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	Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome;
ICD-10	K63
ICD-9	579.9
DiseasesDB	29209
MedlinePlus	000222
eMedicine	med/198

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Revision as of 20:17, 2 February 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mazia Fatima, MBBS [2]

Overview

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) was first discovered by Barber and Hummel in 1939. There is no established system for the classification of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth(SIBO).The pathogenesis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is characterized by an increased microbial load in the small intestine. Disruption of protective homeostatic mechanisms can increase the risk of SIBO. Bacterial colonization causes an inflammatory response in the intestinal mucosa. Damage to the intestinal mucosa leads to malabsorption of bile acids, carbohydrates, proteins and vitamins resulting in symptoms of diarrhea and weight loss. On gross pathology, mucosal edema, loss of normal vascular pattern, patchy erythema, friability and ulceration of the small intestinal wall is associated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). On microscopic histopathological analysis small intestine and colon are normal in most patients with SIBO. Findings include blunting of the intestinal villi, thinning of the mucosa and crypts, increased intraepithelial lymphocytes. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) must be differentiated from other diseases that cause chronic diarrhea. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth is more commonly observed among elderly patients. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) affects men and women equally.There is no racial predilection for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Early clinical features include bloating, flatulence, abdominal pain. If left untreated, patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) may progress to develop diarrhea, dyspepsia and weight loss. Prognosis is generally good and associated with frequent relapses and symptom-free periods. The diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is made when at least one of the following diagnostic criteria are met : a positive carbohydrate breath test, bacterial concentration of >103 units/mL in a jejunal aspirate culture. Physical examination may be remarkable for distended abdomen with positive succussion splash as a result of distended bowel loops, peripheral edema due to malabsorption. Small intestinal bacterial obstruction(SIBO) may also be diagnosed using breath tests. The mainstay of therapy for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth(SIBO) is antibiotic therapy. Surgical approach can only be performed for patients with strictures, fistulae, and diverticula or any other structural abnormality resulting in obstruction and resultant bacterial overgrowth. Effective measures for the prevention of small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome include avoiding medications like narcotics and benzodiazepines that decrease intestinal motility, avoid achlorhydria in high-risk patients. Consider antibiotic prophylaxis for patients with four or more episodes of recurrent small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome within one year.

Historical Perspective

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) was first discovered by Barber and Hummel in 1939.
In 2000, Pimentel et all at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center first identified that SIBO was present in 78% of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and that treatment with antibiotics improved symptoms.
In May 2015, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved rifaximin to treat SIBO.

Classification

There is no established system for the classification of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth(SIBO).

Pathophysiology

The pathogenesis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is characterized by an increased microbial load in the small intestine.
A healthy individual has less than 103 organisms/mL in the upper small intestine, and the majority of these organisms are gram-positive bacteria.
Human body's homeostatic mechanisms protect against excessive small intestinal colonization by bacteria include :
- Gastric acid and bile eradicate micro-organisms before they leave the stomach
- Migrating motor complex clears the excess bacteria of upper intestine
- Intestinal mucosa serves as a protective layer for the gut wall.
- Normal intestinal flora (eg, Lactobacillus) maintains a low pH that prevents bacterial overgrowth.
- Physical barrier of the ileocecal valve that prevents retrograde translocation of bacteria from colon to the small intestine.
Disruption of these protective homeostatic mechanisms can increase the risk of SIBO.
Bacterial colonization causes an inflammatory response in the intestinal mucosa.
Damage to the intestinal mucosa leads to malabsorption of bile acids, carbohydrates, proteins and vitamins resulting in symptoms of diarrhea and weight loss.
On gross pathology, mucosal edema, loss of normal vascular pattern, patchy erythema, friability and ulceration of the small intestinal wall is associated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).
On microscopic histopathological analysis small intestine and colon is normal in most patients with SIBO. Findings include:
- Blunting of the intestinal villi
- Thinning of the mucosa and crypts
- Increased intraepithelial lymphocytes

