Cardiomegaly causes: Difference between revisions

	Cardiomegaly Microchapters
Home
Patient Information
Overview
Historical Perspective
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Cardiomegaly from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
Chest X Ray
MRI
CT
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Prevention
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
Case #1
Cardiomegaly causes On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on Cardiomegaly causes
CDC on Cardiomegaly causes
Cardiomegaly causes in the news
Blogs on Cardiomegaly causes
Directions to Hospitals Treating Cardiomegaly causes
Risk calculators and risk factors for Cardiomegaly causes

VisualWikitext

Latest revision as of 16:19, 8 December 2014

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Cardiomegaly is often caused by hypertension, but it can also occur as a result of other heart conditions, such as congestive heart failure. Common causes of cardiomegaly due to dilation of the myocardium (not hypertrophy) are dilated cardiomyopathy (non-ischemic cardiomyopathy) and ischemic heart disease.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	ALCAPA, aortic dissection, aortic regurgitation, aortic stenosis, arrhythmia, atrial septal defect, carcinoid heart disease, cardiac myxoma, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, chronic thromboebolic pulmonary hypertension, coarctation of aorta, congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, cor pulmonale, Costello syndrome, Ebstein's anomaly, Eisenmenger's syndrome, endocardial fibroelastosis, endocarditis, familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, heart attack, hypertension, hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease, Kawasaki disease, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, Naxos disease, patent ductus arteriosus, pericardial effusion, pericarditis, peripartum cardiomyopathy, polyarteritis nodosa, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary regurgitation, pulmonary stenosis, rheumatic fever, Salih myopathy, tetralogy of fallot, transposition of great vessels, tricuspid regurgitation, tricuspid prolapse, valvular heart disease, ventricular aneurysm, ventricular septal defect, X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy
Chemical / poisoning	Beryllium, carbon monoxide, cobalt, ethylene glycol
Dermatologic	Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, Costello syndrome, hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia, multiple lentigines syndrome, Naxos disease
Drug Side Effect	Anagrelide, anastrozole, aspirin, atenolol, bleomycin, carfilzomib, certolizumab pegol, didanosine, disopyramide, donepezil, doxorubicin, dronedarone, ethanol, fludrocortisone, hydrocortisone, lapatinib ditosylate, letrozole, liposomal amphotericin B, lithium, mecasermin (recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I), oprelvekin, phenothiazines, phenylbutazone, pindolol, pramipexole, prednisolone, procainamide, propranolol, ropinirole, rosiglitazone, sunitinib malate, synthetic androgens, trastuzumab, triamcinolone , troglitazone, verapamil, zidovudine
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Acromegaly, carcinoid heart disease, cushing syndrome, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Mulibrey nanism
Genetic	1p36 deletion syndrome, Alstrom syndrome, Barth syndrome, Becker muscular dystrophy, Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency, congenital generalized lipodystrophy, Costello syndrome, Danon disease, desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, Fabry disease, familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Friedreich ataxia, fucosidosis, Gaucher disease, glycogenosis type 2b, hemochromatosis, hereditary spherocytosis, Hunter syndrome, hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia, infantile sialic acid storage disorder, isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, Laing distal myopathy, long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome, MELAS, Morquio syndrome, mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB, Hurler syndrome, Marfan's syndrome, Mulibrey nanism, multiple lentigines syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Naxos disease, Noonan syndrome, Pompe's disease, Refsum disease, Salih myopathy, Sandhoff disease, sickle cell disease, Singleton-Merten syndrome, Tay-Sachs' disease, thalassemia, very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy, Yunis-Varon syndrome
Hematologic	Anemia, hemochromatosis, hereditary spherocytosis, McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome, sickle cell disease, thalassemia
Iatrogenic	Water overload, postradiation, cardiac catheterization, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, heart surgery, percutaneous coronary intervention, postpericardiotomy syndrome
Infectious Disease	Brucellosis, chagas disease, coxsackie virus, cryptococcosis, cytomegalovirus, diphtheria, echovirus, Epstein-Barr, hepatitis, histoplasmosis, HIV, Lyme disease, psittacosis, rheumatic fever, rickettsial disease, schistosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, trichinosis, trypanosomiasis, typhoid fever, varicella
