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{{Trichomoniasis}}
{{Trichomoniasis}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Antimicrobial]] therapy is the standard of care for trichomoniasis in both genders once the diagnosis has been confirmed. The symptoms of trichomoniasis among infected men may disappear within a few weeks even without treatment, but asymptomatic men may continue to be infectious and should therefore be treated. [[Antimicrobial]] therapy generally includes either [[metronidazole]] or [[tinidazole]] 2 g PO in a single dose. Prolonged therapy for 7 days is indicated among patients who fail to respond to the initial course of therapy. Following successful treatment, individuals may still be susceptible to re-infection.
==Medical Therapy==
==Medical Therapy==
[[Antimicrobial]] therapy is the standard of care for trichomoniasis in both genders once the diagnosis has been confirmed.<ref name="pmid15489348">{{cite journal| author=Cudmore SL, Delgaty KL, Hayward-McClelland SF, Petrin DP, Garber GE| title=Treatment of infections caused by metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2004 | volume= 17 | issue= 4 | pages= 783-93, table of contents | pmid=15489348 | doi=10.1128/CMR.17.4.783-793.2004 | pmc=523556 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15489348  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23322080">{{cite journal| author=Coleman JS, Gaydos CA, Witter F| title=Trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis in obstetrics and gynecology practice: new concepts and controversies. | journal=Obstet Gynecol Surv | year= 2013 | volume= 68 | issue= 1 | pages= 43-50 | pmid=23322080 | doi=10.1097/OGX.0b013e318279fb7d | pmc=3586271 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23322080  }} </ref><ref name="Std"> http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/trichomoniasis.htm, Accessed on September 13, 2016</ref> The symptoms of trichomoniasis in infected men may disappear within a few weeks even without treatment, but asymptomatic men may continue to be infectious and should therefore be treated.
===Antimicrobial Regimen===
:*1. '''''T. vaginalis'' infection in women'''
::*Preferred regimen:  [[Metronidazole]] 500  mg PO bid for 7 days
::*Alternative regimen: [[Tinidazole]] 2 g PO in a single dose
::*Note: Patients should avoid sexual contact until they are fully cured of trichomoniasis
::*Note: Testing for other STIs, including [[HIV|HIV,]] [[syphilis]], [[gonorrhea]], and [[chlamydia]], should be performed for persons with ''T. vaginalis''.
::
::2. '''''T. vaginalis'' infection in men'''
::* Preferred regimen: [[Metronidazole]] 2 g PO in a single dose
::* Alternative regimen: [[Tinidazole]] 2 g PO in a single dose
::* Note: Patients should avoid sexual contact until they are fully cured of trichomoniasis
::*Note: Testing for other STIs, including [[HIV|HIV,]] [[syphilis]], [[gonorrhea]], and [[chlamydia]], should be performed for persons with ''T. vaginalis''.
:*2. '''''T. vaginalis'' infection in pregnant and lactating Women'''
::*2.1 '''Pregnant women'''
:::*Preferred regimen: [[Metronidazole]] 2 g PO in a single dose
::*2.2 '''Post-partum and Breastfeeding'''
:::*Preferred regimen (1): [[Metronidazole]] 500  mg PO bid for 7 days
:::*Preferred regimen (2): [[Tinidazole]] 2 g PO in a single dose
:::*Note (1): Do not breastfeed for 12-24 hrs following [[Metronidazole]] and 72 hrs following  [[Tinidazole]]