Causes

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) may be caused by disruption of the protective homeostatic mechanisms that control enteric bacteria population.
Causes of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) include:
- Irregular small intestinal motility
- Blind pouches in the gastrointestinal tract
  - Side-to-side or end-to-side anastomoses
  - Duodenal or jejunal diverticula
  - Segmental dilatation of the ileum
  - Blind loop syndrome
  - Biliopancreatic diversion
  - Chagasic megacolon
- Fistula
  - Gastrocolic fistulae
  - Jejunal-colic fistulae
- Partial Obstruction
- Decreased gastric acid secretion
  - Achlorhydria
  - Vagotomy
  - Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy

Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) must be differentiated from other diseases that cause chronic diarrhea. For differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhoea, click here.

Epidemiology and Demographics

The prevalence of SIBO is unknown.

Age

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth is more commonly observed among elderly patients.

Gender

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) affects men and women equally.

Race

There is no racial predilection for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) are :
- Intestinal tract surgery
- Irritable bowel syndrome
- Liver cirrhosis
- Celiac disease
- Immune deficiency (eg, AIDS, IgA deficiency, severe malnutrition)
- Short bowel syndrome
- End-stage renal disease
- Gastrojejunal anastomosis
- Antral resection
- Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Early clinical features include bloating, flatulence, abdominal pain.
If left untreated, patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) may progress to develop diarrhea, dyspepsia and weight loss.
Common complications of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) include:
- Iron deficiency resulting in microcytic anemia
- Vitamin B-12/ folate deficiency resulting in macrocytic anemia
- Vitamin B-12 deficiency associated polyneuropathy
- Steatorrhea
- Hypocalcemia
- Vitamin A deficiency resulting in night blindness
- Selenium deficiency causing dermatitis
- Rosacea
- Cachexia as a result of protein-energy malnutrition
Prognosis is generally good and associated with frequent relapses and symptom-free periods.

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

The diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is made when at least one of the following diagnostic criteria are met:

A positive carbohydrate breath test
Bacterial concentration of >103 units/mL in a jejunal aspirate culture

Symptoms

Symptoms of small intestinal bacterial overdose (SIBO) may include the following:

Physical Examination

Patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) usually appear normal.
Physical examination may be remarkable for:

Distended abdomen with positive succussion splash as a result of distended bowel loops
Peripheral edema due to malabsorption

Laboratory Findings

A positive carbohydrate breath test is diagnostic of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).
An elevated concentration of bacterial colony forming units >103/mL in jejunal aspirate culture is diagnostic of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).
Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) include
- Macrocytic anemia
- B12 deficiency
- Presence of fecal fat on stool examination.
- Low levels of thiamine and niacin
- Elevated serum folate and vitamin K levels

Imaging Findings

In CT abdomen/MRI may demonstrate associated strictures, malrotation, fistulae.
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth can result in small bowel obstruction that presents as small bowel feaces sign on abdominal CT.
Small bowel faeces sign is the presence of particulate faeculent material mingled with gas bubbles in the lumen of the small intestine , it is believed to be the result of delayed intestinal transit.

Small bowel faeces signCase courtesy of Dr Ian Bickle, <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/">Radiopaedia.org</a>. From the case <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/cases/29769">rID: 29769</a>

Other Diagnostic Studies

Breath Tests

Small intestinal bacterial obstruction(SIBO) may also be diagnosed using breath tests.
Breath tests have the advantage of being easy to perform, noninvasive and inexpensive. Breath tests are based on the principle that carbohydrates are metabolized by bacteria in the gut to produce hydrogen or methane that is absorbed and excreted in breath.
The findings on carbohydrate breath test diagnostic of small intestinal bacterial obstruction(SIBO) include:
- An increase in hydrogen by ≥20 ppm above baseline within 90 minutes.
- A methane level ≥10 ppm regardless of the time during the breath test.