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Becker muscular dystrophy, desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, X-linked, hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia, Laing distal myopathy, Mulibrey nanism, myotonic dystrophy, Salih myopathy, Yunis-Varon syndrome
Neurologic	Costello syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, Mulibrey nanism
Nutritional / Metabolic	Alstrom syndrome, Barth syndrome, beri-beri, carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency, Fabry disease, fucosidosis, Gaucher disease, glycogenosis type 2b, Hunter syndrome, infantile sialic acid storage disorder, isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, kwashiorkor, long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, Morquio syndrome, mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB, Pompe's disease, Refsum disease, Sandhoff disease, selenium deficiency, Tay-Sachs' disease
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Hemolytic disease of the newborn, infants born to diabetic mothers, peripartum cardiomyopathy, peripartum heart failure, pregnancy, twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
Oncologic	Carcinoid heart disease, cardiac myxoma, lymphadenopathy, mediastinal mass, pheochromocytoma
Opthalmologic	Mulibrey nanism, Alstrom syndrome
Overdose / Toxicity	Anastrozole, lithium, mecasermin (recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I), olanzapine, oprelvekin, phenothiazines, phenylbutazone, pindolol, procainamide, rosiglitazone, sunitinib malate, trastuzumab, troglitazone, verapamil, zidovudine
Psychiatric	Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Pulmonary	Coal worker pneumoconiosis, COPD, cor pulmonale, fibrosing mediastinitis, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, sleep apnea
Renal / Electrolyte	Hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, renal failure, uremia
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Amyloidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Blunt or penetrating chest trauma, esophogeal perforation
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Alcoholism, athletes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Cardiomegaly causes developed by WikiDoc.org

References

Template:WH Template:WS

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{Cardiomegaly}}
-{{CMG}}
+{{CMG}}; {{M.P}}
 ==Overview==
-There are numerous causes of cardiomegaly some of which include medications, genetic conditions, endocrine conditions, infectious processes, toxins and iatrogenic causes.
+Cardiomegaly is often caused by [[hypertension]], but it can also occur as a result of other heart conditions, such as [[congestive heart failure]].  Common causes of cardiomegaly due to dilation of the myocardium (not hypertrophy) are [[dilated cardiomyopathy]] (non-ischemic [[cardiomyopathy]]) and [[ischemic heart disease]].
 ==Causes==
 ===Life Threatening Causes===
-*[[Myocardial infarction]]
+Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
-*[[Pericardial effusion]]
+*[[Aortic dissection]]
-*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
+*[[Cardiac tamponade]]
-*[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
+*[[Congestive heart failure]]
-*[[Uremia]]
+*[[Myocardial rupture]]
-*[[Ventricular aneurysm]]
 ===Common Causes===
-* [[Amyloidosis]]
-* [[Anemia]]
-* [[Arrhythmia]]
 * [[Cardiomyopathy]]
-* [[congestive heart failure]]
+* [[Congestive heart failure]]
-* [[Hemochromatosis]]
+* [[Hypertensive heart disease]]
-* [[Hyperthyroidism]]
-* [[Pulmonary hypertension]]
 * [[Valvular heart disease]]
+* [[Fludrocortisone]]
+* [[Hypothyroidism]]
+* [[Lymphadenopathy]]
 ===Causes by Organ System===
+{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
-{|style="width:70%; height:100px" border="1"
 |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[ALCAPA]], [[aortic regurgitation]], [[aortic stenosis]], [[arrhythmia]], [[atrial septal defect]], [[carcinoid|carcinoid heart disease]], [[cardiac myxoma]], [[cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome]], [[pulmonary hypertension|chronic thromboebolic pulmonary hypertension]], [[coarctation of aorta]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[cor pulmonale]], [[Costello syndrome]], [[diabetes]], [[Ebstein's anomaly]], [[Eisenmenger's syndrome]], [[endocardial fibroelastosis]], [[endocarditis]], epicardial fat pad, [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[heart attack]], [[hypertension]], [[hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]], [[idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[ischaemic heart disease]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[mitral regurgitation]], [[mitral valve prolapse]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[myocarditis]], [[Naxos disease]], [[patent ductus arteriosus]], [[pericardial effusion]], [[pericarditis]], [[peripartum cardiomyopathy]], [[polyarteritis nodosa]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[pulmonary regurgitation]], [[pulmonary stenosis]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[Salih myopathy]], [[tetralogy of fallot]], [[transposition of great vessels]], [[tricuspid regurgitation]], [[tricuspid prolapse]], [[valvular heart disease]], [[ventricular aneurysm]], [[ventricular septal defect]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy|X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy]]