:::*Note (2): Symptomatic pregnant women, regardless of pregnancy stage, should be tested and considered for treatment.<ref>Trintis, J., et al. "Neonatal Trichomonas vaginalis infection: a case report and review of literature." International journal of STD & AIDS 21.8 (2010): 606-607.</ref> Pregnant women should be advised of the risk and benefits to treatment as infection (definitely) and treatment (possibly)
:::*Note (3): Pregnant women with HIV who are treated for T. vaginalis infection should be retested 3 months after treatment.
:*3. '''''T. vaginalis'' infection in patients with HIV'''
::*Preferred regimen: [[Metronidazole]] 500  mg PO bid for 7 days
:*4. '''Persistent or recurrent trichomoniasis'''<ref name="urlwww.cdc.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/STI-Guidelines-2021.pdf |title=www.cdc.gov |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
::*4.1 '''Treatment failure:'''
::**4.1.1 In a woman after completing a regimen and has been re-exposed to an untreated partner
::***Preferred regimen: [[Metronidazole]] 500  mg PO bid for 7 days
::**4.1.2 In a woman after completing a regimen and no re-exposure has occurred:
::***Preferred regimen (1): [[Metronidazole]] 2 g PO for 7 days
::***Preferred regimen (2): [[Tinidazole]] 2 g PO for 7 days
::**4.1.3 In men after completing a regimen and has been re-exposed to an untreated partner
::***Preferred regimen: [[Metronidazole]] single 2-g dose.
::**4.1.4 In men after completing a regimen and no re-exposure has occurred:
::**Preferred regimen (1): [[Metronidazole]] 500 mg PO BID for 7 days.
::*4.2 '''Nitroimidazole-resistant ''T. vaginalis'''''
::*Antibiotic susceptibility testing recommended
::*Preferred regimen: [[Tinidazole]] or [[metronidazole]]  2 g daily for 7 days
::*Alternative regimen (1):  high-dose oral [[tinidazole]] 2 g daily plus  [[tinidazole]] 500 mg BID intravaginal for 14 days
::*Alternative regimen (2): If the first failed, high-dose oral [[tinidazole]] 1 g TID plus [[paromomycin]] 4 g of 6.25% intravaginal [[paromomycin]] cream nightly for 14 days.
===Treatment of Sexual Partners===
*Sexual partners of patients with trichomoniasis should be treated.<ref name="Std"> http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/trichomoniasis.htm, Accessed on September 13, 2016</ref><ref>Kissinger, Patricia, et al. "Patient-delivered partner treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis infection: a randomized controlled trial." Sexually transmitted diseases 33.7 (2006): 445-450.</ref>
*Patients and their sexual partners should avoid sexual contact until they are fully cured of trichomoniasis.
===Follow-up===
*Patients should be re-evaluated at the end of the [[antimicrobial]] therapy regimen to determine whether therapy has been successful.
*Patients should be instructed that they are still susceptible to re-infection.
*Retesting is recommended for sexually active women within 3 months of treatment for initial infection. If retesting at 3 months is not possible, clinicians should retest whenever persons next seek medical care <12 months after initial treatment. <ref>Van Der Pol, Barbara, et al. "Prevalence, incidence, natural history, and response to treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among adolescent women." Journal of Infectious Diseases 192.12 (2005): 2039-2044.</ref>
*Data are insufficient to support retesting men after treatment.
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2] Nuha Al-Howthi, MD[3]

