should be warned against interruption or discontinuation of therapy without the physician’s advice. Because coronary artery disease is common and may be unrecognized, it may be prudent not to discontinue pindolol therapy abruptly even in patients treated only for [[hypertension]].


* Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
====Nonallergic Bronchospasm (e.g., chronic bronchitis, emphysema) - Patients with Bronchospastic Diseases Should in General Not Receive Beta-Blockers====


* Dosing Information/Recommendation
Pindolol should be administered with caution since it may block bronchodilation produced by endogenous or exogenous [[catecholamine]] stimulation of beta2 receptors.


:* (Dosage)
====Major Surgery====
|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport======Condition 1=====


* Dosing Information
Because [[beta-block]]ade impairs the ability of the heart to respond to reflex stimuli and may increase the risks of general anesthesia and surgical procedures, resulting in protracted [[hypotension]] or low cardiac output, it has generally been suggested that such therapy should be gradually withdrawn several days prior to surgery. Recognition of the increased sensitivity to [[catecholamines]] of patients recently withdrawn from [[beta-blocker]] therapy, however, has made this recommendation controversial. If possible, [[beta-blockers]] should be withdrawn well before surgery takes place. In the event of emergency surgery, the anesthesiologist should be informed that the patient is on [[beta-blocker]] therapy.


:* (Dosage)
The effects of pindolol can be reversed by administration of beta-receptor agonists such as [[isoproterenol]], [[dopamine]], [[dobutamine]], or [[levarterenol]]. Difficulty in restarting and maintaining the heart beat has also been reported with beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents.


=====Condition 2=====
====Diabetes and Hypoglycemia====


* Dosing Information
[[Beta-block]]ade may prevent the appearance of premonitory signs and symptoms (e.g., [[tachycardia]] and [[blood pressure]] changes) of acute [[hypoglycemia]]. This is especially important with labile diabetics. [[Beta-block]]ade also reduces the release of [[insulin]] in response to [[hyperglycemia]]; therefore, it may be necessary to adjust the dose of [[antidiabetic drugs]].


:* (Dosage)
====Thyrotoxicosis====


=====Condition 3=====
[[Beta-block]]ade may mask certain clinical signs (e.g., [[tachycardia]]) of [[hyperthyroidism]]. Patients suspected of developing [[thyrotoxicosis]] should be managed carefully to avoid abrupt withdrawal of [[beta-block]]ade which might precipitate a [[thyroid crisis]].
|clinicalTrials=[[File:Pin01.png|600px|thumbnail|left]]


* Dosing Information
:* (Dosage)
|contraindications=* Condition 1
* Condition 2
* Condition 3
* Condition 4
* Condition 5
|warnings======Conidition 1=====
(Description)
|clinicalTrials=======Central Nervous System======
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
======Cardiovascular======
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
======Respiratory======
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
======Gastrointestinal======
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
======Hypersensitive Reactions======
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
======Miscellaneous======
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
=====Condition 2=====
======Central Nervous System======
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
======Cardiovascular======
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
======Respiratory======
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
======Gastrointestinal======
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
======Hypersensitive Reactions======
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
======Miscellaneous======
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
|postmarketing=(Description)
|postmarketing=(Description)
|drugInteractions=* Drug 1
|drugInteractions=* Drug 1
Line 208: Line 114:
|othersTitle=Others
|othersTitle=Others
|useInOthers=(Description)
|useInOthers=(Description)
|administration=(Oral/Intravenous/etc)
|administration=(Oral/Intravenous/etc)
|monitoring======Condition 1=====
|monitoring======Condition 1=====
Line 440: Line 345:
|howSupplied=(Description)
|howSupplied=(Description)
|fdaPatientInfo=(Patient Counseling Information)
|fdaPatientInfo=(Patient Counseling Information)
|nlmPatientInfo=(Link to patient information page)
|alcohol=Alcohol-Pindolol interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
|lookAlike=* (Paired Confused Name 1a) — (Paired Confused Name 1b)
|lookAlike=* (Paired Confused Name 1a) — (Paired Confused Name 1b)
* (Paired Confused Name 2a) — (Paired Confused Name 2b)
* (Paired Confused Name 2a) — (Paired Confused Name 2b)
* (Paired Confused Name 3a) — (Paired Confused Name 3b)
* (Paired Confused Name 3a) — (Paired Confused Name 3b)
|nlmPatientInfo=(Link to patient information page)
|drugShortage=Drug Shortage
|drugShortage=Drug Shortage
}}
}}

Revision as of 17:46, 8 July 2014

Pindolol
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
Look-Alike Names

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alonso Alvarado, M.D. [2]

Disclaimer

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Overview

Pindolol is a beta-adrenergic blocker that is FDA approved for the {{{indicationType}}} of hypertension. Common adverse reactions include edema, arthralgia, myalgia, dizziness, feeling nervous, insomnia, fatigue.