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[ALCAPA]], [[aortic dissection]], [[aortic regurgitation]], [[aortic stenosis]], [[arrhythmia]], [[atrial septal defect]], [[carcinoid|carcinoid heart disease]], [[cardiac myxoma]], [[cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome]], [[pulmonary hypertension|chronic thromboebolic pulmonary hypertension]], [[coarctation of aorta]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[cor pulmonale]], [[Costello syndrome]], [[Ebstein's anomaly]], [[Eisenmenger's syndrome]], [[endocardial fibroelastosis]], [[endocarditis]],  [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[heart attack]], [[hypertension]], [[hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]], [[idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[ischemic heart disease]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[mitral regurgitation]], [[mitral valve prolapse]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[myocarditis]], [[Naxos disease]], [[patent ductus arteriosus]], [[pericardial effusion]], [[pericarditis]], [[peripartum cardiomyopathy]], [[polyarteritis nodosa]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[pulmonary regurgitation]], [[pulmonary stenosis]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[Salih myopathy]], [[tetralogy of fallot]], [[transposition of great vessels]], [[tricuspid regurgitation]], [[tricuspid prolapse]], [[valvular heart disease]], [[ventricular aneurysm]], [[ventricular septal defect]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy|X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Chemical / poisoning'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Beryllium]], [[carbon monoxide]], [[cobalt]], [[ethylene glycol]], [[lead]], [[mercury]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Beryllium]], [[carbon monoxide]], [[cobalt]], [[ethylene glycol]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 43: / Line 38: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Atenolol]], [[bleomycin]], [[carfilzomib]], [[certolizumab pegol]], [[chloroquine]], [[didanosine]], [[disopyramide]], [[doxorubucin]], [[dronedarone]], [[epirubicin]], [[ethanol]], [[5-fluorouracil]], [[imatinib mesylate]], [[lapatinib ditosylate]], [[lithium]], [[phenothiazines]], [[phenylbutazone]], [[procainamide]], [[propranolol]], [[rosiglitazone]], [[sunitinib malate]], [[trastuzumab]], [[troglitazone]], [[verapamil]], [[zalcitabine]], [[zidovudine]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anagrelide]], [[anastrozole]], [[aspirin]], [[atenolol]], [[bleomycin]], [[carfilzomib]], [[certolizumab pegol]], [[didanosine]], [[disopyramide]], [[donepezil]], [[doxorubicin]], [[dronedarone]], [[ethanol]], [[fludrocortisone]], [[hydrocortisone]], [[lapatinib ditosylate]], [[letrozole]], [[amphotericin B|liposomal amphotericin B]], [[lithium]], [[insulin-like growth factor|mecasermin (recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I)]], [[oprelvekin]], [[phenothiazines]], [[phenylbutazone]], [[pindolol]], [[pramipexole]], [[prednisolone]], [[procainamide]], [[propranolol]], [[ropinirole]], [[rosiglitazone]], [[sunitinib malate]], [[androgens|synthetic androgens]], [[trastuzumab]], [[triamcinolone]] , [[troglitazone]], [[verapamil]], [[zidovudine]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 51: / Line 46: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Endocrine'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acromegaly]], [[carcinoid|carcinoid heart disease]], [[cushing syndrome]], [[hyperparathyroidism]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[hypothyroidism]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acromegaly]], [[carcinoid|carcinoid heart disease]], [[cushing syndrome]], [[diabetes]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[hypothyroidism]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 63: / Line 58: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Genetic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[1p36 deletion syndrome]], [[Alstrom syndrome]], [[Barth syndrome]], [[Becker muscular dystrophy]], [[Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome]], [[cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome]], [[carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency]], [[congenital generalized lipodystrophy]], [[Costello syndrome]], [[Danon disease]], [[Desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy]], [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]], [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, X-linked]], [[Fabry disease]], [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[Friedreich ataxia]], [[fucosidosis]], [[Gaucher disease]], [[glycogenosis type 2]], [[glycogenosis type 2b]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[hereditary spherocytosis]], [[Hunter syndrome]], [[hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]], [[infantile sialic acid storage disorder]], [[Isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Laing distal