Treatment

Medical Therapy

The mainstay of therapy for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth(SIBO) is antibiotic therapy.
Antibiotics acts by eliminating the bacterial overgrowth.
Rifaximin is the antibiotic of choice for the treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth(SIBO).
- Preferred regimen: Rifaximin 550 mg PO 8h for 14 days.
Response to antibiotics can be assessed by the symptomatic improvement. In case of recurrent symptoms, the antibiotic dose is repeated.

Surgery

Surgical approach can only be performed for patients with strictures, fistulae, and diverticula or any other structural abnormality resulting in obstruction and resultant bacterial overgrowth.

Prevention

Effective measures for the prevention of small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome include :
- Avoiding medications like narcotics and benzodiazepines that decrease intestinal motility.
- Avoid achlorhydria in high-risk patients.
- Consider antibiotic prophylaxis for patients with four or more episodes of recurrent small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome within one year.

References

External links

IBS and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)

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@@ Line 77: / Line 77: @@
 ==Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases==
-*Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) must be differentiated from other diseases that cause chronic diarrhea.
+*Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) must be differentiated from other diseases that cause chronic diarrhea. For differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhoea, click '''[[Chronic diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''
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-<span style="font-size:85%">'''Abbreviations:''' '''GI:''' [[Gastrointestinal tract|Gastrointestinal]], '''CBC''': [[Complete blood count]], '''WBC:''' [[White blood cells|White blood cell]], '''RBC''': [[Red blood cell]], '''Plt:''' [[Platelet]], '''Hgb:''' [[Hemoglobin]], '''ESR''': [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], '''CRP''': [[C-reactive protein|C–reactive protein]], '''IgE:''' [[Immunoglobulin E]], '''IgA:''' [[Immunoglobulin A]], '''ETEC:''' [[Escherichia coli enteritis]], '''EPEC''': [[Escherichia coli|Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli]], '''EIEC''': [[Escherichia coli enteritis|Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli]], '''EHEC''': [[Escherichia coli|Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli]], '''EAEC''': [[Escherichia coli enteritis|Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli]], '''Nl''': Normal, '''ASCA''': [[Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies]], '''ANCA''': [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|Anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody]], '''DNA''': [[DNA|Deoxyribonucleic acid]], '''CFTR''': [[Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator]], '''SLC10A2''': [[SLC10A2|Solute carrier family 10 member 2]], '''SeHCAT''': [[SeHCAT|Selenium homocholic acid taurine or tauroselcholic acid]], '''IEL''': Intraepithelial [[Lymphocyte|lymphocytes]], '''MRCP''': [[Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography]], '''ANA''': [[Antinuclear antibodies]], '''AMA''': [[Anti-mitochondrial antibody]], '''LDH''': [[Lactate dehydrogenase]], '''CPK''': [[Creatine phosphokinase]], '''PCR''': [[Polymerase chain reaction]], '''ELISA''': [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay]], '''LT''': Heat–labile [[enterotoxin]], ST: Heat–stable [[enterotoxin]], '''RT-PCR''': Reverse–transcriptase [[polymerase chain reaction]], '''CD4:''' [[CD4|Cluster of differentiation 4]], '''HIV''': [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|Human immunodeficiency virus]], '''RUQ''': [[RUQ|Right-upper quadrant]], '''VIP''': [[Vasoactive intestinal peptide]], '''GI:''' [[Gastrointestinal tract|Gastrointestinal]], '''FAP''': [[Familial adenomatous polyposis]], '''HNPCC''': [[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer]], '''MTP''': [[Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein]], '''Scl‑70''': Anti–[[Type I topoisomerase|topoisomerase I]], '''TSH''': [[Thyroid-stimulating hormone]], '''T4''': [[Thyroxine]], '''T3''': [[Triiodothyronine]], '''DTR''': [[Deep tendon reflex]], '''RNA''': [[RNA|Ribonucleic acid]]</span>
-{| class="wikitable" style="border: 0px; font-size: 100%; margin: 3px;" align="center"
-! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-| colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Clinical manifestation'''
-! colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Lab findings'''
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-|-
-! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Symptoms
-! rowspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-|-
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-| colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''CBC'''
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Crohns disease|Crohn's disease]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
-* Oral [[mucosal]] lesions
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies]] (ASCA)
-* [[Vitamin B12]] deficiency
-* Elevated [[erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
-* Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Uveitis]]
-* [[Arthritis]]
-* [[Erythema nodosum]]
-* [[Pyoderma gangrenosum]]
-* [[Amyloidosis]]
-* Venous and arterial [[thromboembolism]]