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

Hypertension
  • Dosing Information
  • The dosage of pindolol tablets should be individualized. The recommended initial dose of pindolol tablets is 5 mg b.i.d. alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents. An antihypertensive response usually occurs within the first week of treatment. Maximal response, however, may take as long as or occasionally longer than 2 weeks. If a satisfactory reduction in blood pressure does not occur within 3 to 4 weeks, the dose may be adjusted in increments of 10 mg/day at these intervals up to a maximum of 60 mg/day.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

Angina Pectoris
  • Dosing Information
  • 10 to 40 mg/day.[1]
Cardiac Disrythmia
  • Dosing Information
  • Monotherapy: 2.5 to 10 mg q6h.[2]
  • Combination therapy: pindolol 15 mg bid + digoxin 0.125 to 0.5 mg/day.[3]
Hyperthyroidism
  • Dosing Information
  • 5 to 30 mg daily.[4]
Syncope
  • Dosing information
  • 2.5 mg daily to 15 mg bid.[5]

Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

There is limited information regarding Pindolol FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric) in the drug label.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Contraindications

Warnings

Cardiac Failure

Sympathetic stimulation may be a vital component supporting circulatory function in patients with congestive heart failure, and its inhibition by beta-blockade may precipitate more severe failure. Although beta-blockers should be avoided in overt congestive heart failure, if necessary, pindolol can be used with caution in patients with a history of failure who are well-compensated, usually with digitalis and diuretics. Beta-blockes do not abolish the inotropic action of digitalis on heart muscle.

In Patients Without History of Cardiac Failure

In patients with latent cardiac insufficiency, continued depression of the myocardium with beta-blockers over a period of time can in some cases lead to cardiac failure. At the first sign or symptom of impending cardiac failure, patients should be fully digitalized and/or be given a diuretic, and the response observed closely. If cardiac failure continues, despite adequate digitalization and diuretic, pindolol therapy should be withdrawn (gradually if possible).

Exacerbation of Ischemic Heart Disease Following Abrupt Withdrawal

Hypersensitivity to catecholamines has been observed in patients withdrawn from beta-blocker therapy; exacerbation of angina and, in some cases, myocardial infarction have occurred after abrupt discontinuation of such therapy. When discontinuing chronically administered pindolol, particularly in patients with ischemic heart disease, the dosage should be gradually reduced over a period of 1-2 weeks and the patient should be carefully monitored. If angina markedly worsens or acute coronary insufficiency develops, pindolol administration should be reinstituted promptly, at least temporarily, and other measures appropriate for the management of unstable angina should be taken. Patients should be warned against interruption or discontinuation of therapy without the physician’s advice. Because coronary artery disease is common and may be unrecognized, it may be prudent not to discontinue pindolol therapy abruptly even in patients treated only for hypertension.

Nonallergic Bronchospasm (e.g., chronic bronchitis, emphysema) - Patients with Bronchospastic Diseases Should in General Not Receive Beta-Blockers

Pindolol should be administered with caution since it may block bronchodilation produced by endogenous or exogenous catecholamine stimulation of beta2 receptors.

Major Surgery

Because beta-blockade impairs the ability of the heart to respond to reflex stimuli and may increase the risks of general anesthesia and surgical procedures, resulting in protracted hypotension or low cardiac output, it has generally been suggested that such therapy should be gradually withdrawn several days prior to surgery. Recognition of the increased sensitivity to catecholamines of patients recently withdrawn from beta-blocker therapy, however, has made this recommendation controversial. If possible, beta-blockers should be withdrawn well before surgery takes place. In the event of emergency surgery, the anesthesiologist should be informed that the patient is on beta-blocker therapy.

The effects of pindolol can be reversed by administration of beta-receptor agonists such as isoproterenol, dopamine, dobutamine, or levarterenol. Difficulty in restarting and maintaining the heart beat has also been reported with beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents.

Diabetes and Hypoglycemia

Beta-blockade may prevent the appearance of premonitory signs and symptoms (e.g., tachycardia and blood pressure changes) of acute hypoglycemia. This is especially important with labile diabetics. Beta-blockade also reduces the release of insulin in response to hyperglycemia; therefore, it may be necessary to adjust the dose of antidiabetic drugs.

Thyrotoxicosis

Beta-blockade may mask certain clinical signs (e.g., tachycardia) of hyperthyroidism. Patients suspected of developing thyrotoxicosis should be managed carefully to avoid abrupt withdrawal of beta-blockade which might precipitate a thyroid crisis.

