Pneumonia other imaging findings: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
[[Bronchoscopy]] with bronchoalveolar lavage is useful to obtain samples for [[gram stain]] and culture in patients with certain conditions, such as immunocompromised patients, ICU admission or antibiotic failure. | [[Bronchoscopy]] with [[bronchoalveolar lavage]] is useful to obtain samples for [[gram stain]] and culture in patients with certain conditions, such as [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients, [[Intensive care unit|ICU]] admission, or [[antibiotic]] failure. | ||
==Bronchoscopy== | ==Bronchoscopy== | ||
*[[Bronchoscopy]] is used in the diagnosis of pneumonia only in certain cases, such as patients admitted in the ICU, immunocompromised patients, or patients with treatment failure. | *[[Bronchoscopy]] is used in the diagnosis of pneumonia only in certain cases, such as patients admitted in the [[Intensive care unit|ICU]], [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients, or patients with treatment failure. | ||
*When [[sputum]] is not produced or not sufficient for evaluation, bronchoscopic sampling and [[bronchoalveolar lavage]] (BAL) is used to collect samples for [[gram stain]] and culture.<ref name="MandellWunderink2007">{{cite journal|last1=Mandell|first1=L. A.|last2=Wunderink|first2=R. G.|last3=Anzueto|first3=A.|last4=Bartlett|first4=J. G.|last5=Campbell|first5=G. D.|last6=Dean|first6=N. C.|last7=Dowell|first7=S. F.|last8=File|first8=T. M.|last9=Musher|first9=D. M.|last10=Niederman|first10=M. S.|last11=Torres|first11=A.|last12=Whitney|first12=C. G.|title=Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=44|issue=Supplement 2|year=2007|pages=S27–S72|issn=1058-4838|doi=10.1086/511159}}</ref> | *When [[sputum]] is not produced or not sufficient for evaluation, bronchoscopic sampling and [[bronchoalveolar lavage]] (BAL) is used to collect samples for [[gram stain]] and culture.<ref name="MandellWunderink2007">{{cite journal|last1=Mandell|first1=L. A.|last2=Wunderink|first2=R. G.|last3=Anzueto|first3=A.|last4=Bartlett|first4=J. G.|last5=Campbell|first5=G. D.|last6=Dean|first6=N. C.|last7=Dowell|first7=S. F.|last8=File|first8=T. M.|last9=Musher|first9=D. M.|last10=Niederman|first10=M. S.|last11=Torres|first11=A.|last12=Whitney|first12=C. G.|title=Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=44|issue=Supplement 2|year=2007|pages=S27–S72|issn=1058-4838|doi=10.1086/511159}}</ref> | ||
*[[Bronchoscopy]] is particularly helpful in the diagnosis of PCP, as the sputum analysis have a high false-negative rate. <ref name="pmid3484921">{{cite journal| author=Pitchenik AE, Ganjei P, Torres A, Evans DA, Rubin E, Baier H| title=Sputum examination for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | journal=Am Rev Respir Dis | year= 1986 | volume= 133 | issue= 2 | pages= 226-9 | pmid=3484921 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3484921 }} </ref> | *[[Bronchoscopy]] is particularly helpful in the diagnosis of [[Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia|PCP]], as the [[sputum]] analysis have a high false-negative rate. <ref name="pmid3484921">{{cite journal| author=Pitchenik AE, Ganjei P, Torres A, Evans DA, Rubin E, Baier H| title=Sputum examination for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | journal=Am Rev Respir Dis | year= 1986 | volume= 133 | issue= 2 | pages= 226-9 | pmid=3484921 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3484921 }} </ref> | ||
==Ultrasound== | ==Ultrasound== | ||
*In one study, [[ultrasonography]] was used to diagnose community acquired pneumonia with a high sensitivity and specificity (Sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 98%).<ref name="pmid22700780">{{cite journal| author=Reissig A, Copetti R, Mathis G, Mempel C, Schuler A, Zechner P et al.| title=Lung ultrasound in the diagnosis and follow-up of community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective, multicenter, diagnostic accuracy study. | journal=Chest | year= 2012 | volume= 142 | issue= 4 | pages= 965-72 | pmid=22700780 | doi=10.1378/chest.12-0364 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22700780 }} </ref> | *In one study, [[ultrasonography]] was used to diagnose community acquired pneumonia with a high [[Sensitivity (tests)|sensitivity]] and [[Specificity (tests)|specificity]] ([[Sensitivity (tests)|sensitivity]] of 93% and [[Specificity (tests)|specificity]] of 98%).<ref name="pmid22700780">{{cite journal| author=Reissig A, Copetti R, Mathis G, Mempel C, Schuler A, Zechner P et al.| title=Lung ultrasound in the diagnosis and follow-up of community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective, multicenter, diagnostic accuracy study. | journal=Chest | year= 2012 | volume= 142 | issue= 4 | pages= 965-72 | pmid=22700780 | doi=10.1378/chest.12-0364 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22700780 }} </ref> | ||