-* [[Kidney stone|Renal stones]]
-* [[Bronchiectasis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Abnormal immune response to self [[antigens]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Ulcerative colitis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Blood]] on [[rectal examination]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|Anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody]] ([[P-ANCA|P–ANCA]])
-* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
-* [[Hypokalemia]]
-* [[Hypomagnesemia]]
-* Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
-* Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Skin rash]]
-* [[Iritis]]
-* [[Uveitis]]
-* Seronegative [[arthritis]]
-* [[Clubbing]]
-* [[Erythema nodosum]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Abnormal immune response to self [[antigens]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Celiac disease]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal distention]]
-* Increased [[bowel]] sounds
-* Oral [[Mucous membrane|mucosal]] lesions
-* [[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
-* [[Ascites]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Fat droplets on [[sudan stain]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[IgA]] endomysial [[antibody]]
-* Anti–tissue [[transglutaminase]] [[antibody]]
-* [[Anti-gliadin antibodies|Anti–gliadin antibody]]
-* [[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Dementia]]
-* [[Dermatitis herpetiformis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[HLA-DQ2|HLA–DQ2]]
-* [[HLA-DQ8|HLA–DQ8]]
-* Innate responses to wheat [[Protein|proteins]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[IgA]] endomysial [[antibody]]
-* Anti–tissue [[transglutaminase]] [[antibody]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Cystic fibrosis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
-*[[Rectal prolapse]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Fat droplets on [[sudan stain]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Positive [[DNA]] analysis for [[CFTR|cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator]] [[CFTR|(CFTR)]]
-* Nasal transepithelial potential difference
-* [[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Malabsorption]]
-* Recurrent [[respiratory tract infection]]
-* [[Bronchiectasis]]
-* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
-* [[Scoliosis]]
-* [[Infertility]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Mutations in the [[cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator]] ([[CFTR]]) protein
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Positive [[genetic testing]]
-* Elevated [[Sweat chloride test|sweat chloride]] ≥60 mmol/L
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Chronic pancreatitis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Fat droplets on [[sudan stain]]
-* Positive [[fecal elastase]] measurement
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Slightly elevated [[amylase]] and [[lipase]]
-* Abnormal pancreatic function test
-* [[Secretin]] stimulation test
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
-* [[Pancreatic pseudocyst]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Toxin|Toxins]]
-* Recurrent [[acute pancreatitis]]
-* [[Genetics|Genetic]] predesposition
-* [[Autoimmunity|Autoimmune]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography]] ([[Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography|MRCP]])
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Bile acid malabsorption]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Fat droplets on [[sudan stain]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Reduced [[cholesterol]] level
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Malabsorption]]
-*[[Hypotension]]
-*[[Tachycardia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Genetic defects in ''[[SLC10A2]]''
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[SeHCAT]] test
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Microscopic colitis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
-* Fecal [[incontinence]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Hypokalemia]]
-* Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
-* Positive [[autoantibodies]] include:
-**RF
-**[[ANA]]
-**[[Anti-mitochondrial antibody|AMA]]
-**[[ANCA]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Arthritis]]
-* [[Uveitis]]
-* [[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
-* Pleuro [[pericarditis]]
-* [[Hypothyroidism]]
-* [[Psoriasis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Mucosal]] [[immune responses]] to luminal factors in a genetically predisposed individual
-* Drug–induced
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Colonoscopy]] with [[mucosal]] [[biopsy]] with [[mononuclear]] infiltrates:
-** [[Collagenous colitis]] is characterized by a colonic subepithelial [[collagen]] band >10 micrometers in diameter
-** [[Lymphocytic]] [[colitis]] is characterized by ≥20 intraepithelial [[lymphocytes]] (IEL) per 100 surface epithelial cells
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Infective colitis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*Rebound [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[stool culture]]
-*Positive fecal calprotectin
-*Positive fecal [[lactoferrin]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
-*Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Arthritis]]
-* [[Uveitis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Salmonella|''Salmonella'']]
-*[[Shigella|''Shigella'']]