myopathy]], [[long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency]], [[McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome]], [[MELAS]], [[Morquio syndrome]], [[mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB]], [[Hurler syndrome]], [[Marfan's syndrome]], [[Mulibrey nanism]], [[multiple lentigines syndrome]], [[myotonic dystrophy]], [[Naxos disease]], [[Noonan syndrome]], [[Pompe's disease]], [[Refsum disease]], [[Salih myopathy]], [[Sandhoff disease]], [[sickle cell disease]], [[Singleton-Merten syndrome]], [[Tay-Sachs' disease]], [[thalassemia]], [[very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy|X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[Yunis-Varon syndrome]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[1p36 deletion syndrome]], [[Alstrom syndrome]], [[Barth syndrome]], [[Becker muscular dystrophy]], [[Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome]], [[cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome]], [[carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency]], [[congenital generalized lipodystrophy]], [[Costello syndrome]], [[Danon disease]], [[desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy]], [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]], [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]], [[Fabry disease]], [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[Friedreich ataxia]], [[fucosidosis]], [[Gaucher disease]], [[glycogenosis type 2b]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[hereditary spherocytosis]], [[Hunter syndrome]], [[hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]], [[infantile sialic acid storage disorder]], [[isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Laing distal myopathy]], [[long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency]], [[McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome]], [[MELAS]], [[Morquio syndrome]], [[mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB]], [[Hurler syndrome]], [[Marfan's syndrome]], [[Mulibrey nanism]], [[multiple lentigines syndrome]], [[myotonic dystrophy]], [[Naxos disease]], [[Noonan syndrome]], [[Pompe's disease]], [[Refsum disease]], [[Salih myopathy]], [[Sandhoff disease]], [[sickle cell disease]], [[Singleton-Merten syndrome]], [[Tay-Sachs' disease]], [[thalassemia]], [[very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy|X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[Yunis-Varon syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 71: / Line 66: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Iatrogenic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Water overload]], [[postradiation]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Water overload]], [[postradiation]], [[cardiac catheterization]], [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]], [[heart surgery]], [[percutaneous coronary intervention]], [[postpericardiotomy syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 79: / Line 74: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Becker muscular dystrophy]], [[desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy]], [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]], [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, X-linked]], [[hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]], [[Laing distal myopathy]], [[Mulibrey nanism]], [[myotonic dystrophy]], [[Salih myopathy]],, [[Yunis-Varon syndrome]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Becker muscular dystrophy]], [[desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy]], [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]], [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, X-linked]], [[hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]], [[Laing distal myopathy]], [[Mulibrey nanism]], [[myotonic dystrophy]], [[Salih myopathy]],  [[Yunis-Varon syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 91: / Line 86: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hemolytic disease of the newborn]], [[gestational diabetes|infants born to diabetic mothers]], [[peripartum cardiomyopathy]], [[peripartum cardiomyopathy|peripartum heart failure]], [[pregnancy]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hemolytic disease of the newborn]], [[gestational diabetes|infants born to diabetic mothers]], [[peripartum cardiomyopathy]], [[peripartum cardiomyopathy|peripartum heart failure]], [[pregnancy]], [[twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 103: / Line 98: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Atenolol]], [[bleomycin]], [[carfilzomib]], [[certolizumab pegol]], [[chloroquine]], [[didanosine]], [[disopyramide]], [[doxorubucin]], [[dronedarone]], [[epirubicin]], [[ethanol]], [[5-fluorouracil]], [[imatinib mesylate]], [[lapatinib ditosylate]], [[lithium]], [[phenothiazines]], [[phenylbutazone]], [[procainamide]], [[propranolol]], [[rosiglitazone]], [[sunitinib malate]], [[trastuzumab]], [[troglitazone]], [[verapamil]], [[zalcitabine]], [[zidovudine]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anastrozole]], [[lithium]], [[insulin-like growth factor|mecasermin (recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I)]], [[olanzapine]], [[oprelvekin]], [[phenothiazines]], [[phenylbutazone]], [[pindolol]], [[procainamide]], [[rosiglitazone]], [[sunitinib