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

Postmarketing Experience

(Description)

Drug Interactions

  • Drug 1
  • Drug 2
  • Drug 3
  • Drug 4
  • Drug 5
Drug 1

(Description)

Drug 2

(Description)

Drug 3

(Description)

Drug 4

(Description)

Drug 5

(Description)

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA): (Description)
Pregnancy Category (AUS): (Description)

Labor and Delivery

(Description)

Nursing Mothers

(Description)

Pediatric Use

(Description)

Geriatic Use

(Description)

Gender

(Description)

Race

(Description)

Renal Impairment

(Description)

Hepatic Impairment

(Description)

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

(Description)

Immunocompromised Patients

(Description)

Others

(Description)

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

(Oral/Intravenous/etc)

Monitoring

Condition 1

(Description regarding monitoring, from Warnings section)

Condition 2

(Description regarding monitoring, from Warnings section)

Condition 3

(Description regarding monitoring, from Warnings section)

IV Compatibility

Solution

Compatible

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Not Tested

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Variable

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Incompatible

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Y-Site

Compatible

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Not Tested

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Variable

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Incompatible

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Admixture

Compatible

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Not Tested

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Variable

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Incompatible

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Syringe

Compatible

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Not Tested

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Variable

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Incompatible

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

TPN/TNA

Compatible

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Not Tested

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Variable

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Incompatible

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Overdosage

Acute Overdose

Signs and Symptoms

(Description)

Management

(Description)

Chronic Overdose

Signs and Symptoms

(Description)

Management

(Description)

Pharmacology

Chemical structure of Pindolol
Pindolol
Systematic (IUPAC) name
?
Identifiers
CAS number ?
ATC code ?
PubChem ?
Chemical data
Formula ?
Mol. mass ?
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability ?
Metabolism ?
Half life ?
Excretion ?
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.

?

Legal status
Routes ?

Mechanism of Action

(Description)

Structure

(Description with picture)

Pharmacodynamics

(Description)

Pharmacokinetics

(Description)

Nonclinical Toxicology

(Description)

Clinical Studies

Condition 1

(Description)

Condition 2

(Description)

Condition 3

(Description)

How Supplied

(Description)

Storage

There is limited information regarding Pindolol Storage in the drug label.

Images

Drug Images

{{#ask: Page Name::Pindolol |?Pill Name |?Drug Name |?Pill Ingred |?Pill Imprint |?Pill Dosage |?Pill Color |?Pill Shape |?Pill Size (mm) |?Pill Scoring |?NDC |?Drug Author |format=template |template=DrugPageImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Pill Name }}

Package and Label Display Panel

{{#ask: Label Page::Pindolol |?Label Name |format=template |template=DrugLabelImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Label Page }}

Patient Counseling Information

(Patient Counseling Information)

Precautions with Alcohol

Alcohol-Pindolol interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

Brand Names

There is limited information regarding Pindolol Brand Names in the drug label.

Look-Alike Drug Names

  • (Paired Confused Name 1a) — (Paired Confused Name 1b)
  • (Paired Confused Name 2a) — (Paired Confused Name 2b)
  • (Paired Confused Name 3a) — (Paired Confused Name 3b)

Drug Shortage Status

Drug Shortage

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.

  1. ↑ Frishman W, Kostis J, Strom J, Hossler M, Elkayam U, Goldner S; et al. (1979). "Clinical pharmacology of the new beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. Part 6. A comparison of pindolol and propranolol in treatment of patients with angina pectoris. The role of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity". Am Heart J. 98 (4): 526–35. PMID 39447.
  2. ↑ Frishman W, Davis R, Strom J, Elkayam U, Stampfer M, Ribner H; et al. (1979). "Clinical pharmacology of the new beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. Part 5. Pindolol (LB-46) therapy for supraventricular arrhythmia: a viable alternative to propranolol in patients with bronchospasm". Am Heart J. 98 (3): 393–98. PMID 38659.
  3. ↑ James MA, Channer KS, Papouchado M, Rees JR (1989). "Improved control of atrial fibrillation with combined pindolol and digoxin therapy". Eur Heart J. 10 (1): 83–90. PMID 2702970.
  4. ↑ Schelling JL, Scazziga B, Dufour RJ, Milinkovic N, Weber AA (1973). "Effect of pindolol, a beta receptor antagonist, in hyperthyroidism". Clin Pharmacol Ther. 14 (2): 158–64. PMID 4695378.
  5. ↑ Iskos D, Dutton J, Scheinman MM, Lurie KG (1998). "Usefulness of pindolol in neurocardiogenic syncope". Am J Cardiol. 82 (9): 1121–4, A9. PMID 9817494.
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