Overview

Antimicrobial therapy is the standard of care for trichomoniasis in both genders once the diagnosis has been confirmed. The symptoms of trichomoniasis among infected men may disappear within a few weeks even without treatment, but asymptomatic men may continue to be infectious and should therefore be treated. Antimicrobial therapy generally includes either metronidazole or tinidazole 2 g PO in a single dose. Prolonged therapy for 7 days is indicated among patients who fail to respond to the initial course of therapy. Following successful treatment, individuals may still be susceptible to re-infection.

Medical Therapy

Antimicrobial therapy is the standard of care for trichomoniasis in both genders once the diagnosis has been confirmed.[1][2][3] The symptoms of trichomoniasis in infected men may disappear within a few weeks even without treatment, but asymptomatic men may continue to be infectious and should therefore be treated.

Antimicrobial Regimen

  • 1. T. vaginalis infection in women
  • Preferred regimen: Metronidazole 500 mg PO bid for 7 days
  • Alternative regimen: Tinidazole 2 g PO in a single dose
  • Note: Patients should avoid sexual contact until they are fully cured of trichomoniasis
  • Note: Testing for other STIs, including HIV, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia, should be performed for persons with T. vaginalis.
2. T. vaginalis infection in men
  • Preferred regimen: Metronidazole 2 g PO in a single dose
  • Alternative regimen: Tinidazole 2 g PO in a single dose
  • Note: Patients should avoid sexual contact until they are fully cured of trichomoniasis
  • Note: Testing for other STIs, including HIV, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia, should be performed for persons with T. vaginalis.
  • 2. T. vaginalis infection in pregnant and lactating Women
  • 2.1 Pregnant women
  • 2.2 Post-partum and Breastfeeding
  • Preferred regimen (1): Metronidazole 500 mg PO bid for 7 days
  • Preferred regimen (2): Tinidazole 2 g PO in a single dose
  • Note (1): Do not breastfeed for 12-24 hrs following Metronidazole and 72 hrs following Tinidazole
  • Note (2): Symptomatic pregnant women, regardless of pregnancy stage, should be tested and considered for treatment.[4] Pregnant women should be advised of the risk and benefits to treatment as infection (definitely) and treatment (possibly)
  • Note (3): Pregnant women with HIV who are treated for T. vaginalis infection should be retested 3 months after treatment.
  • 3. T. vaginalis infection in patients with HIV
  • 4. Persistent or recurrent trichomoniasis[5]
  • 4.1 Treatment failure:
    • 4.1.1 In a woman after completing a regimen and has been re-exposed to an untreated partner
    • 4.1.2 In a woman after completing a regimen and no re-exposure has occurred:
    • 4.1.3 In men after completing a regimen and has been re-exposed to an untreated partner
    • 4.1.4 In men after completing a regimen and no re-exposure has occurred:
    • Preferred regimen (1): Metronidazole 500 mg PO BID for 7 days.
  • 4.2 Nitroimidazole-resistant T. vaginalis
  • Antibiotic susceptibility testing recommended
  • Preferred regimen: Tinidazole or metronidazole 2 g daily for 7 days
  • Alternative regimen (1): high-dose oral tinidazole 2 g daily plus tinidazole 500 mg BID intravaginal for 14 days
  • Alternative regimen (2): If the first failed, high-dose oral tinidazole 1 g TID plus paromomycin 4 g of 6.25% intravaginal paromomycin cream nightly for 14 days.

Treatment of Sexual Partners

  • Sexual partners of patients with trichomoniasis should be treated.[3][6]
  • Patients and their sexual partners should avoid sexual contact until they are fully cured of trichomoniasis.

Follow-up

  • Patients should be re-evaluated at the end of the antimicrobial therapy regimen to determine whether therapy has been successful.
  • Patients should be instructed that they are still susceptible to re-infection.
  • Retesting is recommended for sexually active women within 3 months of treatment for initial infection. If retesting at 3 months is not possible, clinicians should retest whenever persons next seek medical care <12 months after initial treatment. [7]
  • Data are insufficient to support retesting men after treatment.

References

  1. Cudmore SL, Delgaty KL, Hayward-McClelland SF, Petrin DP, Garber GE (2004). "Treatment of infections caused by metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 17 (4): 783–93, table of contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.17.4.783-793.2004. PMC 523556. PMID 15489348.
  2. Coleman JS, Gaydos CA, Witter F (2013). "Trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis in obstetrics and gynecology practice: new concepts and controversies". Obstet Gynecol Surv. 68 (1): 43–50. doi:10.1097/OGX.0b013e318279fb7d. PMC 3586271. PMID 23322080.
  3. 3.0 3.1 http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/trichomoniasis.htm, Accessed on September 13, 2016
  4. Trintis, J., et al. "Neonatal Trichomonas vaginalis infection: a case report and review of literature." International journal of STD & AIDS 21.8 (2010): 606-607.
  5. "www.cdc.gov" (PDF).
  6. Kissinger, Patricia, et al. "Patient-delivered partner treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis infection: a randomized controlled trial." Sexually transmitted diseases 33.7 (2006): 445-450.
  7. Van Der Pol, Barbara, et al. "Prevalence, incidence, natural history, and response to treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among adolescent women." Journal of Infectious Diseases 192.12 (2005): 2039-2044.


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