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| Name = Adrenal insufficiency
| Name = Adrenal insufficiency
| Image = Illu adrenal gland.jpg
| Image = Illu adrenal gland.jpg
| Caption = Adrenal gland
| Caption = Adrenal gland By EEOC - cancer.gov, Public Domain<ref name="urlFile:Illu adrenal gland.jpg - Wikimedia Commons">{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1394171 |title=File:Illu adrenal gland.jpg - Wikimedia Commons |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
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{{Adrenal disorders}}
{{Adrenal disorders}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{USAMA}} {{MJ}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{USAMA}}, {{MJ}}, {{SMP}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Adrenal or [[suprarenal glands]] are important [[endocrine glands]] that produce variety of [[hormones]], such as [[epinephrine]], [[steroids]], [[aldosterone]], and [[cortisol]]. Each gland consists of an outer [[capsule]], underneath [[cortex]], and the central part called [[Adrenal medulla|medulla]]. The [[Adrenal cortex|cortex]] is further classified into thee layers, each layer produces specific [[hormone]]. [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] is the disease of [[adrenal cortex]], which is classified into seven types based on the [[genetic]] causes that lead to hyperplasia and hormonal imbalance. There are three zones of hormonal synthesis in the [[adrenal cortex]]; zona glumerulosa secrets [[aldosterone]], zona fasciculate secrets [[cortisol]], and zona reticularis secrets [[androgen|androgens]]. Impairment of each pathway and enzyme may lead to a specific subtype of [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]], such as [[21-hydroxylase deficiency]], [[17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency]], [[11β-hydroxylase deficiency]], [[3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[cytochrome P450-oxidoreductase (POR) deficiency (ORD)]], and [[congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia]]. Other [[adrenal cortex]] disease are [[hyperaldosteronism]] due to zona glumerulosa hyperplasia and [[Cushing's syndrome]] due to zona fasciculate disease. [[Pheochromocytoma]] is a [[Neuroendocrine tumors|neuroendocrine tumor]] of the [[Adrenal medulla|medullary part of the adrenal]] glands, which fails to involute after birth. They secrete excessive amount of [[catecholamines]], mostly [[epinephrine]] and [[norepinephrine]]. [[Incidentaloma]] is another [[adrenal tumor]] that often discovered as an incidental finding in [[ultrasonography]]. Most [[Incidentaloma|incidentalomas]] are nonfunctional but some of them are found to secrete low levels of [[cortisol]], [[aldosterone]], or [[catecholamines]].
Adrenal or [[suprarenal glands]] are important [[endocrine glands]] that produce variety of [[hormones]], such as [[epinephrine]], [[steroids]], [[aldosterone]], and [[cortisol]]. Each [[gland]] consists of an outer [[capsule]], underneath [[cortex]], and the central part called [[Adrenal medulla|medulla]]. The [[Adrenal cortex|cortex]] is further classified into these layers, each layer produces specific [[hormone]]. [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] is the [[disease]] of [[adrenal cortex]], which is classified into seven types based on the [[genetic]] causes that lead to [[hyperplasia]] and [[hormonal]] imbalance. There are three zones of hormonal synthesis in the [[adrenal cortex]]; [[zona glomerulosa]] secrets [[aldosterone]], [[zona fasciculata]] secrets [[cortisol]], and [[zona reticularis]] secrets [[androgen|androgens]]. Impairment of each pathway and [[enzyme]] may lead to a specific subtype of [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]], such as [[21-hydroxylase deficiency]], [[17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency]], [[11β-hydroxylase deficiency]], [[3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[cytochrome P450-oxidoreductase (POR) deficiency (ORD)]], and [[congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia]]. Another [[adrenal cortex]] disease is [[hyperaldosteronism]] due to [[zona glomerulosa]] [[hyperplasia]]. This [[hyperplasia]] can be bilaterally or unilateral and may cause [[aldosterone]] hypersecresion leading to the classic clinical presentation of [[Hyperaldosteronism|aldosteronism]], which is resistant [[hypertension]] and [[hypokalemia]]. The other cortical disease is [[Cushing's syndrome]] due to [[zona fasciculata]] disease. [[Cushing's syndrome]] can classified into two types, [[ACTH]] dependent or [[ACTH]] independent. In the [[ACTH]] dependent type, increasing [[ACTH]] [[secretion]] from [[pituitary]] can cause [[cortisol]] hypersecresion. In the [[ACTH]] independent form, [[adenomas]], [[carcinomas]], or cortical [[hyperplasia]] may lead to increase the [[cortisol]] level and [[hypercortisolism]]. [[Adrenal insufficiency]] is destruction of [[adrenal cortex]], totally or partially. The most common cause of [[adrenal insufficiency]] is [[Addison's disease]], which is [[autoimmune]] destruction of [[adrenal cortex]]. Other causes are [[tuberculosis]], [[lymphoma]], [[adrenal hemorrhage]], and [[drugs]]. Acute form of [[adrenal insufficiency]] can lead to severe syndrome and presenting with [[shock]]. Most of [[adrenal]] masses are [[benign]] and nonfunctioning [[adenomas]] that are discovered incidentally on imaging studies. Adrenal masses can be classified into [[adrenocortical carcinoma]], [[incidentaloma]], [[pheochromocytoma]]. [[Adrenocortical carcinoma|Adrenocortical carcinomas]] are rare, but invasive tumors that can be functional and secrete [[hormones]]; or nonfunctional and present as an mass or an incidental finding on imaging studies. [[Pheochromocytoma]] is a [[Neuroendocrine tumors|neuroendocrine tumor]] arises from [[chromaffin cells]] of the [[adrenal medulla]]. These [[tumors]] secrete excessive amount of [[catecholamines]], mostly [[epinephrine]] and [[norepinephrine]]. [[Incidentaloma]] is another [[adrenal tumor]] that often discovered as an incidental finding in [[ultrasonography]]. Most [[Incidentaloma|incidentalomas]] are nonfunctional but some of them are found to secrete low levels of [[cortisol]], [[aldosterone]], or [[catecholamines]].
   