*Findings in the ultrasound for pneumonia include air bronchogram within an echopoor area and pleural effusion seen in some cases. <ref name="pmid24481027">{{cite journal| author=Reissig A, Copetti R| title=Lung ultrasound in community-acquired pneumonia and in interstitial lung diseases. | journal=Respiration | year= 2014 | volume= 87 | issue= 3 | pages= 179-89 | pmid=24481027 | doi=10.1159/000357449 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24481027 }} </ref> | *Findings in the [[ultrasound]] for pneumonia include air bronchogram within an echopoor area and pleural effusion seen in some cases. <ref name="pmid24481027">{{cite journal| author=Reissig A, Copetti R| title=Lung ultrasound in community-acquired pneumonia and in interstitial lung diseases. | journal=Respiration | year= 2014 | volume= 87 | issue= 3 | pages= 179-89 | pmid=24481027 | doi=10.1159/000357449 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24481027 }} </ref> | ||
*Ultrasound can also be used for the follow-up of pneumonia.<ref name="pmid24481027">{{cite journal| author=Reissig A, Copetti R| title=Lung ultrasound in community-acquired pneumonia and in interstitial lung diseases. | journal=Respiration | year= 2014 | volume= 87 | issue= 3 | pages= 179-89 | pmid=24481027 | doi=10.1159/000357449 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24481027 }} </ref> | *[[Ultrasound]] can also be used for the follow-up of [[pneumonia]].<ref name="pmid24481027">{{cite journal| author=Reissig A, Copetti R| title=Lung ultrasound in community-acquired pneumonia and in interstitial lung diseases. | journal=Respiration | year= 2014 | volume= 87 | issue= 3 | pages= 179-89 | pmid=24481027 | doi=10.1159/000357449 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24481027 }} </ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Pneumonia]] | [[Category:Pneumonia]] | ||
[[Category:Pulmonology]] | [[Category:Pulmonology]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Pediatrics]] | [[Category:Pediatrics]] | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
Latest revision as of 23:45, 29 July 2020
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Pneumonia other imaging findings |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hamid Qazi, MD, BSc [2], Alejandro Lemor, M.D. [3]
Overview
Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage is useful to obtain samples for gram stain and culture in patients with certain conditions, such as immunocompromised patients, ICU admission, or antibiotic failure.
Bronchoscopy
- Bronchoscopy is used in the diagnosis of pneumonia only in certain cases, such as patients admitted in the ICU, immunocompromised patients, or patients with treatment failure.
- When sputum is not produced or not sufficient for evaluation, bronchoscopic sampling and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is used to collect samples for gram stain and culture.[1]
- Bronchoscopy is particularly helpful in the diagnosis of PCP, as the sputum analysis have a high false-negative rate. [2]
Ultrasound
- In one study, ultrasonography was used to diagnose community acquired pneumonia with a high sensitivity and specificity (sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 98%).[3]
- Findings in the ultrasound for pneumonia include air bronchogram within an echopoor area and pleural effusion seen in some cases. [4]
- Ultrasound can also be used for the follow-up of pneumonia.[4]
References
- ↑ Mandell, L. A.; Wunderink, R. G.; Anzueto, A.; Bartlett, J. G.; Campbell, G. D.; Dean, N. C.; Dowell, S. F.; File, T. M.; Musher, D. M.; Niederman, M. S.; Torres, A.; Whitney, C. G. (2007). "Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 44 (Supplement 2): S27–S72. doi:10.1086/511159. ISSN 1058-4838.
- ↑ Pitchenik AE, Ganjei P, Torres A, Evans DA, Rubin E, Baier H (1986). "Sputum examination for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome". Am Rev Respir Dis. 133 (2): 226–9. PMID 3484921.
- ↑ Reissig A, Copetti R, Mathis G, Mempel C, Schuler A, Zechner P; et al. (2012). "Lung ultrasound in the diagnosis and follow-up of community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective, multicenter, diagnostic accuracy study". Chest. 142 (4): 965–72. doi:10.1378/chest.12-0364. PMID 22700780.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Reissig A, Copetti R (2014). "Lung ultrasound in community-acquired pneumonia and in interstitial lung diseases". Respiration. 87 (3): 179–89. doi:10.1159/000357449. PMID 24481027.