malate]], [[trastuzumab]], [[troglitazone]], [[verapamil]], [[zidovudine]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 111: / Line 106: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Pulmonary'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Coal worker pneumoconiosis]], [[COPD]], [[cor pulmonale]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[sleep apnea]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Coal worker pneumoconiosis]], [[COPD]], [[cor pulmonale]], [[mediastinitis|fibrosing mediastinitis]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[sleep apnea]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 127: / Line 122: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Trauma'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[chest trauma|Blunt or penetrating chest trauma]], [[esophageal rupture|esophogeal perforation]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 144: / Line 139: @@
 ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
-{{MultiCol}}
+{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[1p36 deletion syndrome]]
-*[[5-Fluorouracil]]
 *[[Acromegaly]]
 *[[ALCAPA]]
@@ Line 152: / Line 147: @@
 *[[Alstrom syndrome]]
 *[[Amyloidosis]]
+*[[Anagrelide]]
+*[[Anastrozole]]
 *[[Anemia]]
+*[[Aortic dissection]]
 *[[Aortic regurgitation]]
 *[[Aortic stenosis]]
@@ Line 165: / Line 163: @@
 *[[Beryllium]]
 *[[Bleomycin]]
+*[[chest trauma|Blunt or penetrating chest trauma]]
 *[[Brucellosis]]
 *[[Carbon monoxide]]
 *[[Carcinoid|Carcinoid heart disease]]
+*[[Cardiac catheterization]]
 *[[Cardiac myxoma ]]
 *[[Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome]]
+*[[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation]]
 *[[Carfilzomib]]
 *[[Carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency]]
 *[[Certolizumab pegol]]
 *[[Chagas disease]]
-*[[Chloroquine]]
 *[[pulmonary hypertension|Chronic thromboebolic pulmonary hypertension]]
 *[[Coal worker pneumoconiosis]]
@@ Line 202: / Line 202: @@
 *[[Echovirus]]
 *[[Eisenmenger's syndrome]]
-*[[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, X-linked]]
+*[[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]]
 *[[Endocardial fibroelastosis]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
-{{ColBreak}}
 *[[Endocarditis]]
-*Epicardial fat pad<ref name="GoelAlharthi2010">{{cite journal|last1=Goel|first1=Ramil|last2=Alharthi|first2=MohsenS|last3=Jiamsripong|first3=Panupong|last4=Cha|first4=Stephen|last5=Mookadam|first5=Farouk|title=Epicardial fat and its association with cardiovascular risk: A cross-sectional observational study|journal=Heart Views|volume=11|issue=3|year=2010|pages=103|issn=1995-705X|doi=10.4103/1995-705X.76801}}</ref>
 *[[Epirubicin]]
+*[[esophageal rupture|Esophogeal perforation]]
 *[[Ethanol]]
 *[[Ethylene glycol]]
@@ Line 218: / Line 218: @@
 *[[Glycogenosis type 2b]]
 *[[Heart attack]]
+*[[Heart surgery]]
 *[[Hemochromatosis]]
 *[[Hemolytic disease of the newborn]]
@@ Line 237: / Line 238: @@
 *[[Infantile sialic acid storage disorder]]
 *[[gestational diabetes|Infants born to diabetic mothers]]
-*[[Ischaemic heart disease]]
+*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
 *[[Isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]]
 *[[Kawasaki disease]]
@@ Line 243: / Line 244: @@
 *[[Laing distal myopathy]]
 *[[Lapatinib ditosylate]]
-*[[Lead]]
+*[[Letrozole]]
+*[[amphotericin B|Liposomal amphotericin B]]
 *[[Lithium]]
 *[[Long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]]
@@ Line 252: / Line 254: @@
 *[[Marfan's syndrome]]
 *[[McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome]]
+*[[insulin-like growth factor|Mecasermin (recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I)]]
 *[[Mediastinal mass]]
 *[[MELAS]]
@@ Line 261: / Line 264: @@
 *[[Mulibrey nanism]]
 *[[Multiple lentigines syndrome]]
+*[[Myocardial infarction]]
 *[[Myocarditis]]
-*[[Myocardial infarction]]
 *[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
 *[[Naxos disease]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
-{{ColBreak}}
 *[[Noonan syndrome]]
+*[[Oprelvekin]]
 *[[Patent ductus arteriosus]]
+*[[Percutaneous coronary intervention]]
 *[[Pericardial effusion]]
 *[[Pericarditis]]
@@ Line 278: / Line 283: @@
 *[[Polyarteritis nodosa]]
 *[[Pompe's disease]]
+*[[Postpericardiotomy syndrome]]
 *[[Postradiation]]
 *[[Pregnancy]]
@@ Line 300: / Line 306: @@
 *[[Sleep apnea]]
 *[[Sunitinib malate]]
+*[[androgens|Synthetic androgens]]
 *[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
 *[[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]]
@@ Line 324: / Line 331: @@
 *[[dilated cardiomyopathy|X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy]]
 *[[Yunis-Varon syndrome]]
-*[[Zalcitabine]]
 *[[Zidovudine]]
-{{EndMultiCol}}
+{{col-end}}
+<font color="white">{{Smallcaps|{{PAGENAME}} developed by WikiDoc.org}}</font>
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}
+[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
+[[Category:Cardiology]]
+[[Category:Disease]]
+[[Category:Medicine]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
 {{WH}}
 {{WS}}
-[[Category:Cardiology]]
-[[Category:Disease]]