   
==Classification==
==Classification==
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{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | A01| | | | | | | | | |A01=Adrenal disorders}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | |A01=[[Adrenal]] disorders}}
{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | C01 | | | | | C02 | | | | C03 | | |C01=Cortical|C02=Medullary|C03=Incidentaloma|}}
{{familytree | | | | | C01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C03 | | |C01=Adrenal Cortical Disease|C03=Adrenal Mass}}
{{familytree | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | |}}
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.|}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=text-align: left; | | D01 | | C02 | | C03 | | C04 | | C05 | | |D01= • [[21-hydroxylase deficiency]]<br> •[[11β-hydroxylase deficiency]] <br> •[[17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency]] <br> •[[3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency]] <br> •[[Cytochrome P450-oxidoreductase (POR) deficiency (ORD)]] <br> •[[Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]|C02= •[[Primary hypertaldosteronism]] <br> •[[Hypoaldosteronsim]]|C03=[[Cushing's syndrome]]|C04=[[Addison's disease]]|C05= •[[Incidentiloma]] <br> •[[pheocromocytoma]]}}
{{familytree | D01 | | D02 | | D03 | | | | | | D04 | | D05 | | D06 | |D01=[[Cortisol]] related|D02=[[Aldosterone]] related|D03=[[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] (CAH)|D04=Cortical|D05=Medullary|D06=[[Metastatic]]}}
{{familytree | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=text-align: left;| D01 | | C02 | | C03 | | | | | | C04 | | C05 | ||D01=•[[Adrenal insufficiency]] <br> 1-[[Addison's disease]]<br> 2-[[Secondary adrenal insufficiency]]<br>•[[Cushing syndrome]]|C02=•[[Hypoaldosteronism]] <br>•[[Hyperaldosteronism]]|C03=• [[21-hydroxylase deficiency]]<br> •[[11β-hydroxylase deficiency]] <br> •[[17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency]] <br> •[[3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency]] <br> •[[Cytochrome P450-oxidoreductase (POR) deficiency (ORD)]] <br> •[[Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]|C04=•[[Adrenocortical carcinoma]] <br> •[[Incidentaloma]]|C05=•[[Pheochromocytoma]]<br> •[[Incidentaloma]]}}
{{familytree/end}}
{{familytree/end}}
|}
|}
<br><br><br>
<br><br><br>
==References==
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]