-*[[Campylobacter|''Campylobacter'']]
-*''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli 0157:H7]]''
-*[[Clostridium difficile|''Clostridium difficile'']]
-*[[Entamoeba histolytica|''Entamoeba histolytica'']]
-*[[Adenoviridae|''Adenovirus'']]
-*[[Cytomegalovirus|''Cytomegalovirus'']]
-*[[Herpes simplex virus|''Herpes simplex virus'']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Stool culture]]
-*[[Blood culture]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Ischemic colitis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*Hyperactive then absent [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
-*[[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
-*Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
-*Elevated serum [[Lactic acid|lactate]]
-*Elevated [[lactate dehydrogenase]] ([[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]])
-*Elevated [[Creatine kinase|creatine phosphokinase]] ([[Creatine kinase|CPK]])
-*Elevated [[amylase]]
-*[[Hypoalbuminemia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Henoch-Schönlein purpura|IgA vasculitis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Thrombophilia|Hypercoagulability]]
-*Nonocclusive [[Ischemic colitis|colonic ischemia]]
-*[[Embolism|Embolic]] and [[Thrombosis|thrombotic]] arterial occlusion
-*[[Mesenteric vein thrombosis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Abdominal [[Computed tomography|CT scan]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Lactose intolerance]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal tenderness ]]
-* [[Abdominal distention]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Lactose tolerance test
-* Genetic testing
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Headache]]
-* [[Vertigo]]
-* [[Memory impairment]]
-* [[Lethargy]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Reduction of lactase enzyme activity or inability to produce persistent [[lactase]]
-* Congenital [[lactase deficiency]]
-* Secondary lactose malabsorption
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Small bowel]] [[biopsy]]
-* Lactose breath hydrogen test
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Abdominal distention]]
-* Normal [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Anxiety]]
-*[[Palpitation]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Unknown
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Diagnosis of exclusion
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Whipple's disease]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
-* [[Ascites]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Positive [[fecal fat]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓/↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Hypoalbuminemia]]
-*[[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Ocular motility disorders|Abnormal extraocular movement]]
-* [[Lymphadenopathy]]
-* [[Hyperpigmentation]]
-* [[Uveitis]]
-* [[Endocarditis]]
-* [[Encephalitis]]
-* [[Dementia]]
-* [[Pleural effusion]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Tropheryma whipplei|''Tropheryma whipplei'']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Small intestine]] [[biopsy]] for [[Tropheryma whipplei]] testing
-* [[PCR]] testing
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Tropical sprue]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Angular [[stomatitis]]
-* Oral mucosal lesion
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[stool culture]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
-* [[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]
-* [[Folate deficiency]]
-* [[Hypokalemia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Myalgia]]
-*[[Neuropathy]]
-*[[Edema]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* ''[[Escherichia coli]]''
-* ''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]''
-* ''[[Enterobacter cloacae]]''
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Diagnosis of exclusion
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome|Small bowel bacterial overgrowth]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[stool culture]]
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
-* Abnormal [[Hydrogen Breath Test|hydrogen breath test]]
-* [[Lactic acidosis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Rosacea]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Excess bacteria in the [[small intestine]]
-* Alterations in [[Intestine|intestinal]] [[anatomy]] or GI motility
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Diagnosis of exclusion
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Salmonellosis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distention]]
-*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[stool culture]]
-*Positive serologic testing
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
-*[[Hypernatremia]]
-*[[Hyponatremia]]
-* [[Hypercalciuria]]
-* [[Hypocitraturia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Post-infectious arthritis|Post–infectious arthritis]]
-* [[Obtundation]]
-* [[Bacteremia]]
-* [[Pericarditis]]
-* [[Pyelonephritis]]
-*[[Brain abscess]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Salmonella|''Salmonella'']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Stool culture]]
-|-
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Escherichia coli enteritis]]
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EPEC|'''EPEC''']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[stool culture]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*''[[Enteropathogenic E. coli]]''
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Hybridization probe|DNA probe]] or [[polymerase chain reaction]] ([[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]) of the ''EPEC'' adherence factor
-*[[Stool culture]]
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EAEC|'''EAEC''']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[stool culture]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Chronic infection in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Escherichia coli enteritis|''Enteroaggregative E. coli'']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Stool culture]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Aeromonas]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Abdominal distention]]
-* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
-* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[stool culture]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Wound [[infection]]
-*[[Bacteremia]]
-*[[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]
-*[[Meningitis]]
-*[[Ocular]] infection
-*[[Pneumonia]]
-*[[Urinary tract infection]]
-*[[Osteomyelitis]]
-*[[Peritonitis]]
-*[[Acute cholecystitis]]
-*[[Opportunistic infection|Opportunistic infections]] in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*''[[Aeromonas]]'' virulence factors including [[Endotoxin|endotoxins]], [[Hemolysin|hemolysins]], [[Enterotoxin|enterotoxins]], and adherence factors
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Blood culture]]
-*Wound [[Culture collection|culture]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Mycobacterium avium complex]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated [[Liver function tests|liver enzymes]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Opportunistic infection]] in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
-*[[Pulmonary]] [[infection]]
-*[[Lymphadenopathy|Adenopathy]]
-*[[Sleep hyperhidrosis|Night sweats]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Mycobacterium avium complex|''Mycobacterium avium complex'']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Blood culture]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[CMV colitis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Viral antigen assay
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Decreased [[CD4]] level
-*Abnormal [[Liver function tests|liver function test]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Encephalitis]]
-*[[Guillain-Barré syndrome|Guillain–Barré syndrome]]
-*[[Pneumonia]]
-*[[Retinitis]]
-*[[Pericarditis]] and [[myocarditis]]
-*[[Atherosclerosis]]
-*[[Venous thromboembolism|Venous thrombosis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Cytomegalovirus|''Cytomegalovirus'']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Quantitative polymerase chain reaction|Quantitative PCR]] tests
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Decreased [[CD4]] level
-*[[Electrolyte disturbance|Electrolyte imbalance]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Lymphadenopathy]]
-*Disseminated [[infection]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|''HIV'']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*HIV virologic (viral load) test
-*Immunoassay
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Entamoeba histolytica]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Liver abscess]]
-*Pleuropulmonary infection
-*[[Cardiac]] [[infection]]
-*[[Brain abscess]]
-*[[Skin and soft-tissue infections|Cutaneous infection]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Entamoeba histolytica|''Entamoeba histolytica'']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Antigen testing
-*Serology
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Giardia lamblia|Giardia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Malabsorption]]
-*[[Urticaria]]
-*[[Depression]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*''[[Giardia lamblia]]''
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Antigen detection assays
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Cryptosporidium]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive stool microscopy
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated [[alkaline phosphatase]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Chronic, life–threatening illness in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Cryptosporidium|''Cryptosporidium'']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Polymerase chain reaction
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Microsporidia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive stool microscopy
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Decreased [[CD4]] count
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Malabsorption]]
-*[[Keratitis]]
-*[[Seizure]]
-*[[Myositis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Microsporidia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Antigen detection assays
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Isospora]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive stool microscopy
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated [[Eosinophil granulocyte|eosinophils]]
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
-*Increased [[creatinine]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Chronic illness in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Isospora|''Isospora'']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Detecting oocysts in the feces