Latest revision as of 20:18, 29 July 2020

Adrenal insufficiency
Adrenal gland By EEOC - cancer.gov, Public Domain[1]

Adrenal disorders Main Page

Overview

Classification

Aldosterone Related
Hypoaldosteronism
Primary Hyperaldosteronism
Cortisol Related
Adrenal Insufficiency
Addison's disease
Secondary adrenal insufficiency
Cushing's Syndrome
CAH
Pheochromocytoma
Incidentaloma

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Usama Talib, BSc, MD [2], Mehrian Jafarizade, M.D [3], Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [4]

Overview

Adrenal or suprarenal glands are important endocrine glands that produce variety of hormones, such as epinephrine, steroids, aldosterone, and cortisol. Each gland consists of an outer capsule, underneath cortex, and the central part called medulla. The cortex is further classified into these layers, each layer produces specific hormone. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is the disease of adrenal cortex, which is classified into seven types based on the genetic causes that lead to hyperplasia and hormonal imbalance. There are three zones of hormonal synthesis in the adrenal cortex; zona glomerulosa secrets aldosterone, zona fasciculata secrets cortisol, and zona reticularis secrets androgens. Impairment of each pathway and enzyme may lead to a specific subtype of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, such as 21-hydroxylase deficiency, 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, 11β-hydroxylase deficiency, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency, cytochrome P450-oxidoreductase (POR) deficiency (ORD), and congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia. Another adrenal cortex disease is hyperaldosteronism due to zona glomerulosa hyperplasia. This hyperplasia can be bilaterally or unilateral and may cause aldosterone hypersecresion leading to the classic clinical presentation of aldosteronism, which is resistant hypertension and hypokalemia. The other cortical disease is Cushing's syndrome due to zona fasciculata disease. Cushing's syndrome can classified into two types, ACTH dependent or ACTH independent. In the ACTH dependent type, increasing ACTH secretion from pituitary can cause cortisol hypersecresion. In the ACTH independent form, adenomas, carcinomas, or cortical hyperplasia may lead to increase the cortisol level and hypercortisolism. Adrenal insufficiency is destruction of adrenal cortex, totally or partially. The most common cause of adrenal insufficiency is Addison's disease, which is autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex. Other causes are tuberculosis, lymphoma, adrenal hemorrhage, and drugs. Acute form of adrenal insufficiency can lead to severe syndrome and presenting with shock. Most of adrenal masses are benign and nonfunctioning adenomas that are discovered incidentally on imaging studies. Adrenal masses can be classified into adrenocortical carcinoma, incidentaloma, pheochromocytoma. Adrenocortical carcinomas are rare, but invasive tumors that can be functional and secrete hormones; or nonfunctional and present as an mass or an incidental finding on imaging studies. Pheochromocytoma is a neuroendocrine tumor arises from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. These tumors secrete excessive amount of catecholamines, mostly epinephrine and norepinephrine. Incidentaloma is another adrenal tumor that often discovered as an incidental finding in ultrasonography. Most incidentalomas are nonfunctional but some of them are found to secrete low levels of cortisol, aldosterone, or catecholamines.

Classification



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Adrenal disorders
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Adrenal Cortical Disease
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Adrenal Mass
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cortisol related
 
Aldosterone related
 
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
 
 
 
 
 
Cortical
 
Medullary
 
Metastatic
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Adrenal insufficiency
1-Addison's disease
2-Secondary adrenal insufficiency
Cushing syndrome
 
Hypoaldosteronism
Hyperaldosteronism
 
21-hydroxylase deficiency
11β-hydroxylase deficiency
17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency
3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency
Cytochrome P450-oxidoreductase (POR) deficiency (ORD)
Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia
 
 
 
 
 
Adrenocortical carcinoma
Incidentaloma
 
Pheochromocytoma
Incidentaloma
 




References

Template:WH Template:WS

  1. "File:Illu adrenal gland.jpg - Wikimedia Commons".