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Carcinoid syndrome|Carcinoid tumor]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Abdominal distention]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated urinary [[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid|5–hydroxyindoleacetic acid]] ([[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid|5–HIAA]]) level
-*High [[chromogranin A]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Flushing|Facial flushing]]
-*[[Jaundice]]
-*[[Edema]]
-*[[Valvular heart disease]]
-*[[Congestive heart failure|Right–sided heart failure]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Well–differentiated [[Neuroendocrine tumors|neuroendocrine tumor]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Blood [[chromogranin A]]  level
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[VIPoma]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Abdominal distention]]
-* Abdominal [[RUQ]] [[tenderness]]
-* [[Nausea]]
-* [[Vomiting]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated [[VIP]] level
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
-*[[Hypochlorhydria]] or [[achlorhydria]]
-*Low osmotic gap (<50 mOsm/kg)
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Rash]]
-* [[Facial flushing]]
-* [[Dehydration]]
-* [[Lethargy]]
-* [[Muscle weakness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Primary secretory tumor
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Blood [[VIP]] levels
-* Followed by imaging
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome|Zollinger–Ellison syndrome]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-** [[Tenderness|Epigastric tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Positive [[secretin]] stimulation test
-* Elevated serum [[chromogranin A]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-** [[Jaundice]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Gastrin]] producing [[tumor]] mainly in [[duodenum]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Secretin]] stimulation test
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Neuroendocrine tumors|Somatostatinoma]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-** [[Tenderness|Epigastric tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated fasting plasma [[somatostatin]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-** [[Diabetes mellitus]]
-** [[Gallstone disease|Cholelithiasis]]
-** [[Jaundice]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Neuroendocrine tumors]] of D–cell origin
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Plasma [[somatostatin]] level
-*Followed by imaging
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Lymphoma]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Paraproteinemia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Lactose intolerance]]
-* [[Ascites]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Primary [[tumor]] of GI tract
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Colorectal cancer]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Positive [[carcinoembryonic antigen]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Metastasis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[FAP|FAP gene]]
-*[[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer|HNPCC gene]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-** [[Colonoscopy]] and [[biopsy]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |Medications
-* [[ACE inhibitor|ACE inhibitors]]
-* [[Digoxin]]
-* [[Cephalosporin|Cephalosporins]]
-* [[Statins]]
-* [[Thiazide|Thiazide diuretics]]
-* [[Triptans]]
-* [[Lactulose]]
-* [[HIV AIDS medical therapy|Anti retroviral agents]]
-* [[Chemotherapy|Chemotherapeutic agents]]
-* [[Antifungal drug|Antifungals]]
-* [[Magnesium]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distention]]
-*[[Dehydration]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑/↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated plasma level of drug
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Inflammation]]
-*[[Pseudomembranous enterocolitis|Pseudomembranous colitis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |Factitious diarrhea
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distention]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑/↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
-*[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
-*[[Hypermagnesemia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Malabsorption]]
-*[[Lethargy]]
-*[[Generalized weakness]]
-*[[Acute kidney injury|Acute renal failure]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Medication|Medications]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Heavy metal ingestion]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distention]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated plasma heavy metal level
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Headache]]
-*[[Paresthesia|Numbness]]
-*[[Alopecia]]
-*[[Vertigo]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Heavy metal ingestion]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Plasma level of heavy metal
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Organophosphate poisoning]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Saliva|Salivation]]
-*[[Nausea and vomiting|Vomiting]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Reduced RBC acetylcholinesterase
-*Plasma [[cholinesterase]] activity
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Dysautonomia|Autonomic dysfunction]]
-*Motor deficit
-*Sensory deficit
-*[[Bronchospasm]]
-*[[Urination]]
-*[[Miosis]]
-*[[Bradycardia]]
-*[[Lacrimation]]
-*[[Sweating]]
-*[[Cardiac arrhythmia|Cardiac arrhythmias]]
-*[[Acute kidney injury|Acute renal injury]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Neurotoxin|Neurotoxins]] bind to [[ACHE|acetylcholinesterase]] (AChE)
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Opium withdrawal]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Azotemia]]
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
-*[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Dysphoria]]
-*[[Agitation (emotion)|Restlessness]]
-*[[Perspiration|Sweating]]
-*[[Rhinorrhea]]
-*[[Tears|Lacrimation]]
-*[[Myalgia]]
-*[[Arthralgia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Opium|Opium withdrawal]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis following [[opium withdrawal]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Short bowel syndrome]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
-* High level of [[Acute phase protein|acute phase reactant]]
-* Abnormal [[liver function tests]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Prior [[Intestine|intestinal]] surgery
-* [[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Crohn's disease]]
-* [[Cancer|Malignancy]]
-* Peripheral [[edema]]
-* [[Muscle atrophy]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Surgical [[bowel resection]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis following [[bowel resection]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Radiation enteropathy|Radiation enteritis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Vitamin B12 deficiency
-*[[Hypoalbuminemia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Prior history of [[Cancer|malignancy]] and [[radiation therapy]]
-*[[Malabsorption]]
-*[[Telangiectasia|Telangiectasias]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Radiation therapy|Radiation]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Segmental bowel [[inflammation]] on [[endoscopy]] or [[colonoscopy]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Gastric dumping syndrome|Dumping syndrome]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*Hyperactive [[bowel sound]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Hypoglycemia]]
-* [[Hydrogen Breath Test|Hydrogen breath test]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Malnutrition]]
-*[[Fat soluble vitamins|Fat soluble vitamin]] deficiency
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Post operative complications|Postgastrectomy]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis following [[gastrectomy]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Abetalipoproteinemia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal distension]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Low [[triglyceride]]
-* Low total [[cholesterol]] levels
-* [[Acanthocytes]]
-* Low [[vitamin E]] levels
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Ataxia]]
-* [[Visual field defect]]
-* [[Dysarthria]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Autosomal recessive]] disorder caused by mutations encoding the [[microsomal triglyceride transfer protein]] (MTP)
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Clinical findings and low [[triglyceride]] and [[cholesterol]] level
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Hyperthyroidism]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Elevated [[T4]]
-* Elevated [[T3]]
-* Decreased [[TSH]]
-* High serum [[alkaline phosphatase]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Lump in the neck
-* Lid lag
-* [[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Sweating]]
-* [[Hyperpigmentation]]
-* [[Proptosis]]
-* [[Tremor]]
-* Increased [[Deep tendon reflex|DTR]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Graves' disease]]
-* [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]
-* [[Toxic adenoma]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[TSH]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Diabetic neuropathy]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Fecal incontinence]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Hyperglycemia]]
-*[[Azotemia]]
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Malabsorption]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Unclear
-*Disordered [[motility]]
-*Increased [[Intestine|intestinal]] secretion
-*[[Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis in a patient with long lasting [[diabetes mellitus]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Scleroderma|Systemic sclerosis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal pain|Epigastric tenderness]]
-*[[Fecal incontinence]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Anti–[[Type I topoisomerase|topoisomerase I]] (Scl‑70) antibodies
-* [[Antinuclear antibodies]] ([[Antinuclear antibodies|ANA]])
-* [[Anti-centromere antibodies|Anti–centromere antibodies]]
-* Anti–[[RNA polymerase III]] antibody
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Malabsorption]]
-*[[Skin changes]]
-*[[Raynaud's phenomenon|Raynaud phenomenon]]
-*[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
-*[[Arthritis]]
-*[[Telangiectasia]]
-*[[Chronic renal failure]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Autoimmunity|Autoimmune reaction]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis
-*Followed by serologic tests
-|- }
-|}
 ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
 *The [[prevalence]] of SIBO is unknown.

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome
ICD-10	K63
ICD-9	579.9
DiseasesDB	29209
MedlinePlus	000222
eMedicine	med/198